Database Management Systems

(Introduction of DBMS- Part 1)

What is Data?
• Different view points:
• A sequence of characters stored in
computer memory or storage.
• Interpreted sequence of characters stored in
computer memory or storage
• Interpreted set of objects
• Word 'Data' is originated from the word
'datum' that means 'single piece of information.'

• This maybe one of the most profound questions in

computer science! It is still open and keep evolving!!

Data is the fact or information which is storable.

What is DataBase?

Database is a collection of inter-related data, which helps in efficient retrieval,

insertion and deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the form
of tables, views, schemas, reports etc.

For Example: university database organizes the data about students, faculty, and
admin staff etc. which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of data
from it.
DBMS

• DBMS stands for Database Management System. We can break it like this
DBMS = Database + Management System.
• Database is a collection of data, and Management System is a set of programs to store
and retrieve those data.

• Based on this we can define DBMS like this: DBMS is a collection of inter-related data
and set of programs to store & access those data in an easy and effective manner.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation,
storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
• For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is
used in different applications.
Users in a DBMS environment
Component Name Task

Application Programmers The Application programmers write programs in various

programming languages to interact with databases.

Database Administrators Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire

DBMS system. He/she is called Database admin or DBA.

End-Users The end users are the people who interact with the
database management system. They conduct various
operations on database like retrieving, updating,
deleting, etc.
Characteristics of DBMS

• It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the information.
• It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
• DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
• It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
• It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
• It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
• It is used to provide security of data.
• It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of
the user
Advantages of DBMS

• Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all
the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
• Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data
among multiple users.
• Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the
database system.
• Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of
data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
• Multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user
interfaces, application program interfaces
Disadvantages of DBMS

• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and
large memory size to run DBMS software.
• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in
most of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the
database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the
data may be lost forever.
DBMS vs. Flat File
DBMS Flat File Management System

Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access

Design to fulfil the need for small and large It is only limited to smaller DBMS system.
businesses

Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues

Expensive. But in the long term Total Cost of It's cheaper

Ownership is cheap

Easy to implement complicated transactions No support for complicated transactions

MCQ
• A collection of related data.
a) Information
b) Valuable information
c) Database
d) Metadata
MCQ
• A collection of related data.
a) Information
b) Valuable information
c) Database
d) Metadata
MCQ
• DBMS is software.
a) True
b) False
MCQ
• DBMS is software.
a) True
b) False
MCQ
• Which of the following is not involved in DBMS?
a) End Users
b) Data
c) Application programmer
d) HTML
MCQ
• Which of the following is not involved in DBMS?
a) End Users
b) Data
c) Application programmer
d) HTML
Evolution of Databases

Network Relational The Object- Cloud

File-Based Hierarchical NoSQL
Oriented based
Data Model data model Database Databases
Database
Database
Evolution of Databases

File-Based
• 1968 was the year when File-Based database were
introduced.
• In file-based databases, data was maintained in a flat file.
Advantages
• One of the major advantages is that the file system has
various access methods, e.g., sequential, indexed, and
random.
Limitations
• It requires extensive programming in a third-generation
language such as COBOL, BASIC
Evolution of Databases

Hierarchical Data Model

• 1968-1980 was the era of the Hierarchical
Database.
• IBM's first DBMS was based on this model. It was
called IMS.
• Files are related in a parent/child manner.
• It follows one to many relationship.
• This is an ideal model where the data contains
nested and sorted information
• It had some limitations like complex
implementation, lack structural independence, can't
easily handle a many-many relationship, etc.
Evolution of Databases

Network data model

• It was standardized in 1971 by the CODASYL group.
• Files are related as owners and members, like to the common
network model.
Advantages of a Network Database Model
• Because it has the many-many relationship, network database
model can easily be accessed in any table record in the database
• For more complex data, it is easier to use because of the multiple
relationship founded among its data
• Easier to navigate and search for information because of its
flexibility
Disadvantage of a Network Database Model
• Difficult for first time users
• Difficulties with alterations of the database because when
information entered can alter the entire database
Evolution of Databases

Relational Database
• 1970 - Present: It is the era of Relational Database and
Database Management. In 1970, the relational model
was proposed by E.F. Codd.
• Two main terminologies: instance and schema.
• The instance is a table with rows or columns
• Schema specifies the structure like name of the relation,
type of each column and name.
• It uses mathematical concept like set theory and predicate
logic.
• The first internet database application had been created
in 1995.
• During the era of the relational database, many more
models had introduced like object-oriented model, object-
relational model, etc.
Evolution of Databases

Object-Oriented Databases
• It contains data in the form of object and classes.
• Objects are the real-world entity, and types are the collection of objects. It is a hybrid approach.
• It maintains separate sets of memories separate memory spaces for each row.
• Data independence is achieved so that all operations and transactions done in one data are independent and
unaffected with other data as minimum as possible
Object-Oriented Database Features: persistence, support of transactions, simple querying of bulk data,
concurrent access, resilience, security
Why OODB?
• Industry Trends: Integration and Sharing
• Seamless integration of operating systems, databases, languages, spreadsheets, word processors, AI expert
system shells.
• Referential sharing: Multiple applications, products, or objects share common sub-objects through the support of
object identity and inheritance. (Hypermedia links are then used to navigate from one object to another)
Evolution of Databases

NoSQL Database
• NoSQL databases are databases designed to be
used across large distributed systems.
• Much more scalable and much faster at handling
very large data loads
• NoSQL databases do not use the standard tabular
relationships.
• NoSQL databases allow for the querying and
storage of data by a variety of other means,
depending on the specific software.
Other Features
• Multi-Model
• Concurrency
• Security
• Data Model Flexibility
• Deployment Model Flexibility
Evolution of Databases
6. Cloud database
• Cloud database facilitates you to store, manage, and retrieve their structured, unstructured data via a cloud platform. This
data is accessible over the Internet. Cloud databases are also called a database as service (DBaaS) because they are
offered as a managed service.

• Some best cloud options are:

• AWS (Amazon Web Services)

• Snowflake Computing
• Oracle Database Cloud Services
• Microsoft SQL server
• Google cloud spanned
References

• https://medium.com/@rpolding/databases-evolution-and-change-
29b8abe9df3e
• https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/database-modeling-basics/
• https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~chang/156/19oodb.html
• https://www.trustradius.com/nosql-databases
• https://www.improgrammer.net/most-popular-nosql-database/
• https://hackernoon.com/5-top-cloud-databases-that-works-wonders-
7e628810e3ac
Thank you