Topic-CURVED GRAPHS

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• Drawing quadratic graphs. (Parabola)
• Drawing reciprocal graphs. (Hyperbola)
• Using graphs to solve quadratic equations.
• Using graphs to solve simultaneous linear and non linear equation.
• Other non-linear graphs.
• Finding the gradient of a curve.
• Derived functions.
 Objective of topic
• Construct a table of values to draw graphs called parabolas.
• Sketch and interpret graphs parabolas.
• Construct a table of values to draw graphs called hyperbolas.
• Interpret curved graphs.
• Use graphs to find solutions to curved graphs equations.
• To find gradients and turning points, and Differentiate functions.
KEY WORDS
Quadratic, Asymptote,
Parabola, Intersection,
Axis of Exponential,
symmetry, Gradient,
Turning Tangent,
point, Derived
Minimum, function,
Maximum, Differentiate
Reciprocal,
Hyperbola,
What you are expected to know prior this chapter!
➢ Plotting a linear graphs from given equation or given table of values.

➢ To find gradient of a given linear graphs.

➢ To find solution of two simultaneous linear equations graphically.
 YOU SHOULD BE KNOWING
Plotting linear graphs
Example
Draw the graph of 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
Sol:
𝑦 =7−𝑥

𝑥
𝑦
Plotting linear graphs
YOU SHOULD BE KNOWING
Example-2
Draw the Graph of 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 18.
x

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 18
𝑥 0 2 4 6
2𝑦 = 18 − 3𝑥
𝑦 9 6 3 0 x
18 − 3𝑥
𝑦=
2
for 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 9 → (0,9) x
for 𝑥 = 2 → 𝑦 = 6 → (2,6)
for 𝑥 = 4 → 𝑦 = 3 → (4,3)
for 𝑥 = 6 → 𝑦 = 0 → (6,0) x
 YOU SHOULD BE KNOWING
Solving Linear equations graphically
Example-3 Solve 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 18; 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
for 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 9 → (0,9) 𝑥 0 2 4 6 x
for 𝑥 = 2 → 𝑦 = 6 → (2,6) 𝑦 9 6 3 0
for 𝑥 = 4 → 𝑦 = 3 → (4,3) x
for 𝑥 = 6 → 𝑦 = 0 → (6,0)
x
𝑥+𝑦 =7
for 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 7 → (0,7) (4,3)
for 𝑥 = 4 → 𝑦 = 3 → (4,3) x
for 𝑥 = 7 → 𝑦 = 0 → (7,0)

Hence the common solution is (4,3) x x

 YOU SHOULD BE KNOWING
Gradient of lines
The gradient of a line is a measure of its steepness.

𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦−𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝
Gradient can be found by = =
𝑅𝑢𝑛 𝑥−𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝
 Equations of lines
Gradient of lines

TOPIC: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY-2

24-09-2024 10
EQUATION OF LINES
 Equations of lines
Gradient of lines

TOPIC: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY-2

24-09-2024 11
EQUATION OF LINES
 Gradients of lines
Gradient of parallel lines and perpendicular lines
Gradient of parallel lines:
If two lines are parallel, then they have equal gradient.
i.e., 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
If two lines have equal gradient, then they are parallel. 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐

Gradient of perpendicular lines:

If two lines are perpendicular,
then their gradients are negative reciprocals..
𝟏
i.e., 𝒎𝟏 = −
𝒎𝟐
If the gradients are negative reciprocals
then the lines are perpendicular.
i.e., 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
 Learning objective
• Construct a table of values to draw graphs called parabolas.
• Sketch and interpret graphs parabolas.
 PLOTTING QUADRATIC GRAPHS (CURVES/PARABOLAS)
Example-1

Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 x

10
9 x
8
Preparing table of values 7
6

x 5
x
𝒙 -3 -2 -1 0 + + +
4
3

1 11 24 39
2
9 4 x
x0
1
x
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1

𝑦
Scale: 0 -2
-3

𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 1𝑐𝑚 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

-4
-5
-6

y − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 1𝑐𝑚 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 -7

-8
-9
-10
 PLOTTING QUADRATIC GRAPHS (CURVES/PARABOLAS)
Example-2

Draw the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 10

9
8
Preparing table of values 7
6
5

𝒙 -3 -2 -1 0 + + +
4
3
2

1 2 3 x0
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x -1 x
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 10

𝑦 -9 -4 -1 0 + + + x
-2
-3
x
1 2 9
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
x -9
x
-10
 PLOTTING QUADRATIC GRAPHS (CURVES/PARABOLAS)
A quadratic function is a relation ship between two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 which can be written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
If 𝒂 < 𝟎 then graph is
If 𝒂 > 𝟎 then graph is open upwards open downwards
Axis of symmetry
Maximum

TURNING POINT

Minimum
 PLOTTING QUADRATIC GRAPHS (CURVES/PARABOLAS)

Let us look graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎

𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
The point where the graph ‘turns’ is called the vertex.

