Chemistry ATP Final Revision Guide

Simple quantitative experiments, including the measurement of:

– Volumes of gases or solutions/liquids:
Volumetric Pipette (L), Burette (L), Measuring cylinder (L), Gas syringe (G)
– Masses: Balance
– Temperatures: Thermometers
– Times: Stopwatches
– Lengths: Ruler / Measuring Tape

Rates of reaction:
To measure the rate of a reaction, we need to be able to measure either how quickly the
reactants are used up or how quickly the products are formed.
Investigating the:
– Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction:
 Wear safety goggles, gloves, and a lab coat.
 Set up a conical flask and connect it to a measuring cylinder inverted in a bucket
of water using a delivery tube.
 Pour dilute hydrochloric acid into the conical flask.
 Quickly add calcium carbonate chips (varied in sizes: lumps, crushed, powdered)
into the flask and seal it with a bung.
 Measure the volume of gas produced in a fixed time interval using the measuring
cylinder.
 Repeat the experiment with different sizes of calcium carbonate chips.
– Effect of concentration of a solution on the rate of reaction:
 Measure 50 cm³ of sodium thiosulfate solution into a flask. Measure 5 cm³ of
dilute hydrochloric acid into a measuring cylinder.
 Place a piece of paper with a cross drawn on it underneath the flask.
 Add the dilute hydrochloric acid into the flask and immediately start the
stopwatch.
 Look down at the cross from above and stop the stopwatch when the cross is
no longer visible.
 Repeat the experiment with different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate
solution by diluting it with water.
– Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction:
 Dilute hydrochloric acid is heated to a set temperature using a water bath.
 Transfer the dilute hydrochloric acid into a conical flask.
 Add a strip of magnesium into the flask and start the stopwatch.
 Monitor the reaction until the magnesium fully reacts and disappears. Record
the time taken for magnesium to fully react at each temp.
 Repeat the experiment at different temperatures using the water bath to control
temperature.
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– Effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction:
 Add hydrogen peroxide into a conical flask.
 Connect the flask to a measuring cylinder inverted in a tub of water using a
delivery tube for downward displacement.
 Add the catalyst, manganese (IV) oxide, into the conical flask and promptly seal it
with a bung.
 Start measuring the volume of gas produced in a fixed time interval using the
measuring cylinder.
 Perform the experiment again without adding manganese (IV) oxide as a catalyst.
 Record the volume of gas produced in both experiments.
Salt preparation:
Preparing soluble salts
Method 1: adding acid to a solid metal, insoluble base or insoluble carbonate
 Add dilute acid into a beaker and heat using a Bunsen burner flame
 Add the insoluble metal, base or carbonate, a little at a time, to the warm dilute
acid and stir until the base is in excess (i.e. until the base stops disappearing and
a suspension of the base forms in the acid)
 Filter the mixture into an evaporating basin to remove the excess base
 Heat the solution to evaporate water and to make the solution saturated. Check
the solution is saturated by dipping a cold, glass rod into the solution and seeing
if crystals form on the end
 Leave the filtrate in a warm place to dry and crystallize
 Decant excess solution and allow crystals to dry or blot to dry with filter paper
Method 2: reacting a dilute acid and alkali (soluble base)
 Use a pipette to measure the alkali into a conical flask and add a few drops of
indicator (thymolphthalein or methyl orange)
 Add the acid into the burette
 Record the starting volume of acid in the burette
 Add the acid very slowly from the burette to the conical flask until the indicator
changes to the appropriate colour
 Record the final volume of acid in the burette
 Calculate the volume of acid added
 Final volume of acid - initial volume of acid
 Add this same volume of acid to the same volume of alkali without the indicator
 Heat the resulting solution in an evaporating basin to partially evaporate, leaving
a saturated solution (crystals just forming on the sides of the basin or on a glass
rod dipped in and then removed)
 Leave to crystallize, decant excess solution and allow crystals to dry

