Assignment Brief for Learners & Feedback Form

Arun kumar
Learner Name
Course Title Frankfinn Advance Certificate Course in Aviation, Hospitality, Travel
& Customer Service
Assessor Name Shikha kaul

I.V. Name Gurpreet kaur

Unit No. & Title 4 :- AVIATION INDUSTRY

9 :- OPERATIONAL TRAINING

Outcome Numbers & UNIT 4

Statements LO 1: Understand the roles, responsibilities and functions of the cabin crew.

LO 2: Learn - Types of the aircraft and its features, Aviation terms, Interior
and Exterior part of an aircraft.
.
LO 3: Understand the range of Infight meal services and its procedure.

LO 4: Explain and Analyze the emergency situations.

UNIT 9 –
LO 1: Learn about Domestic and International airports.
LO 2: Know the different types of service equipment’s in detail.
LO 3: Learn how to make Announcements.
LO 4: Learn different types of Safety emergency equipment’s.

Issue Date 13 january 2025 Submission Date 20 january 2025

Learner’s Declaration

I confirm, the contents of the final assignment submitted, is based on personal research and analysis.
Learner Signature Arun Date 20 january
2025

Instruction Your assignment will not be accepted if it does not contain details of the text
material or unanswered or left incomplete

Guidelines: Students to attempt the below questions for getting PASS/ MERIT/
DISTINCTION
1. Write your responses in the space provided below the questions
2. Review your answers before submitting the Assignment

C4.A4/9
 TIMELINE: You can take up to One week to submit the Assignments

Ques. 1. Briefly describe / write about the current updates in Aviation Industry
(MINIMUM- 5 points). Justify with articles taken from Websites, newspaper &
magazines. (PASS)
Ans (1) New flights: Air India will start daily flights between Delhi and Bhuj starting
February 1, 2025. IndiGo will also start direct flights between Hyderabad and Madinah
starting February 20, 2025.

(2). India's aviation sector is poised for growth, with Air India merging with Vistara,
ordering 100 Airbus jets, and IndiGo expanding its fleet as passenger traffic nears 170
million by March 2025. Cumulative capex of airports to grow 12% at US$ 7.07 billion (Rs.
60,000 crore) in three years: Report.

(3). Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is an exciting new development in aviation that is
moving closer to reality, and that can leave a void in understanding roles and
responsibilities around engagement. The FAA's role is integrating AAM into the National
Airspace System with the highest level of operational safety.

(4). Air India: Air India announced daily flights between Delhi and Prayagraj for Maha
Kumbh 2025. Air India also ordered 100 additional Airbus aircraft to expand its fleet.

(5). Aircraft shortage keeps over 300 Akasa Air pilots out of the cockpit; benched pilots
unhappy.

Ques. 2. Describe the functionality of the parts mentioned below: (PASS)

 Cockpit:The cockpit of the plane is where the plane is controlled. This section is like an
office for pilot and co-pilot. All data is transmitted to the pilot and co-pilot with the help
of panels within this section to ensure that the aircraft can fly stably. This is also a
 special section equipped with security systems, by which the aircraft is controlled. Thus,
the cockpit provides every data about the plane and is designed to give the pilots a good
angle during flight.

 Cargo:Air cargo refers to transporting goods and products via aircraft, either in
passenger aircraft cargo holds or cargo-only aircraft. It is a critical component of the
global supply chain.

 Exterior parts – Primary and Secondary control:

Ans. The primary control surfaces of an airplane include the ailerons, rudder, and
elevator. Secondary control surfaces include tabs, flaps, spoilers, and slats.

Secondary controls of an aircraft are used to improve performance and reduce the pilot's
workload. They include wing flaps, spoilers, trim systems, slats, and air brakes.

 Interior parts – Baby bassinet, Bulk Head, Coat compartment, Jump Seat:
Ans. Baby bassinet - Bassinets are small beds that are usually attached to the bulkhead
wall of the plane.

