This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D5947 − 24

Standard Test Methods for

Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-

1.1 These test methods cover determination of the physical ness
dimensions of solid plastic specimens where the dimensions 2.2 ISO Standards:3
are used directly in determining the results of tests for various ISO 472 Plastics—Vocabulary
properties. Use these test methods except as otherwise required ISO 16012 Plastics—Determination of Linear Dimensions
in material specifications. of Test Specimens
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3. Terminology
standard. 3.1 Definitions—See Terminology D883 and ISO 472 for
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the definitions pertinent to these test methods.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.1 absolute uncertainty (of a measurement), n—the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- smallest division that may be read directly on the instrument
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. used for measurement.
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 16012 address the same subject matter, 3.2.2 calibration—the set of operations that establishes,
but differ in technical content.
under specified conditions, the relationship between values
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- measured or indicated by an instrument or system, and the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- corresponding reference standard or known values derived
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the from the appropriate reference standards.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.3 micrometer, n—an instrument for measuring any di-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mension within absolute uncertainty of 25 µm or smaller.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.4 verification—proof, with the use of calibrated stan-
2. Referenced Documents dards or standard reference materials, that the calibrated
instrument is operating within specified requirements.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
A1073/A1073M Practice for Using Hand Micrometers to 3.2.5 1 mil, n—a dimension equivalent to 25 µm (0.0010
Measure the Thickness of Uncoated Steel Sheet and in.).
Nonmetallic and Metallic-Coated Steel Sheet
4. Summary of Test Methods
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics 4.1 These test methods provide five different test methods
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced for the measurement of physical dimensions of solid plastic
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi- specimens. The test methods (identified as Test Methods A
als through D, and H) use different micrometers that exert various
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics pressures for varying times upon specimens of different geom-
etries. Tables 1 and 2 display the basic differences of each test
method and identify methods applicable for use on various
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on plastics materials.
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical
Properties. 5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved April 15, 2024. Published May 2024. Originally
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D5947 – 18. DOI: 5.1 These test methods shall be used where precise dimen-
10.1520/D5947-24.
2
sions are necessary for the calculation of properties expressed
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D5947 − 24
TABLE 1 Test Methods Suitable for Specific Materials 6.3.1 Use a dead-weight or spring-loaded, dial-type gauge
Material Test Method or digital readout in accordance with the requirements of 8.1,
Plastics specimens A, B, C, or D 8.3, 8.4, 8.6.1, and 8.6.4 having the following:
Other elastomersA H
A
6.3.1.1 A presser foot that moves in an axis perpendicular to
Materials with D2240 Type A hardness of 30 to 80 (approximately equivalent to a
Type D hardness of 20). the anvil face;
6.3.1.2 The surfaces of the presser foot and anvil (which
contact the specimen) parallel to within 2.5 µm (see 8.3);
6.3.1.3 A spindle, vertically oriented if a dead-weight appa-
in physical units. They are not intended to replace practical ratus;
thickness measurements based on commercial portable tools, 6.3.1.4 A dial or digital indicator essentially friction-free
nor is it implied that thickness measurements made by the and capable of repeatable readings within 61 µm at zero
procedures will agree exactly. setting, or on a steel gauge block;
6.3.1.5 A frame, housing the indicator, of such rigidity that
5.2 Examples of machinist’s micrometers, including pic-
a load of 15 N applied to the indicator housing, out of contact
tures with descriptions of their components and pictures of the
with the presser foot spindle (or any weight attached thereto),
micrometers used can be located in Practice A1073/A1073M.
will produce a deflection of the frame not greater than the
However, make sure the micrometer, the calibration of it, and
smallest scale division or digital count on the indicator; and
the use of it adheres to the requirements of this standard.
6.3.1.6 A dial diameter at least 50 mm and graduated
6. Apparatus continuously to read directly to the nearest 2.5 µm. If
necessary, equip the dial with a revolution counter that displays
6.1 Apparatus A—Machinist’s Micrometer Caliper4with the number of complete revolutions of the large hand; or
Calibrated Ratchet or Friction Thimble:
6.3.1.7 An electronic instrument having a digital readout in
6.1.1 Apparatus A is a micrometer caliper equipped with
place of the dial indicator is permitted if that instrument meets
either a calibrated ratchet or a friction thimble. The pressure
the other requirements of 6.3.
exerted on the specimen is controllable by the use of a proper
6.3.2 The preferred design and construction of this instru-
manipulative procedure and a calibrated spring (see Annex
ment calls for a limit on the force applied to the presser foot.
A1).
The limit is related to the compressive characteristics of the
6.1.2 Use an instrument constructed with a vernier or digital
material being measured.
readout capable of measurement to the nearest 2.5 µm.
6.1.3 Use an instrument with the diameter of the anvil and 6.3.2.1 The force applied to the presser foot spindle and the
spindle surfaces (which contact the specimen) of 6.4 6 0.1 force necessary to register a change in the indicator reading
mm. shall be less than the force that will cause deformation of the
6.1.4 Use an instrument conforming to the requirements of specimen. The force applied to the presser foot spindle and the
8.1, 8.2, 8.5, 8.6.1, and 8.6.2, or manufacturer’s recommenda- force necessary to just prevent a change in the indicator reading
tions. shall be more than the minimum permissible force specified for
6.1.5 Use the micrometer with the locking device released a specimen.
or disengaged, if so equipped. 6.4 Apparatus D—Automatically-Operated Thickness
6.1.6 Best practice is to test the micrometer periodically for Gauge:
conformance to the requirements of 6.1.4. 6.4.1 Except as additionally defined in this section, use an
6.2 Apparatus B—Machinist’s Micrometer Without a instrument that conforms to the requirements of 6.3. An
Ratchet: electronic instrument having a digital readout in place of the
6.2.1 Apparatus B is a micrometer caliper. dial indicator is permitted if that instrument meets the other
6.2.2 Use an instrument constructed with a vernier or digital requirements of 6.3 and 6.4.
readout capable of measurement to the nearest 2.5 µm. 6.4.2 Use a pneumatic or motor-operated instrument having
6.2.3 Use an instrument with the diameter of the anvil and a presser foot spindle that is lifted and lowered either by a
spindle surfaces (which contact the specimen) of 6.4 6 0.1 pneumatic cylinder or by a constant-speed motor through a
mm. mechanical linkage such that the rate of descent (for a specified
6.2.4 Use an instrument conforming to the requirements of range of distances between the presser foot surface and anvil)
8.1, 8.2, 8.5.1, 8.5.2, 8.5.3, 8.6.1, and 8.6.3. and dwell time on the specimen are within the limits specified
6.2.5 Use the micrometer with the locking device released for the material being measured.
or disengaged, if so equipped. 6.4.2.1 The preferred design and construction of this instru-
6.2.6 Examine and test the micrometer periodically for ment calls for a limit on the force applied to the presser foot.
conformance to the requirements of 6.2.4. The limit is related to the compressive characteristics of the
6.3 Apparatus C—Manually Operated, Thickness Gauge:5 material being measured.
6.4.2.2 The force applied to the presser foot spindle and the
force necessary to register a change in the indicator reading
4
Hereinafter referred to as a machinist’s micrometer. shall be less than the force that will cause deformation of the
5
Herein referred to as a gauge. specimen. The force applied to the presser foot spindle and the

