Mass Relationships in

Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3

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 Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)
By12 de nition:
1 atom C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
2
 e average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.

3
 Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average atomic mass of lithium:
7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016 = 6.941 amu
100
4
Average atomic mass (6.941)

5
e Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of pa icles
Dozen = 12

Pair = 2
e mole (mol) is the amount of a substance
that
contains as many elementa entities12as there
are atoms1inmol
exactly 12.00 grams of C
= NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA) 6
 eggs
shoes in grams
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
7
 One Mole of:
C S

Hg

Cu Fe 8
1 12C atom x 12.00 g = 1.66 x 10 -24 g
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 C atoms 1 amu
23 12

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number 9
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K
0.551 g K x 39.10 g K x 6.022 x 10 23 atoms K
=
1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K
10
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
For any molecule
molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2 11
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O
?
1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
1 mol C 3 H 8 O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
72.5 g C3H8O x 60 g C3H8O x 1 mol C3H8O x 1 mol H atoms =
5.82 x 1024 atoms H
12
Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.
1Na 22.99 amu
NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu
For any ionic compound
formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl 13
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?

1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2

3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8 O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu

14
Mass Spectrometer

yvaeH
thgiL
thgiL
yvaeH
Mass Spectrum of Ne

15
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1
mole of the compound
%C = 2 x46.07
(12.01 g) x 100% = 52.14%
g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = 46.07 g x 100% = 13.13%
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = 46.07 g x 100% = 34.73%
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
16
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of
a compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x 39.10 g K = 0.6330 mol K
1 mol Mn = 0.6329 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x 54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x 16.00 g O = 2.532 mol O

17
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532
0.6330
K : 0.6329 ~ 1.0
0.6329
Mn : 0.6329 = 1.0
2.532
O : 0.6329 ~ 4.0

KMnO4
18
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C g C 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
g H2O mol H2O mol H g H 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25
Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O 19
 A process in which one or more substances is changed into
one or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form
H2O

20
 How to “Read” Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units
MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
21
 Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coe cients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12 22
 Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Sta by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O sta with C or H but not O
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO by 2
on left on right 2
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 23
 Balancing Chemical Equations
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 72
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen
on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 72 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O remove fraction
multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
24
 Balancing Chemical Equations
5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of
the equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6) Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
25
 Amounts of Reactants and Products

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Conve quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coe cients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Conve moles of sought quantity into desired units26
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
molar mass coe cients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2O
1 mol CH 3 OH 4 mol H O 18.0
209 g CH3OH 32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O =
x x 2 x g H 2 O

235 g H2O
27
Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up rst in
the reaction.
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO is the limiting reagent
O2 is the excess reagent

28
 In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed
OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed
1 mol Al 1 mol Fe O 160. g Fe O
124 g Al x 27.0 g Al x 2 mol Al x 1 mol Fe2O33 = 367 g Fe2O3
2 3 2

Sta with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent 29
 Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.
g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol Al x 1 mol Al2O3 x 102. g Al2O3 = 234 g Al2O3
124 g Al x 27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

At this point, all the Al is consumed

and Fe2O3 remains in excess.

30
 Reaction Yield
eoretical Yield is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = eoretical Yield x 100%

31
 Chemist In Action: Chemical Fe ilizers
Plants need: N, P, K, Ca, S, & Mg
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
NH3 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)

uorapatite
2Ca5(PO4)3F (s) + 7H2SO4 (aq)
3Ca(H2PO4)2 (aq) + 7CaSO4 (aq) + 2HF (g)
32