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Preparing Insoluble Salts – Precipitation
Method:
 Dissolve soluble salts in water and mix together using a stirring rod in a beaker
 Filter to remove precipitate from mixture
 Wash the residue with distilled water to remove traces of other solutions
 Leave in an oven to dry

Separation and purification techniques, including:

– Filtration
Filtration is used to separate insoluble solid particles from a liquid. A filter paper or a
porous material is used as a filter medium. The mixture is poured onto the filter paper,
and the liquid (filtrate) passes through, while the solid remains on the filter paper.
– Crystallisation
Crystallization is a technique used to separate a dissolved solid from a solvent. The
solution is heated to dissolve the solid completely. Then, the solution is allowed to cool
slowly. As it cools, crystals of the solid form and can be separated from the remaining
liquid.
– Simple distillation
Simple distillation is used to separate a solvent from a solution. The solution is heated
until the solvent evaporates. The vapor is then cooled and condensed back into a liquid,
which is collected separately from the remaining solution.
– Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is similar to simple distillation but is used when the components of
a mixture have closer boiling points. The mixture is heated, and the vapors rise through
a fractionating column. As the vapors cool, they condense at different heights based on
their boiling points, allowing for separation.
– Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances. It
involves passing a mixture through a medium (eg: paper) called the stationary phase,
while a solvent (mobile phase) moves over the stationary phase, carrying the
components with it. Different components move at different rates, allowing for
separation.
Rf Value = Distance traveled by the compound / Distance traveled by the solvent

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Electrolysis
Method:
 Prepare the electrolysis setup by immersing electrodes in an aqueous solution
and placing inverted test tubes over them.
 Connect the electrodes to a power source and initiate electrolysis.
 Observe changes at each electrode and collect gases produced in the test tubes.
 Identify gases:
 Hydrogen produces a 'pop' when ignited at the cathode.
 Oxygen relights a glowing splint at the anode.
 Chlorine bleaches litmus paper at the anode.
 Identify solid products by noting their color, indicating the metal formed.
Safety:
 Do not use an AC power supply
 Protect your eyes – Safety Goggles
 Protect your skin – Lab Coat & Gloves
 Avoid toxic gases danger.

Identification of metal ions, non-metal ions and gases

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Chemical tests for water

Test-tube reactions of dilute acids, including ethanoic acid

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen gas
Acid + Metal Oxide -> Salt + Water
Acid + Base -> Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Tests for oxidising and reducing agents

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Heating and cooling curves

Titrations
Titration is a method of analyzing the concentration of solutions. Titrations can also be
used to prepare salts
Titration Method:
 Prepare Materials: Use a 25 cm³ volumetric pipette to transfer exactly 25 cm³ of
sodium hydroxide solution into a clean conical flask. Place the conical flask on a
white tile and set up the burette, ensuring its tip is inside the flask. Add a few
drops of a suitable indicator to the solution in the conical flask.
 Perform Rough Titration: Perform a rough titration by running the solution from
the burette into the conical flask in 1 – 3 cm³ portions, swirling the flask
vigorously. Close the tap on the burette quickly when a sharp color change is
observed (the end-point) and record the volume, ensuring to read the meniscus
at eye level.
 Repeat Titration: Repeat the titration with a fresh batch of sodium hydroxide. As
the rough end-point volume is approached, add the solution from the burette one
drop at a time until the indicator just changes color. Record the final volume to
the nearest 0.05 cm³.
 Repeat for Accuracy: Repeat the titration until two concordant results (within 0.1
cm³ of each other) are obtained to increase accuracy.
Solubility

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Melting points and boiling points
Ice melts at 0 °C, Pure water boils at 100 °C.
Displacement reactions of metals and halogens
A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from its compounds.
Two examples are:
 Reacting a metal with a metal oxide (by heating)
 Reacting a metal with an aqueous solution of a metal compound

Temperature changes during reactions

 Positive Temperature Change: Endothermic Reaction
 Negative Temperature Change: Exothermic Reaction
Conditions under which iron rusts or other metals corrode
Iron and steel rust when they come into contact with water and oxygen
The corrosion process happens when a metal / material reacts with substances such as
oxygen, water, acids, or salts.

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