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 D5947 − 24
TABLE 2 Test Method Parameter Differences

Test Method Apparatus Elastic Modulus RangeA Diameter of Presser Foot Pressure on Specimen,
MPa or Spindle, mm Approximate, kPa
A1 A from >35 to <275 6.4 40 to 180
A2 A from >276 to <700 6.4 40 to 300
A3 A >701 6.4 40 to 900
B B 6.4 unknown
C C 6.4 to 12.7 5 to 900
D D 6.4 to 12.7 5 to 900
H C 6.4 30
A
Determined by Test Method D638 or Test Method D790.

force necessary to just prevent a change in the indicator reading 8.2.1.1 Close the micrometer on the screw-thread-pitch wire
must be more than the minimum permissible force specified for or plug gauge according to the calibration procedure of 8.6.2 or
a specimen. 8.6.3, as appropriate;
8.2.1.2 Observe and record the thickness indicated;
7. Test Specimens 8.2.1.3 Move the screw-thread-pitch wire or plug gauge to a
7.1 The test specimens shall be prepared from plastics different position between the presser foot and anvil, and repeat
materials in sheet, plate, or molded shapes that have been cut 8.2.1.1 and 8.2.1.2; and
to the required dimensions or molded to the desired finished 8.2.1.4 If the difference between any pair of readings is
dimensions for the particular test. greater than 2.5 µm, the surfaces are not parallel.
7.2 Prepare and condition each specimen to equilibrium in 8.3 Lacking a detailed procedure supplied by the instrument
accordance with Practice D618 unless otherwise specified by manufacturer, confirm the requirements for parallelism of
the relevant ASTM material specification. dial-type micrometers given in 6.3.1.2 by placing a hardened
steel ball (such as that used in a ball bearing) of suitable
7.3 For each specimen, take precautions to prevent damage
diameter between the presser foot and anvil. Mount the ball in
or contamination that might affect the measurements adversely.
a fork-shaped holder to allow it to be moved conveniently from
7.4 Unless otherwise specified, make all dimension mea- one location to another between the presser foot and anvil. The
surements at the standard laboratory atmosphere in accordance balls used commercially in ball bearings are almost perfect
with Practice D618. spheres having diameters constant within 0.2 µm.
8. Calibration (General Considerations for Care and Use NOTE 2—Exercise care with this procedure. Calculations using the
equations given in X1.3.2 show that the use of a 680 g mass weight on a
of Each of the Various Pieces of Apparatus for ball between the hardened surfaces of the presser foot and anvil can result
Dimensional Measurements) in dimples in the anvil or presser foot surfaces caused by exceeding the
8.1 Good testing practices require clean anvil and presser yield stress of the surfaces.
foot surfaces for any micrometer instrument. Prior to calibra- 8.3.1 Observe and record the diameter as measured by the
tion or dimensional measurements, clean such surfaces by micrometer at one location.
inserting a piece of smooth, clean bond paper between the anvil 8.3.2 Move the ball to another location and repeat the
and presser foot and slowly moving the bond paper between measurement.
the surfaces. Check the zero setting frequently during measure- 8.3.3 If the difference between any pair of readings is
ments. Failure to repeat the zero setting may be evidence of dirt greater than 2.5 µm, the surfaces are not parallel.
on the surfaces. Avoid pulling any edge of the bond paper 8.4 Lacking a detailed procedure supplied by the instrument
between the surfaces to reduce the probability of depositing manufacturer, confirm the flatness of the anvil and the spindle
any lint particles on the surfaces. Periodic verifications with the surface of a micrometer or dial gauge by the use of an optical
gauge blocks shall be conducted. flat that has clean surfaces. Surfaces shall be flat within 1 µm.
8.2 The parallelism requirements for machinists’ microm- 8.4.1 After cleaning the micrometer surfaces (see 8.1), place
eters demand that observed differences of readings on a pair of the optical flat on the anvil and close the presser foot as
screw-thread-pitch wires or a pair of standard 6.4-mm nominal described in 8.6.2, 8.6.3, 8.6.4, or 8.6.5, as appropriate.
diameter plug gauges be not greater than 2.5 µm. Spring-wire 8.4.2 When illuminated by diffused daylight, interference
stock or music-wire of known diameter are suitable substitutes. bands are formed between the surfaces of the flat and those of
The wire (or the plug gauge) has a diameter dimension that is the micrometer. The shape, location, and number of these
known to be within 61 µm. Diameter dimensions may vary by bands indicate the deviation from flatness in increments of half
an amount approximately equal to the axial movement of the the average wavelengths of white light, which is taken as 0.25
spindle when the wire (or the plug gauge) is rotated through µm.
180°. 8.4.2.1 A flat surface forms straight parallel fringes at equal
8.2.1 Lacking a detailed procedure supplied by the instru- intervals.
ment manufacturer, confirm the parallelism requirements of 8.4.2.2 A grooved surface forms straight parallel fringes at
machinist’s micrometers using the following procedure: unequal intervals.