If the graph opens upwards, the vertex is the minimum

The vertical line that passes through the vertex is called the Axis of symmetry.

The value of 𝑦 where the graph crosses the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is the 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 "𝒄′
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔
The values of 𝑥(if they exists) where the graph crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Are called the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔.
They correspond to the roots of the quadratic equation 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎

minimum Axis of symmetry

vertex
Do the following task
Answer:
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4
Using values of 𝑥 from -6 to 0, construct a
table of values and use it to draw the graph
of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5.
Understanding characteristics of quadratic graphs
Look at graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10
In the form of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Step-1: Identify shape of graph (Eg. 𝑥 2 is positive).
Step-2: Find 𝑦 −intercept.
Get this by replacing 𝑥 = 0. you will get 𝑐.
The co-ordinates of 𝑦 −intercept are 0,10 .

Step-3: Solve the quadratic equation to find 𝑥 −intercepts.

Step-4: Mark 𝑦 −intercept, 𝑥 −intercepts and draw smooth curve.
Developing skills:
To find 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠:
By solving quadratic equation.

To find turning points:

𝑏
For general form of quadratic equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐. Use formula 𝑥 = −
2𝑎

By completing square method.

Developing skills:
To find 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠:
By solving quadratic equation.
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑠
Developing skills:
To find turning points:
For general form of quadratic equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑏
Use formula 𝑥 = − 5−2
2𝑎 = 1.5
2 −(−𝟕) 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 10 𝒙= = 𝟑. 𝟓 2+1.5=3.5
𝟐

By completing square method.

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

𝑥 = 3.5
 Cambridge course book. Page 422.
Developing skills: Exercise 18.3
1. Sketch the following graphs.
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 7
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
Turning point of graph:
Recall of completing square method
Example: Express 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 completing square form.
Solution: Expansion of (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1

𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
𝑥 2 − 2 × 2 × 𝑥 +22 −22 +1

(𝑥 − 2)2−22 +1

(𝑥 − 2)2 −3 General form (𝑥 − 𝒉)2+𝒌

h Vertex = (ℎ, 𝑘) (2, −3)
𝑘
= (2, −3)
Vertex /turning point
 Cambridge course book. Page 422.
Developing skills: Exercise 18.3
PLOTTING RECIPROCAL GRAPHS
 1 Plotting reciprocal graphs
LET US LOOK AT graphs of type 𝑦
=
𝑥
is called reciprocal equations and their
graphs are called Hyperbola
Vertical asymptote
Preparing table of values

𝒙 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

1 -0.25 -0.3 -0.5 -1 0 1 0.5 0.3 0.25

Horizontal asymptote
Asymptote is line that graph approaches but
never intersects.
 Plotting reciprocal graphs
𝑎>0
1 3 6
𝑎<0 1
Graphs of type 𝑦 = Graphs of type 𝑦 = Graphs of type 𝑦 = Graphs of type 𝑦 =−
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 Plotting reciprocal graphs
𝑎
Reciprocal functions of form 𝑦 = + 𝑞
𝑥 1
Graphs of type 𝑦 =
1
Graphs of type 𝑦
1
= +3 Graphs of type 𝑦 = −3
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
 Plotting reciprocal graphs
𝑎
Steps to plot graph of type 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑞
Step-1: Value of 𝑎 determines For 𝑎 > 0 For 𝑎 < 0

Step-2: Workout 𝑥 −intercepts. If 𝑞 ≠ 0, then graph will have one x-intercept. Find it by taking 𝑦 = 0.

Step-3: Determine the asymptotes. One of them is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the other one is 𝑦 = 𝑞.

Step-4: Using asymptotes and 𝑥 −intercepts, sketch the graph

 Plotting reciprocal graphs
3
Example-1: Plot graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3.
Step-1: Value of 𝑎 determines For 𝑎 > 0

Step-2: Workout 𝑥 −intercepts. If 𝑞 ≠ 0,

then graph will have one x-intercept.
Find it by taking 𝑦 = 0.
3 3
𝑦 = +3 −3 =
𝑥 𝑥
3
0= +3 ∴ 𝑥 = −1
𝑥
Step-3: Determine the asymptotes.
One of them is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and the other one is 𝑦 = 3.

Step-4: Using asymptotes and 𝑥 −intercepts, sketch the graph

 Plotting reciprocal graphs
5
Example-2: Plot graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2.
Step-1: Value of 𝑎 determines For 𝑎 > 0

Step-2: Workout 𝑥 −intercepts. If 𝑞 ≠ 0,

then graph will have one x-intercept.
Find it by taking 𝑦 = 0.

Step-3: Determine the asymptotes.

One of them is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and the other one is

Step-4: Using asymptotes and 𝑥 −intercepts, sketch the graph

Cambridge course book – page 427
Cambridge course book – page 427
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATIONS
Example-1:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATIONS
Example-2:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATIONS
Example-3:
Draw the graphs of the functions
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏 for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

Hence find the approximate solutions of the

Equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟏
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE EQUATIONS
Example-4: