MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

MET395 ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS VAC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: This course involves the application of principles studied in thermodynamics for
analysis of thermal energy systems. This course also covers the properties of pure substances,
Energy balance of reacting systems and advances in chemical thermodynamics.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Apply the concepts of basic thermodynamics, entropy and energy for analyses of thermal
energy systems.
CO 2 Understand properties of pure substance and thermodynamic properties of real gases
CO 3 Apply energy balances to reacting systems for both closed and open system.

CO 4 Define the chemical equilibrium constant and apply the general criteria for chemical
equilibrium analysis to reacting ideal-gas mixtures.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
1 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 10
Understand 10 10 20
Apply 20 20 50
Analyse 10 10 20
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. One kg of water at 273 K is brought into contact with a heat reservoir at 373 K. When the
water has reached 373 K , find the entropy change of water, of the heat reservoir and of the
universe.

2. State and prove Clausius Theorem

3. Water at 363 K flowing at the rate of 2 kg/s mixes adiabatically with another stream of water
at 303 K flowing at the rate of 1 kg/s. Estimate the entropy generation rate and rate of exergy
loss due to mixing. Take T0 = 300 K

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. A large insulated vessel is divided into two chambers one containing 5 kg of dry saturated
steam at 0.2 MPa and the other 10 Kg of steam 0.8 quality at 0.5 MPa. If the partition
between the chambers is removed and the steam is mixed thoroughly and allowed to settle,
find the final pressure , steam quality and entropy change in the process

2. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on h-s plot with relevant constant
property lines.

3. Show that for an ideal gas the slope of the constant volume line on the T-S diagram is more
than that of the constant pressure line.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature when liquid octane at 298 K is burned with 300%
theoretical air at 298 K in a steady flow process

2. What is heat of reaction? When is it positive and when negative?

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
3. Calculate the degree of ionization of cesium vapour at 10-6 atm at the two temperatures of
2260 and 2520 K

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain law of mass action

2. Explain reaction equilibrium constant.

3. Discuss second law analysis of reactive systems

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

V SEMESTER BTECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

MET395: ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS

Maximum: 100Marks Duration:3 hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each question carries 3 marks

1. Show that entropy is a property of the system

2. What is the meaning of quality of energy

3. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on T-s plot with relevant
constant property lines.

4. Write Clausius – Clapeyron equations

5. Explain law of corresponding states

6. Explain Wander-Walls equation of state

7. Explain Second-Law Analysis of Reacting systems

8. What do you meant by adiabatic flame temperature?

9. Explain law of mass action

10. What is van’t Hoff equation

(10×3=30Marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PART B

Answer one full question from each module

MODULE 1

11. Three identical finite bodies of constant heat capacity are at temperatures 300, 300
and 100 K. If no work or heat is supplied from outside, what is the highest
temperature to which any one of the bodies can be raised by the operation of heat
engines or refrigerators (14 marks)

12. A pressure vessel has a volume of 1m3 and contains air at 1.4 MPa, 448K. The air
is cooled to 298K by heat transfer to surroundings at 298 K. Calculate the availability
in the initial and final states and irreversibility of the process. Take P0 = 100kPa
(14 marks)

MODULE 2

13. Steam initially at 0.3 MPa, 523K is cooled at constant volume. Find

a) Temperature at which steam become saturated vapour,

b) What is the quality at 353 K,

c) What is the heat transferred per kg of steam in cooling from 523 K to 353 K

(14 marks)

14. Derive Maxwell relations and TdS equations (14 marks)

MODULE 3

15. a) What are virial coefficients ? When do they become zero? (7 Marks)

b ) Express Wander – Walls constants in terms of critical properties ( 7 marks)

16. Calculate the volume of 2.5 Kg moles of steam at 236.4 atm. And 776.76 K with
the help of compressibility factor vs reduced pressure graph. At this given volume and
pressure what would be the temperature in K, if steam behaves like a Vander-Walls
gas. The critical pressure, volume and temperature of steam are 218.2 atm, 57 cm3/g
mole and 647.3 K respectively.
(14 marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODULE 4