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 D5947 − 24
8.4.2.3 A symmetrical concave or convex surface forms calibration procedures only after the instrument has been
concentric circular fringes. Their number is a measure of the checked and found to meet the requirements of the pertinent
deviation from flatness. preceding paragraphs of these test methods. Calibration steps
8.4.2.4 An unsymmetrical concave or convex surface forms 8.2 to 8.6, or per manufacturer’s recommendations, shall be
a series of curved fringes that cut the periphery of the performed when periodic verification with gauge blocks is out
micrometer surface. The number of fringes cut by a straight of tolerance.
line connecting the terminals of any fringes is a measure of the 8.6.2 Calibration Procedure for Apparatus A, Machinist’s
deviation from flatness. Micrometer with Ratchet or Friction Thimble:
8.5 Machinist’s Micrometer Requirements: 8.6.2.1 Calibrate the ratchet spring or friction thimble in
8.5.1 The requirements for a zero reading of machinist’s accordance with Annex A1.
micrometers are met when ten closings of the spindle onto the 8.6.2.2 Rotate the spindle so as to close the micrometer on
anvil, in accordance with 8.6.2.3 or 8.6.3.3, as appropriate, the gauge block or other calibrating device. Reverse the
result in ten zero readings. The condition of zero reading is rotation so as to open the micrometer 100 to 150 µm.
satisfied when examinations with a low-power magnifying 8.6.2.3 Using the ratchet knob or friction thimble, close the
glass show that at least 66 % of the width of the zero micrometer again slowly on the calibrating device so that the
graduation mark on the barrel coincides with at least 66 % of scale divisions may be counted easily as they move past the
the width of the reference mark. reference mark. This rate approximates about 50 µm/s.
8.5.2 Proper maintenance of a machinist’s micrometer may
8.6.2.4 Continue the closing motion until the ratchet clicks
require adjusting the instrument for wear of the micrometer
three times or the friction thimble slips.
screw so that the spindle has no perceptible lateral or longitu-
dinal looseness, yet rotates with a torque load of less than 8.6.2.5 Observe and record the dimension reading.
1.8E-3 Nm. Replace the instrument if this is not achievable 8.6.2.6 Repeat the procedures described in 8.6.2.2 – 8.6.2.5
after disassembly, cleaning, and lubrication. using several gauge blocks (or other calibration devices) of
8.5.3 After the zero reading has been checked, use the different dimensions covering the range of measurement with
calibration procedure of 8.6.2 and 8.6.3 (as appropriate, for the this micrometer.
machinist’s micrometer under examination) to check for the 8.6.2.7 Construct a calibration correction curve that will
maximum acceptable error in the machinist’s micrometer provide the corrections for application to the observed dimen-
screw. sion of specimens tested, using this calibrated micrometer.
8.5.3.1 Use selected feeler-gauge blades with known thick- 8.6.3 Calibration Procedure for Apparatus B, Machinist’s
ness to within 60.5 µm to check micrometers calibrated in Micrometer Without Ratchet or Friction Thimble:
metric units at approximately 50, 100, and 200-µm points. Use 8.6.3.1 Rotate the spindle so as to close the micrometer on
standard gauge blocks at points greater than 200 µm. the gauge block or other calibrating device. Reverse the
8.5.3.2 Take ten readings at each point checked. Calculate rotation so as to open the micrometer 100 to 150 µm.
the arithmetic mean of these ten readings. 8.6.3.2 Close the micrometer again so slowly on the cali-
8.5.3.3 The machinist’s micrometer screw error is within brating device that the scale divisions may be counted easily as
requirements if the difference between the mean value of they move past the reference mark. This rate approximates
8.5.3.2 and the gauge block (or feeler-gauge blade) thickness is about 50 µm/s.
not more than 2.5 µm.
8.6.3.3 Continue the closing motion until the spindle face
8.5.4 Calibration of Spindle Pressure in Machinist’s Mi-
contacts the surface of the gauge block (or other calibrating
crometer with Ratchet or Friction Thimble:
device). Contact is made when frictional resistance develops
8.5.4.1 See Annex A1, which details the apparatus and
initially to the movement of the calibrating device between the
procedure required for this calibration. The spindle pressure
anvil and spindle face.
shall be calibrated to a value within one of the A-ranges listed
in Table 2. These ranges are based on the elastic modulus of the 8.6.3.4 Observe and record the dimension reading.
material determined by Test Method D638 or Test Method 8.6.3.5 Repeat the procedures described in 8.6.3.1 – 8.6.3.4
D790. The spindle pressure shall be calibrated to value within using several gauge blocks (or other calibration devices) of
the range for the lowest elastic modulus material that may be different dimensions covering the range of measurement with
tested. this micrometer.
8.6 Calibration of Micrometers: 8.6.3.6 Construct a calibration correction curve that will
8.6.1 Verify micrometers in a standard laboratory atmo- provide the corrections for application to the observed dimen-
sphere maintained at 50 % relative humidity and 23°C or some sions of specimens tested using this calibrated micrometer.
other standard condition as mutually agreed upon between the 8.6.4 Calibration Procedure for Apparatus C, Manually
seller and the purchaser. Use standard gauge blocks or other Operated, Thickness Gauge:
metallic objects of known dimension. The known dimensional 8.6.4.1 Using the procedures detailed in Section 9 pertinent
accuracy of such blocks shall be within 610 % of the smallest to the material to be measured, collect calibration data from
scale division of the micrometer dial or scale. Thus, if an observations using several gauge blocks (or other calibration
instrument’s smallest scale division is 2 µm, the standard gauge devices) of different dimensions covering the range of mea-
block dimension shall be known to within 60.2 µm. Perform surement with this micrometer.

