LESSON 4: OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN (UNIT 2,PART1)

OPERATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

● OS SERVICES

● OS DESIGN GOALS

● Concurrent Systems
Modern operating systems should be able to handle multiple users as well as multiple devices at the
same time. This is necessary for the modern multi-core architectures. Because of these specifications,
the operating system design can be quite complex and difficult to create.
● Security and Privacy
Operating systems should be able to provide security and privacy for a system. This is very important
as there are many malicious users who may want to hack into the computer system and steal user
programs.
● Resource Sharing
The operating system should make sure that resources are shared in a correct manner between
multiple user processes. This can get quite complex when multiple users share the same device as well.
 ● Future Hardware and Software Changes
A major design consideration is that the operating system should be able to weather future hardware and
software changes and not become obsolete. This is necessary as the operating system being changed
again and again is quite a costly process.
● Portable Operating Systems
The operating systems should be portable i.e. they should work with different hardware and
machines. There may be some specialty operating system that only work on one kind of machine,
however, most of them are portable.
● Backward Compatibility
The new operating systems created should be compatible with the previous models i.e. they should
contain backward compatibility.
● No Specific Type of Users
Operating systems should be developed keeping in mind a general user base so that many users can
use them. Even specially developed operating systems that target a single user base contain generality.
USER INTERFACE

● COMMAND LINE, GUI, Batch, Touchscreen

PROGRAM EXECUTION

● When you execute a program, the operating system allocates memory to store the program's
instructions and data. It then sets the program counter to the memory address of the first instruction,
which is fetched, decoded, and executed one by one.
I/O OPERATIONS

● I/O output operations refer to data signals sent by the output device in response to the data input. The
data flows from the computer to the output device, where it is extracted and processed. The processing
ensures the data output is presented in a manner that users will understand.
FILE SYSTEM MANIPULATION

● File system manipulation allows programs to read and write files and directories. It allows users to
create, delete, and search for files with specific names and extensions.
COMMUNICATION

● Message Passing

● Shared Memory

ERROR DETECTION

● Operating systems handle error detection and correction through various mechanisms like exception
handling, redundancy checks, and recovery routines. Operating systems are designed to be robust and
reliable, and a significant part of this involves the ability to detect and correct errors.
ENSURING EFFICIENT OPERATION

● Resources allocation

● Accounting
 ● Protection and Security – protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources controlled.
Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends to defending external I/O
devices from invalid access attempts.
POLICY vs. MECHANISM

● Policy (WHAT) - Mechanism (HOW)

● Policy: a set of ideas or a plan of what to do. Mechanism: a process, technique, or system for
achieving a result. A mechanism is more about 'how' a particular task (possibly a policy) is done
where as a policy is more about 'what' needs to be done.
OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

● Start by defining goals and specifications.

● Affected by choice of hardware, type of system.

● User Goals and System Goals

1. User Goals - operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and
fast.
2. System Goals – operating system should be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well
as flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient.

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE (UNIT 2,PART2)

OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN

● OS Structure

● Virtual Machine

● Types Of Computer Systems

GENERAL PURPOSE IS VERY LARGE

● Monolithic/Simple Structure

● Layered Approach

● Microkernel

● Modular

● Hybrid

LAYERED

● Clearly defined interface

● Strict Structure

● Each uses of service of lower layers.

MICROKERNEL

● Small Kernel

● Move services to user space

● Benefits
1. Easier to extend a microkernel.
2. Easier to port the operating system to
new architectures.
3. More reliable (less code is running in
kernel mode).
● Detriments – Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication.

MODULAR
 ● Use object-oriented approach.

● Each core component is separate

● Clearly defined interfaces

● Each is loadable as needed within the kernel

● Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible.

HYBRID STRUCTURE

VIRTUAL MACHINE

● A virtual machine (VM) is a virtual environment which functions as a virtual computer system with its own
CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created on a physical hardware system. VMs are
isolated from the rest of the system, and multiple VMs can exist on a single piece of hardware, like a
server.
● Advantages – users/developers
1. Isolation, Testing
● Disadvantages – implementation

COMPUTER SYSTEM

● Traditional
This type of system is typically used for batch processing, in which the computer reads a set of
instructions from a storage device, performs the operations specified in those instructions, and then
writes the results to another storage device.
● Interactive vs. Batch
When you type commands in a login shell and see a response displayed, you are working
interactively. To run a batch job, you put the commands into a text file instead of typing them at the
prompt.
● Real-time (Hard vs. Soft)
A hard real-time system has absolute deadlines, and if those allotted time spans are missed, a
system failure will occur. In soft real-time systems, the system continues to function even if missing a
deadline, but with undesirable lower quality of output.
● Mobile
A mobile operating system (OS) enables devices to run applications and programs. Learn about the
types of mobile operating systems and their key features.

Android is an open-source mobile OS developed by Google and launched in 2008 [8]. Android is a
Linux-based OS that uses Linux 2.6 to provide core services such as security, memory management,
process management, network stack, and a driver model.
● Multiprocessor
A multiprocessor system consists of multiple processors and a method for communication between the
processors. A common form of multiprocessing in computer systems is homogeneous multiprocessing,
also called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), in which two or more identical processors share a single
main memory.
● Clustered
A clustered system (or shared disk system) is a type of IT architecture that combines two or more
computer systems. These systems might include uniprocessors, massively parallel processing (MPP)
systems and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.
● Distributed
A distributed operating system is one in which several computer systems connect through a single
communication channel. Moreover, these systems have their individual processors and memory.
Furthermore, these processors communicate through high-speed buses or telephone lines.
● Network Operating System
A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system (OS) that's designed primarily to
support workstations, PCs and, in some instances, older terminals that are connected on a local area
network (LAN).

The internet is an extensive network that is made up of many different smaller networks. To facilitate
routing and addressing, internet addresses are hierarchically structured in domains, with broad categories
at the top such as com for commercial users, edu for educational users, and gov for government users.