17. a) Explain second law efficiency of a reactive system ? (4 marks)

b) Explain first law analysis of reactive systems. (10 Marks)

18. The products of combustion of an unknown hydrocarbon CxHy have the

following composition a measured by an Orsat apparatus

CO2 8%, CO 0.9%, O2 8.8% and N2 82.3 % Find a) Composition fuel b) air-fuel
ratio and c) percentage of excess air used. (14 marks)

MODULE 5

19. a) What is Gibbs function of formation (5 marks)

b) Explain the phase equilibrium for a single component system

(9 marks)

20. a) What is degree of reaction (5 marks)

b) Explain the phase equilibrium for a multi component system

(9 marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1

RECAPITULATION OF FUNDAMENTALS. Basic definition and concepts; The basic laws of

Thermodynamics, Entropy flow and entropy production, 3rd law of Thermodynamics, Availability in
steady flow open system and in a closed system, Irreversibility and effectiveness.

Module 2

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES. P-V-T surfaces, phase diagram, phase changes, various
properties diagram, 1st order phase transition and 2nd order phase transition, Clapeyron’s equation,
Ehrenfest’s equations, Maxwell’s equations, equation for internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, specific
heat and joule Thompson coefficient.

Module 3

EQUATION OF STATE FOR REAL GASES. Compressibility factor and generalised compressibility chart,
Law of corresponding state, law of pseudo critical pressure and temperature, reduced coordinate,
Wander-Walls equation of state and other equation of state.

Module 4

CHEMICAL REACTION. Fuels and Combustion, First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems: Steady-Flow
Systems and Closed Systems, Entropy Change of Reacting Systems, Second-Law Analysis of Reacting
systems.

Module 5

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS. Gibb’s theorem, Gibbs function of mixture of inert ideal gases,
Chemical equilibrium, Thermodynamic equation for phase, Degree of reaction, equation of reaction,
law of mass action, heat of reaction and Vant Hoff Isober, Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component
System and Multi-Component System

Text books:

1. Richard Edwin Sonntag , G.J. Van Wylen, Introduction to Thermodynamics- Classical and Statistical
Wiley , 1991

2. Cengel and Boles.,Thermodynamics : An engineering Approach McGraw-Hill, 2007 Sixth Edition

3. P.K. Nag. Engineering Thermodynamics Tata McGraw -Hill , 2013

Reference books:

1. M. Zemansky, R H Dittman. Heat and Thermodymics –7th Edition 1998

2. E. F . Obert, Concepts of thermodynamics – McGraw-Hill, 1963

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of Lectures

1
1.1 Basic definition and concepts; The basic laws of Thermodynamics, 3

1.2 Entropy flow and entropy production, 3rd law of 2

Thermodynamics,
1.3 Availability in steady flow open system and in a closed system 2
1.4 Irreversibility and effectiveness. 2

2.1 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES. P-V-T surfaces, phase 3

diagram, phase changes, various properties diagram,
2.2 1st order phase transition and 2nd order phase transition, 3
Clapeyron’s equation, Ehrenfest’s equations,
2.3 Maxwell’s equations, equation for internal energy, enthalpy, 3
entropy, specific heat and joule Thompson coefficient.

3
3.1 EQUATION OF STATE FOR REAL GASES. Compressibility 2
factor and generalised compressibility chart,
3.2 Law of corresponding state 2
3.3 law of pseudo critical pressure and temperature 3
3.4 Reduced coordinate, Wander-Walls equation of state and other 2
equation of state.
4
4.1 CHEMICAL REACTION. Fuels and Combustion, 1
4.2 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems: Steady-Flow Systems 3
and Closed Systems
4.3 Entropy Change of Reacting Systems 2

4.4 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting systems 3

5
5.1 CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS. Gibb’s theorem, Gibbs 2
function of mixture of inert ideal gases,

5.2 Chemical equilibrium, Thermodynamic equation for phase, 2

5.3 Degree of reaction, equation of reaction, law of mass action, 2

5.4 Heat of reaction and Vant Hoff Isober, Phase Equilibrium for a 3
Single-Component System and Multi-Component System