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 D5947 − 24
8.6.4.2 Construct a calibration correction curve that will specimen that has a similar dimension to the one to be
provide the corrections for application to the observed dimen- measured, but is not one of the measurement positions.
sions of specimens tested using this calibrated micrometer. Observe this reading, then open the micrometer approximately
8.6.5 Calibration Procedure for Apparatus D, 100 µm beyond the expected reading, and move the specimen
Automatically-Operated Thickness Gauge: to the measurement position. For specimens with a draft angle
8.6.5.1 Using the procedures detailed in Section 9 pertinent on each side of the specimen, take the measurement of width at
to the material to be measured, collect calibration data from the edge of the non-cavity surface (the wider of the two
observations using several gauge blocks (or other calibration surfaces). Position the center of the micrometer’s anvil and
devices) of different dimensions covering the range of mea- presser foot on this edge. For measurement of specimen
surement with this micrometer. thickness position the micrometer’s anvil and pressure foot at
8.6.5.2 Construct a calibration correction curve that will the center of the specimen width.
provide the corrections for application to the observed dimen- 9.2.5.2 Using the ratchet, or the friction thimble, close the
sions of specimens tested using this calibrated micrometer. micrometer at such a rate that the scale divisions may be
counted easily as they pass the reference mark. This rate is
9. Procedure approximately 50 µm/s.
NOTE 3—In this section, the word “method” denotes a combination of 9.2.5.3 Continue the closing motion until the ratchet clicks
both a specific apparatus and a procedure describing its use. three times or the friction thimble slips. Observe the indicated
9.1 The selection of a method for measurement of dimen- dimension.
sion is influenced by the characteristics of the solid plastic for 9.2.5.4 Correct the observed indicated dimension using the
measurement. Each material will differ in its response to test calibration chart obtained in accordance with 8.6, and record
method parameters, which include, but may not be limited to, the corrected dimension value.
compressibility, rate of loading, ultimate load, dwell time, and 9.2.5.5 Move the specimen to another measurement
dimensions of the presser foot and anvil. For a specific plastic position, and repeat the steps given in 9.2.5.1 – 9.2.5.4.
material, these responses may cause measurements made using 9.2.5.6 Unless otherwise specified, make and record at least
one method to differ significantly from measurements made three dimension measurements on each specimen. The arith-
using another method. The procedures that follow are catego- metic mean of all dimension values is the dimension of the
rized according to the materials to which each applies. See also specimen.
Appendix X1. 9.2.6 Test Method B:
9.2 Test Methods Applicable to Solid Plastic Specimens: 9.2.6.1 Using Apparatus B and specimens in conformance
9.2.1 Except as otherwise specified in other applicable with Section 7, close the micrometer on an area of the
documents, use either Test Methods A, B, C, or D for plastic specimen that has a similar dimension to the one to be
specimens. measured, but is not one of the measurement positions.
9.2.2 When testing specimens by Test Methods A, B, C, or Observe this reading, then open the micrometer approximately
D, use apparatus that conforms to the requirements of the 100 µm beyond the expected reading, and move the specimen
appropriate parts of Section 6 and Table 2, including the to the measurement position. For specimens with a draft angle
requirement for accuracy of zero setting. Warning— Cleaning on each side of the specimen, take the measurement of width at
the presser foot and anvil surfaces as described in 8.1 can cause the edge of the non-cavity surface (the wider of the two
damage to digital electronic gauges, which may then require surfaces). Position the center of the micrometer’s anvil and
very expensive repairs by the instrument manufacturer. Obtain presser foot on this edge. For measurement of specimen
procedures for cleaning such electronic gauges from the thickness position the micrometer’s anvil and pressure foot at
instrument manufacturer to prevent these costs. the center of the specimen width.
NOTE 4—An electronic indicator may be substituted for the dial gauge
9.2.6.2 Close the micrometer slowly at such a rate that the
or vernier if the presser foot and anvil meet the requirements of that test scale divisions may be counted easily as they pass the reference
method. mark. This rate is approximately 50 µm/s.
9.2.3 When testing specimens using Test Method D, use an 9.2.6.3 Continue the closing motion until contact with the
instrument that has a drop rate between 750 and 1500 µm/s specimen surface is just made as evidenced by the initial
between 625 and 25 µm on the dial and a capacity of at least development of frictional resistance to movement of the
775 µm. micrometer screw. Observe the indicated dimension.
9.2.4 The presence of contaminating substances on the 9.2.6.4 Correct the observed indicated dimension using the
surfaces of the test specimens, presser foot, anvil, or spindle calibration correction curve obtained in accordance with 8.6,
can interfere with dimension measurements and result in and record the corrected dimension value.
erroneous readings. To help prevent this interference, select 9.2.6.5 Move the specimen to another measurement
only clean specimens for testing, and keep them and the position, and repeat the steps given in 9.2.6.1 – 9.2.6.4.
dimension measuring instrument covered until ready to make 9.2.6.6 Unless otherwise specified, make and record at least
measurements. three dimension measurements on each specimen. The arith-
9.2.5 Test Method A: metic mean of all dimension values is the dimension of the
9.2.5.1 Using Apparatus A and specimens in conformance specimen.
with Section 7, close the micrometer on an area of the 9.2.7 Test Method C:

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 D5947 − 24
9.2.7.1 Using Apparatus C and specimens in conformance edge of the non-cavity surface (the wider of the two surfaces).
with Section 7, place the instrument on a solid, level, clean Position the center of the dial gauge’s anvil and presser foot on
table or bench that is free of excessive vibration. Confirm that this edge. For measurement of specimen thickness position the
the anvil and presser foot surfaces are clean. Adjust the zero micrometer’s anvil and pressure foot at the center of the
point. specimen width.
9.2.7.2 Using Apparatus C and specimens in conformance 9.2.8.4 Observe the dial reading while the presser foot is at
with Section 7, close the micrometer on an area of the rest on the specimen surface. After correcting the observed
specimen that has a similar dimension to the one to be indicated dimension using the calibration correction curve
measured but is not one of the measurement positions. Observe obtained in accordance with 8.6, record the corrected dimen-
this reading, then open the micrometer approximately 100 µm sion value.
beyond the expected reading, and move the specimen to the 9.2.8.5 While the presser foot is near its maximum lift,
measurement position. For specimens with a draft angle on move the specimen to another measurement position, and
each side of the specimen, take the measurement of width at repeat the steps given in 9.2.8.1 – 9.2.8.4.
the edge of the non-cavity surface (the wider of the two 9.2.8.6 Unless otherwise specified, make and record at least
surfaces). Position the center of the dial gauge’s anvil and three dimension measurements on each specimen. The arith-
presser foot on this edge. For measurement of specimen metic mean of all dimension values is the dimension of the
thickness position the micrometer’s anvil and pressure foot at specimen.
the center of the specimen width. 9.2.8.7 Recheck the instrument zero setting after measuring
9.2.7.3 Raise the presser foot slightly. each specimen. A change in the setting is usually the result of
9.2.7.4 Move the specimen to the first measurement contaminating particles carried from the specimen to the
location, and lower the presser foot to a reading approximately contacting surfaces of the presser foot and anvil. This condition
7 to 10 µm higher than the initial reading of 9.2.7.2. necessitates the cleaning of these surfaces (see 8.1 and the
9.2.7.5 Drop the foot onto the specimen (see also Note 5). Warning note found in 9.2.2).
NOTE 5—This procedure minimizes small errors present when the 9.3 Test Methods Applicable to Other Elastomers:
pressure foot is lowered slowly onto the specimen.
9.3.1 Test Method H is applicable to other elastomeric
9.2.7.6 Observe the reading. After correcting the observed materials that have a Test Method D2240 Type A durometer
indicated dimension using the calibration correction curve hardness between 30 and 80.
obtained in accordance with 8.6, record the corrected dimen- 9.3.2 Test Method H uses an instrument described as
sion value. Apparatus C in 6.3 that conforms to the requirements given in
9.2.7.7 Move the specimen to another measurement 8.1, 8.3, 8.4, 8.6.1, and 8.6.4 and has the following:
position, and repeat the steps given in 9.2.7.1 – 9.2.7.6.
9.3.2.1 A presser foot diameter of 6.4 6 0.1 mm;
9.2.7.8 Unless otherwise specified, make and record at least
9.3.2.2 An anvil diameter of at least 50 mm;
three dimension measurements on each specimen. The arith-
metic mean of all dimension values is the dimension of the 9.3.2.3 A capacity of at least 7.50 mm; and
specimen. 9.3.2.4 A design and construction capable of applying a
9.2.7.9 Recheck the instrument zero setting after measuring pressure of 26 6 9 kPa on the elastomeric material specimen.
each specimen. A change in the setting is usually the result of This pressure is the result of the ratio of the force on the
contaminating particles carried from the specimen to the specimen (0.83-N (3-oz) exerted by a 6.4 mm diameter presser
contacting surfaces of the presser foot and anvil. This condition foot assembly) to the specified area of the presser foot.
necessitates the cleaning of these surfaces (see 8.1 and the 9.3.3 Using the apparatus as described in 9.3.2 and speci-
Warning note found in 9.2.2). mens in conformance with Section 7, place the instrument on
9.2.8 Test Method D: a solid, level, clean table or bench that is free of excessive
9.2.8.1 Using Apparatus D and specimens in conformance vibration. Confirm that the anvil and presser foot surfaces are
with Section 7, place the instrument on a solid, level, clean clean and that the accuracy of zero reading has been deter-
table or bench that is free of excessive vibration. Confirm that mined.
the anvil and presser foot surfaces are clean. 9.3.4 Test Method H involves two different procedures for
9.2.8.2 Apply power to the motor or air to the pneumatics, dimension measurements of elastomeric materials. One proce-
and allow the instrument to reach a thermal equilibrium with dure uses the micrometer as a comparison gauge. The other
the ambient. Equilibrium is attained when the zero point procedure uses the micrometer as a direct dimension reading
adjustment becomes negligible. Do not stop the motor or instrument. Test results using either procedure are not signifi-
remove the air until all of the measurements are made. This cantly different.
will minimize any tendency to disturb the thermal equilibrium 9.3.5 Satisfactory accuracy of dimension measurements on
between the instrument and ambient during the dimension elastomeric materials is obtained by using the gauge as a
measurements. comparison measuring instrument. The use of this technique
9.2.8.3 Insert and position a specimen for the first measure- does not require the construction of a calibration curve. Details
ment when the opening between the presser foot and anvil is of the comparison procedure follow:
near its maximum. For specimens with a draft angle on each 9.3.5.1 Do not drop the presser foot, but lower it slowly onto
side of the specimen, take the measurement of width at the the surface of a specimen. Make an initial reading 5 s after the

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 D5947 − 24
presser foot has contacted the specimen surface. The initial presser foot. That error magnitude will increase as the speci-
reading estimates the specimen dimension. men dimension decreases.
9.3.5.2 Raise the presser foot and remove the specimen. 9.3.8 For measurements of dimension on low-durometer
9.3.5.3 Select a gauge block that approximates the initial hardness, the most significant and precise values are obtained
reading observed in 9.3.5.1 most closely. Place the gauge block by the use of Apparatus C modified so that the presser foot
on the anvil, and lower the presser foot slowly. DO NOT simulates the total load force expected in the intended appli-
DROP THE PRESSER FOOT. cation.
9.3.5.4 After the presser foot comes to rest, adjust the zero
setting of the gauge so that the reading is exactly the dimension 10. Report
of the gauge block. 10.1 Report the following information:
9.3.5.5 Lift the presser foot, remove the gauge block, and 10.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
place the specimen on the anvil. ing the type, grade, source, and lot number;
9.3.5.6 Lower the presser foot slowly onto the specimen, 10.1.2 Date of testing, identity of the testing laboratory, and
and allow it to come to rest for 5 s before reading the dial. identity of the responsible personnel;
9.3.5.7 Repeat the steps given in 9.3.5.2 – 9.3.5.6 until at 10.1.3 Test method used, details of any deviation therefrom,
least five dimension readings are obtained. The arithmetic and choice of any options in the standard procedure;
mean of the five readings is taken as the dimension of the 10.1.4 Number of specimens per sample and number of
specimen. measurements per specimen; and
9.3.6 Test Method H uses the micrometer as a direct 10.1.5 Arithmetic mean and range of all measurements
dimension measurement instrument using the following proce- made on a specimen.
dure:
9.3.6.1 Do not drop the presser foot, but lower it slowly onto 11. Precision and Bias
the surface of a specimen. Make an initial reading 5 s after the 11.1 Precision—Since the test methods herein use different
presser foot has contacted the specimen surface. The initial pieces of apparatus, call for one of several magnitudes of
reading estimates the specimen dimension. forces to be exerted on specimens of widely different geom-
9.3.6.2 Raise the presser foot no more than 500 µm above etries for varying periods of time, and are used for a wide
the dimension observed in 9.3.6.1, and move the specimen to variety of materials, it is the consensus that a precision
the first measurement location. statement in these test methods is not practicable. There will be
9.3.6.3 Do not drop the presser foot, but lower it gently onto different precisions between test methods and between mate-
the specimen, and allow it to rest on the specimen for 5 s before rials. The reader is directed to seek precision statements in
reading the indicator dial. those other ASTM standards that deal with specific plastics or
9.3.6.4 Observe the dimension indicated on the indicator, elastomeric material measured by any of these test methods.
and apply any correction from the calibration curve generated
in accordance with 8.6. Record the corrected dimension value. 11.2 Bias—The bias of any one of these test methods is
9.3.6.5 Repeat the procedure described in 9.3.6.1 – 9.3.6.4 unknown. A standard specimen of known thickness of solid
on different areas of the specimen until at least five dimension electrical insulation is not available for measurement of thick-
measurements have been recorded. The arithmetic average of ness by each of these test methods.
the five corrected values is the dimension of the specimen.
9.3.7 There will be some compression of low-durometer 12. Keywords
hardness elastomeric materials due to the force exerted by the 12.1 caliper; dimensions; elastomers; micrometer; plastics

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CALIBRATION OF MACHINIST’S MICROMETER RATCHET SPRING OR SPINDLE FORCE

A1.1 Introduction A1.2 Apparatus for Calibration

A1.1.1 This annex describes apparatus and procedures suit- A1.2.1 Balance, triple-beam, single plate, graduated to 0.1
able for ascertaining the pressure exerted by the spindle on a g, having a maximum capacity of approximately 2.6 kg using
machinist’s micrometer equipped with a calibrated-spring auxiliary weights. Equip the balance with an adjustable coun-
actuated ratchet or friction thimble. Such a micrometer is terbalance.
described in Section 6 as Apparatus A. Calibration per steps
below, or manufacturer’s recommendations, shall be performed
when periodic verification with gauge blocks is out of toler-
ance.

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 D5947 − 24
A1.2.2 Attachment,6mounted vertically on the plate of the A1.3.6 Using the following equation, calculate the Mass in
balance so as to support a universal joint, one face of which is grams to add to the balance for the spindle pressure desired.
lapped flat. Mass 5 SP × D 2 × 8.01 × 104 (A1.1)
A1.2.3 Vertical Arm Support, mounted at right angles to the
where:
balance plate that will hold the machinist’s micrometer for
testing. Hold the micrometer by this arm in such a way that the SP = the desired spindle pressure, in kPa
clamping pressure of the arm support will not distort the D = the diameter of the spindle, in m
micrometer frame. For a 6.35–mm diameter spindle the pressure can be calcu-
A1.2.4 Refer to Fig. A1.1, which shows the assembled lated by multiplying SP by 3.23.
apparatus. For example, if you want the spindle pressure to be 200 kPa,
the calculated mass will be approximately 600 g. Place the
A1.3 Procedure weight on the balance arm.
A1.3.1 Place the micrometer in position on the supporting
arm. A1.3.7 Turn the micrometer spindle until the ratchet clicks
three times or until the friction thimble slips.
A1.3.2 Adjust the support arm position to allow the balance
pointer free travel between 650 mg. A1.3.8 The ratchet shall click, or the thimble shall slip, if a
A1.3.3 Lock the support arm in this position. 600-g weight is selected. The ratchet or thimble shall bring up
the pointer easily if a 510-g weight is selected.
A1.3.4 Place a specimen, such as a 10-layer pad of capacitor
paper, between the spindle foot of the micrometer and the A1.3.9 If the pressure for a micrometer with ratchet is high,
lapped surface of the universal joint. clip the spring until the proper range is observed. If the
pressure is too low, discard the spring and replace it with a new
A1.3.5 Adjust the micrometer spindle so that the pointer of
spring.
the balance reads 50 mg.
NOTE A1.1—Obtain a new micrometer spring from the micrometer
manufacturer, or make one from a coil spring wire of 450-µm nominal
diameter. Make the inside diameter of the coiled wire 5.0 6 0.1 mm, with
6 a 2 6 0.1-mm spacing between coil turns. Grind the ends of the spring flat.
This attachment can be adapted from a Starrett Center Tester No. 65, L. S.
Starrett Co., Athol, MA 01331.

FIG. A1.1 Balance

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 D5947 − 24
A1.3.10 If it is necessary to elongate a spring so as to A1.3.12 Do not use oil in the ratchet assembly.
increase pressure, the maximum permitted elongation is 25 %.
A1.3.13 If the pressure for a micrometer with a friction
A1.3.11 Make certain that the spring seats properly in the thimble is outside the permissible limits, consult the manufac-
ratchet assembly, and assemble the ratchet completely before turer for procedures to remedy the non-conformance.
making any tests.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. ELASTICITY THEORY ADAPTED TO THICKNESS MEASUREMENT

X1.1 Introduction σ = Poisson’s ratio = 0.35 to 0.45 for plastics in general,

X1.1.1 Theoretical dissertations pertinent to the problems and
involved when a rigid cylindrical die is pressed into a semi- E = Young’s modulus of the specimen.
infinite elastic solid may be found in treatises on elasticity.7 The presser foot and anvil are regarded as infinitely rigid.
X1.1.2 The equations derived therein indicate that the
X1.2.2 As a result, the amount of penetration is determined
distance of penetration of the die (analogous to the presser foot
by the ratio of force, or load, to the diameter of the presser foot.
of a micrometer) into the elastic solid (analogous to a thickness
Data on rubber and recorder tape confirm this finding.
specimen) is proportional to the ratio of the applied force to the
diameter of the cylinder. Consequently, if the radius of the presser foot is reduced by a
factor, reduce the load by the same factor to keep the
X1.1.3 Other mechanical properties of the materials in- penetration and, therefore, the apparent thickness constant.
volved also have some influence on the distance of penetration. This is in contrast to previously held perceptions of the
X1.1.4 If a plot of measured thickness versus the ratio of necessity for maintaining constant average pressure.
applied force to presser foot diameter is made for each of
several materials (including rubbers and recorder tapes), a X1.2.3 The pressure, P, applied at any point on the speci-
linear relationship is found. men inside the perimeter of the foot is given by the following:
X1.1.5 In the absence of any better theoretical model, the P 5 W/ @ 2 π R ~ R 2 2 r 2 ! 0.5 # (X1.2)
equations for a cylinder die and a spherical die indenting a where:
semi-infinite solid are presented and adapted to thickness W = force,
measurements in the hope that further work is stimulated based R = radius, and
on adapting the semi-infinite model to finite size models. r = radial distance of the point being discussed from the
X1.1.6 In thickness measurements, keeping the average center of the surface.
pressure constant when changing the diameter of presser feet This brings out the important point that at the periphery of
has never been satisfactory, and this old notion needs to be
the foot surface (where r approaches R), P approaches infinity
discarded.
and the specimen is stressed beyond its yield point so that an
X1.1.7 The theory developed in the treatises does not give imprint of the outline of the presser foot surface remains on the
any information on how to handle the effects due to time of specimen surface. Dressing the edge of the presser foot to have
loading. Until something better is established, the effects of a slight radius prevents this effect.
time need evaluation for each material over the range of
thickness, forces, and foot diameters expected in testing. X1.2.4 Assuming that the equations apply to a relatively
thin specimen, the actual thickness measured will be the
X1.2 Cylindrical Pressure Foot no-load thickness minus the penetration, and the equation for
X1.2.1 For the cylindrical presser foot, the expression for thickness becomes the following:
penetration, d, is as follows: T 5 T o 2 d 5 T o 2 W/D ~ 1 2 σ 2 ! /E (X1.3)
d 5 ~ W/D ! × @ ~ 1 2 σ ! /E #
2
(X1.1) where:
where: To = no-load thickness.
W = force downward on the foot, X1.2.5 A plot of T versus W/D results in a straight line. The
D = diameter of the face, intercept at W/D = 0 provides a value for To. Data for the plot
may be obtained by making a series of measurements on a
specimen using different weights with a fixed diameter of
7
Timoshenko, S., Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY, presser foot or a fixed weight with presser feet of differing
1934, p. 338. diameters.

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 D5947 − 24
X1.2.6 If such a plot is made for polymeric film and the X1.3.2 Permanent indentation will occur if the elastic yield
slope of the line is established from the plot or by regression point of the specimen is exceeded. This occurs unless the loads
analysis of the data, a number of characteristics of the film may and radius are such that
be obtained. Y.0.5784 × @ E/ ~ 1 2 σ 2 ! # 2/3 × ~ W/R 2 ! 1/3 (X1.5)
X1.2.7 The plot can also be useful in estimating the effects
where:
of making thickness measurements on the material using
different dimensions of the presser foot and different applied Y = yield stress of the material.
forces to the specimen. In selecting loads to apply to the specimen, make a calcu-
lation to determine whether the resulting load and radius
X1.3 Hemisphere-Shaped Foot
combination is too near the yield strength.
X1.3.1 For a hemisphere pressing a semi-infinite specimen,
the penetration, d, into the surface is given by the equation: X1.3.3 Assuming that the equation will still hold for a finite
specimen, the reading obtained for the thickness is the no-load
d 5 0.8255 × ~ W 2 /R ! 1/3 × @ ~ 1 2 σ 2 ! /E # 2/3 (X1.4) thickness of the specimen minus the amount of penetration. An
where: equation can be written expressing this idea using the equation
W = force downward on the hemisphere, for penetration written above:
R = radius of the hemisphere, which is assumed T 5 T o 2 @ 0.8255 ~ W 2 /R ! 1/3 × @ ~ 1 2 σ 2 ! /E # 2/3 (X1.6)
incompressible,
σ = Poisson’s ratio = 0.35 to 0.45 for plastics, and where:
E = Young’s modulus of the specimen. T = thickness read, and
To = no-load thickness.
Consequently, the amount of elastic displacement observed
for a given material depends on the ratio W/R. If the radius of A plot of T versus either W2/3 or (W2/R)1/3 should result in a
the hemisphere is reduced by four, the load on the gauge must straight line that, when extrapolated to W = 0, gives the no-load
be reduced by a factor of two to maintain the same penetration. thickness To.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, D5947 - 18,
that may impact the use of this standard. (April 15, 2024)

(1) Added manufacturer’s recommendations to 6.1.4 (4) Changed language in 8.6.1 and A.1.1 for when and how
(2) Changed 6.1.6 to best practice. calibration is required.
(3) Moved Note 2 to 8.1.

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