Bulk Head - On every aircraft worldwide, there are seats located against a bulkhead — a
wall dividing either crew areas, galleys, or other classes of service on the plane.

Coat compartment - A coat compartment in an aircraft is a storage space for

passengers' coats and other personal items.

Jump Seat - A jump seat is an extra seat in an aircraft's cockpit or cabin that's used by
crew members instead of passengers.

 Slide Raft
Ans An aircraft slide raft is an inflatable slide that can be used to evacuate passengers
from an aircraft during an emergency, or as a life raft if the aircraft lands in water.

 Cabin Inter Communication System

Ans. The Cabin Intercommunication Data System (CIDS) is a system that controls and
displays cabin functions for passengers and crew on an aircraft. It's a microprocessor-
controlled system that allows flight attendants and pilots to communicate with passengers and
activate visual and audio signals.

 Passenger Service Unit

Ans. A passenger service unit (PSU) is a device in an aircraft that allows passengers to
control various aspects of their flight experience. PSUs are typically located in the overhead
panel above each row of seats.

Ques 3. What are the duties and responsibilities of a Chief Purser? (PASS)
Ans. A chief purser is responsible for the Flight Attendants and Stewards. He or she is
responsible for supervising the supply of the aircraft’s meal trays, the proper functioning of the
equipment on board the plane and the relational aspect with the passengers. He must be very
rigorous, organized and ensure the smooth running of the trip.
Just like other Flight Attendants, he must look good and master several languages, he is the
showcase of the airline and is in direct contact with the passengers. Because of his experience
and seniority within the company, he is in charge of solving the problems faced by
inexperienced Stewards and Flight Attendants.

Ques 4 - (a) What is the difference between? (PASS)

 Narrow body and Wide body aircraft - The difference between Narrow- and Wide-Body
aircraft is the width of the fuselage (tube shaped aircraft body, or the part where passengers,
cargo and crew sit).

A typical narrow-body plane has a diameter of 3-4 m whereas a typical wide-body plane has a
diameter of 5-6 m.

Due to the bigger fuselage, wide-body aircraft can house more passengers, and the same is
achieved by having more seats per row. While narrow-body aircraft will have 3-6 seats per
row with one aisle, wide-body aircraft can have upto 10 seats with two aisles.

 Major and Minor meal service - Minor Meals

1. *Definition*: Minor meals are lighter meals or snacks served on board, often consisting of
a single course or a selection of finger foods.
2. *Service style*: Minor meals are typically served in a more casual manner, such as from a
cart or basket.
 3. *Duration of flight*: Minor meals are usually served on shorter flights, typically under 4-5
hours.
4. *Meal options*: Passengers may have limited meal options or no choice at all, with a
standard snack or meal being served to all.
5. *Beverage service*: Minor meals may be accompanied by a limited beverage service, such
as soft drinks,

 Major Meals
1. *Definition*: Major meals are substantial meals served on board, typically including a main
course, sides, and dessert.
2. *Service style*: Major meals are usually served on a tray, with multiple courses and
beverages.
3. *Duration of flight*: Major meals are typically served on long-haul flights, usually
exceeding 4-5 hours.
4. *Meal options*: Passengers often have a choice of meal options, such as chicken, beef,
vegetarian, or special meal requests (e.g., kosher, halal).
5. *Beverage service*: Major meals are often accompanied by a full beverage service,
including soft drinks, juice, wine, and beer.

 Private and Commercial aircraft -

 Private Aircraft
1. Ownership: Owned by individuals, companies, or private entities.
2. Purpose: Primarily used for personal or business transportation.
3. Seating capacity: Typically 1-19 passengers.
4. Amenities: Customized interiors, luxurious amenities, and personalized services.
5. Flight schedules: Flexible, with flights tailored to the owner's schedule.
6. Regulations: Governed by private aviation regulations, with fewer restrictions.

 Commercial Aircraft
1. Ownership: Owned by airlines or leasing companies.
2. Purpose: Primarily used for public transportation, generating revenue through ticket sales.
3. Seating capacity: Typically 20-850 passengers.
4. Amenities: Standardized interiors, limited amenities, and standardized services.
5. Flight schedules: Fixed, with flights operating on a set schedule.
6. Regulations: Governed by strict commercial aviation regulations, ensuring safety and
security standards.

Ques. 4 (b) Which documents to be carried by crew for a domestic flight? (PASS)

Ans Here are the documents that crew members typically need to carry for a domestic flight:
Flight Crew
1. *Airline ID*: Valid airline-issued identification
2. *Pilot's License*: Valid pilot's license issued by the country's aviation authority
3. *Medical Certificate*: Valid medical certificate issued by a certified medical examiner
4. *Type Rating*: Valid type rating for the aircraft being operated
5. *Flight Crew Permit*: Valid flight crew permit issued by the country's aviation authority

Cabin Crew
1. *Airline ID*: Valid airline-issued identification
2. *Cabin Crew Attestation*: Valid cabin crew attestation issued by the country's aviation authority
3. *Medical Certificate*: Valid medical certificate issued by a certified medical examiner
4. *Safety Training Certificate*: Valid safety training certificate issued by the airline or a certified training
organization

Additional Documents
1. *Flight Plan*: A copy of the flight plan, including route, altitude, and weather information
2. *Aircraft Documents*: A copy of the aircraft's registration, airworthiness certificate, and insurance
documents
3. *Weather Information*: Current weather information for the flight route and destination
4. NOTAMs*: Current NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) for the flight route and destination

Ques 5.
Describe the Embarkation & Disembarkation procedure for Special handling passenger’s
mentioned below. (PASS)

 UNM
Ans. *Embarkation Procedure*

1. *Check-in*: The parent/guardian checks in the child at the designated airport counter,
providing the completed UM form and identification.
2. *UM Handling Fee*: The parent/guardian pays the UM handling fee (if applicable).
3. *Escorted to the Gate*: The child is escorted to the gate by airline staff, where they are
handed over to the flight crew.
4. *Pre-Flight Briefing*: The flight crew briefs the child on safety procedures, emergency
exits, and in-flight services.

*In-Flight Procedure*

1. *Cabin Crew Supervision*: The cabin crew supervises the child during the flight,
ensuring their safety and well-being.
2. *Regular Check-ins*: The cabin crew regularly checks in with the child to ensure they
are comfortable and secure.

*Disembarkation Procedure*

1. *Flight Crew Handover*: The flight crew hands over the child to the airline's ground
staff at the arrival gate.
 2. *Escorted to the Designated Meeting Point*: The ground staff escorts the child to the
designated meeting point, where the parent/guardian or authorized person is waiting.
3. *Verification*: The airline staff verifies the identity of the person collecting the child,
ensuring they match the details provided on the UM form.
4. *Handover*: The child is handed over to the parent/guardian or authorized person,
marking the end of the UM service.

 Expectant mother
Ans Embarkation Process
1. *Medical Clearance*: Expectant mothers must provide a medical clearance certificate
from their doctor, stating they are fit to fly.
2. *Check-in*: Expectant mothers must inform the airline staff about their pregnancy
during check-in.
3. *Special Assistance*: Airline staff will provide special assistance, such as wheelchair
or escort, if required.
4. *Seat Allocation*: Expectant mothers will be allocated a suitable seat, preferably near
the lavatory or with more legroom.
5. *Pre-Flight Briefing*: Cabin crew will provide a pre-flight briefing, highlighting safety
procedures and emergency exits.

Disembarkation Process
1. *Priority Disembarkation*: Expectant mothers will be given priority disembarkation,
allowing them to exit the aircraft before other passengers.
2. *Assistance*: Cabin crew will provide assistance, such as helping with luggage or
providing a wheelchair, if required.
3. *Escort*: Expectant mothers may be escorted to the arrival gate or baggage claim
area by airline staff.
4. *Medical Assistance*: If required, medical assistance will be provided, and the
expectant mother will be escorted to a medical facility.

 Mother with infant

Ans.

Embarkation Process

1. _Pre-Boarding_: Mothers with infants are usually allowed to pre-board the aircraft
before other passengers.
2. _Stroller/Gate Check_: Strollers can be gate-checked or checked-in, and the airline will
provide a claim tag.
3. _Infant Equipment_: Mothers can bring approved infant equipment, such as car seats
or bassinets, on board.
 4. _Seat Allocation_: Mothers with infants are usually allocated
[19/01, 7:36 pm] Meta AI: Here are the embarkation and disembarkation processes for
mothers with infants:

Embarkation Process

1. _Pre-Boarding_: Mothers with infants are usually allowed to pre-board the aircraft
before other passengers.
2. _Stroller/Gate Check_: Strollers can be gate-checked or checked-in, and the airline will
provide a claim tag.
3. _Infant Equipment_: Mothers can bring approved infant equipment, such as car seats
or bassinets, on board.
4. _Seat Allocation_: Mothers with infants are usually allocated seats with more legroom
or near the lavatory.
5. _Cabin Crew Briefing_: Cabin crew will provide a briefing on infant safety procedures
and emergency exits.

Disembarkation Process

1. _Priority Disembarkation_: Mothers with infants are usually given priority

disembarkation, allowing them to exit the aircraft before other passengers.
2. _Assistance_: Cabin crew will provide assistance, such as helping with luggage or
providing a wheelchair, if required.
3. _Stroller/Gate Claim_: Mothers can claim their strollers or other gate-checked items at
the gate or baggage claim area.
4. _Infant Equipment_: Mothers can collect their infant equipment, such as car seats or
bassinets, from the cabin crew.
5. _Airport Support_: Some airports offer additional support, such as baby care rooms or
lounges, for mothers with infants.

 Deportee
Ans. Embarkation Process

1. _Escort_: Deportees are usually escorted by law enforcement or immigration officials

to the airport.
2. _Documentation_: Deportees' documentation, including travel documents and
identification, is verified by airline staff and immigration officials.
3. _Special Handling_: Deportees are handled separately from regular passengers, and
their embarkation process is typically supervised by law enforcement or immigration
officials.
4. _Seat Allocation_: Deportees are usually seated in a designated area of the aircraft,
 often near the rear or in a separate section.
5. _Cabin Crew Briefing_: Cabin crew are briefed on the deportee's presence and any
special requirements or precautions.

Disembarkation Process

1. _Priority Disembarkation_: Deportees are usually disembarked before regular

passengers.
2. _Escort_: Deportees are escorted by law enforcement or immigration officials from
the aircraft to the arrival gate or a designated area.
3. _Handover_: Deportees are handed over to immigration officials or law enforcement
representatives of the destination country.
4. _Documentation Verification_: Deportees' documentation is verified again by
immigration officials before they are processed for further action.
5. _Detention or Removal_: Deportees may be detained or removed from the country,
depending on the destination country's laws and regulations

 Wheel Chair passenger

Ans.
Embarkation Process

1. *Pre-Boarding*: Wheelchair passengers are usually allowed to pre-board the aircraft

before other passengers.
2. *Special Assistance*: Airline staff provide special assistance, such as wheelchair or
mobility aid, to help the passenger board the aircraft.
3. *Aisle Chair*: If the passenger cannot walk to their seat, an aisle chair is used to
transport them to their seat.
4. *Seat Allocation*: Wheelchair passengers are usually allocated seats with more
legroom or near the lavatory.
5. *Cabin Crew Briefing*: Cabin crew are briefed on the passenger's special needs and
requirements.

Disembarkation Process

1. *Priority Disembarkation*: Wheelchair passengers are usually given priority

disembarkation, allowing them to exit the aircraft before other passengers.
2. *Assistance*: Cabin crew provide assistance, such as helping with luggage or
providing a wheelchair, to help the passenger disembark.
3. *Aisle Chair*: If the passenger requires an aisle chair to exit the aircraft, it is provided
by the airline staff.
4. *Wheelchair or Mobility Aid*: The passenger's wheelchair or mobility aid is returned to
 them at the gate or baggage claim area.
5. *Airport Support*: Some airports offer additional support, such as wheelchair
assistance or accessible transportation, for wheelchair passengers.

Ques 6. Explain Aviation Terms: (PASS)

 Child fare – Child fare is the price of a flight ticket for a child, which is usually cheaper
than an adult ticket.

 Scheduled Flight – A scheduled flight is a flight with a predetermined departure and

arrival time. Scheduled flights are run on specific routes and times, and are subject to
Federal Aviation Regulations.

 May Day - Mayday" is a distress signal used in aviation to indicate a life-threatening

emergency. It's the most urgent distress signal in aviation and is used by pilots to
request immediate assistance.

 Baggage allowance – Baggage allowance is the maximum weight and size of luggage
that an airline permits a passenger to bring on a flight.

 Wind shear - Wind shear is a sudden change in wind speed or direction that can be a
major hazard to aviation.

 Dog House – Aircraft doghouse. These doghouses are located behind the last row of
seats and offer extra space to store items that are needed.

 Chocks –Aircraft chocks are wedges placed against an aircraft's wheels to keep it from
moving while parked. They are a vital safety measure that helps prevent accidents and
damage.

Ques - 7 (a) Analyze the below mentioned Emergency Equipment: (Merit)

Name of the Used in what kind of emergency

emergency
equipment
Smoke Hood A smoke hood is used in a smoke or fire emergency on an
airplane. It is a device designed to protect the user's head
 and neck from smoke and toxic fumes .

Oxygen Oxygen bottles are used in airplane emergencies when the

cabin pressure is lost or the air quality is compromised,
Bottle
and supplemental oxygen is needed for passengers and
crew.

Fire axe 1. _Forcing open jammed doors or exits_ in emergency

situations.
2. _Breaking through obstacles_ that may be blocking an
exit or hindering evacuation.
3. _Smashing windows_ to create an emergency exit, if
necessary.
Asbestos Protecting hands from extreme heat when handling hot
equipment or surfaces, such as engine components or
Gloves
exhaust pipes, during maintenance or emergency
procedures.

Fire Fire Emergencies

1. *Engine fires*: To extinguish fires in the engine or
Extinguisher
engine compartment.
2. *Cabin fires*: To extinguish fires in the passenger cabin
or cockpit.
3. *Electrical fires*: To extinguish fires caused by
electrical malfunctions.
4. *Galley fires*: To extinguish fires in the aircraft galley
(kitchen).

Door barrier 1. _Restrict water entry_: Prevent or slow down water from
entering the aircraft through the doors.
strap
2. _Maintain buoyancy_: Help maintain the aircraft's
buoyancy, giving passengers and crew more time to
evacuate.

Mega Phone Provide instructions_: Give clear instructions to

passengers during an emergency evacuation.

ELT Transmits distress signals_: Sends emergency signals to

alert authorities and rescue teams in the event of a crash
or emergency landing.

7 (b) Abbreviations: (Merit)

ATA: Actual time of arrival.

DGCA: Directorate General of civil aviation.

ICAO: International civil aviation organization.

ATF: Aviation turbine fuel

RWY: Runway

APU: Auxiliary power unit

JNML: Jain meal

MOML: Moslem meal

HNML: Hindu meal

BBML: Baby meal

DBML: Diabetic meal

Ques. 7 (c) Give the timings for all the Major and Minor meal services? (Merit)

Ans . Short-Haul Flights (Less than 3 hours)

1. *Snack/Refreshment Service*: 30 minutes to 1 hour after takeoff
2. *Light Meal*: 1-2 hours after takeoff

Medium-Haul Flights (3-6 hours)

1. *First Meal*: 1-2 hours after takeoff
2. *Snack/Refreshment Service*: 2-3 hours after takeoff
3. *Second Meal*: 4-5 hours after takeoff

Long-Haul Flights (More than 6 hours)

1. *First Meal*: 1-2 hours after takeoff
2. *Snack/Refreshment Service*: 2-3 hours after takeoff
3. *Second Meal*: 4-5 hours after takeoff
4. *Mid-Flight Snack*: 6-7 hours after takeoff
5. *Pre-Arrival Meal*: 1-2 hours before landing

Special Meals
1. *Breakfast*: Typically served on morning flights, 1-2 hours after takeoff
2. *Lunch*: Typically served on afternoon flights, 1-2 hours after takeoff
3. *Dinner*: Typically served on evening flights, 1-2 hours after takeoff

Ques – 8 (a). Define Decompression? What are the types of Decompression and what
is the procedure to be followed by the Cabin crew to handle during decompression and
post decompression? (DISTINCTION)
Ans Decompression
Decompression is a sudden loss of cabin pressure, resulting in a rapid decrease in air pressure
inside the aircraft. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

- Structural failure of the aircraft fuselage

- Window or door failure
- Explosive decompression due to a bomb or other explosive device

Types of Decompression
There are three types of decompression:

1. *Explosive Decompression*: A sudden and rapid loss of cabin pressure, often accompanied
by a loud noise.
2. *Rapid Decompression*: A fast loss of cabin pressure, but not as sudden as explosive
decompression.
3. *Gradual Decompression*: A slow loss of cabin pressure, often unnoticed by passengers.

Procedure for Cabin Crew to Handle Decompression

*Pre-Decompression Preparation*
1. Ensure all passengers are seated with seatbelts fastened.
2. Secure all loose items in the cabin.
3. Prepare emergency oxygen masks.

*During Decompression*
1. *Oxygen Masks Deployment*: Oxygen masks will drop down automatically in the event of
decompression. Ensure masks are securely fitted over nose and mouth.
2. *Cabin Crew Communication*: Inform passengers to remain calm and follow instructions.
3. *Emergency Procedures*: Follow established emergency procedures, such as descending to
a safe altitude.

*Post-Decompression Procedures*
1. *Assess Damage*: Assess the extent of damage to the aircraft.
2. *Provide Medical Assistance*: Provide medical assistance to passengers as needed.
3. *Prepare for Emergency Landing*: Prepare the cabin for an emergency landing, if necessary.
4. *Communicate with Flight Crew*: Keep the flight crew informed of the situation and any
passenger injuries.

8 (b) What are the different cuisines of the world - region wise? (East and South East
cuisine, South Asian cuisine, American cuisine and Mexican cuisine) (DISTINCTION)
AnsHere are the different cuisines of the world, region-wise:
East Asian Cuisine
1. *Chinese Cuisine*: Known for its stir-fries, noodles, and dumplings. Popular dishes include
Kung Pao chicken, Beijing duck, and Xiaolongbao.
2. *Japanese Cuisine*: Famous for its sushi, ramen, and tempura. Popular dishes include sushi
rolls, ramen bowls, and tempura bits.
3. *Korean Cuisine*: Characterized by its spicy and sour flavors. Popular dishes include kimchi
(spicy fermented vegetables), bibimbap (mixed rice bowl), and bulgogi (grilled marinated beef).
4. *Taiwanese Cuisine*: A fusion of Chinese and indigenous flavors. Popular dishes include beef
noodle soup, oyster omelets, and stinky tofu.

South East Asian Cuisine

1. *Thai Cuisine*: Known for its spicy and sour flavors. Popular dishes include tom yum soup,
green curry, and pad thai.
2. *Vietnamese Cuisine*: Characterized by its fresh herbs and citrus flavors. Popular dishes
include pho (beef noodle soup), banh mi (sandwiches), and spring rolls.
3. *Indonesian Cuisine*: Influenced by Dutch, Chinese, and Indian flavors. Popular dishes include
nasi goreng (fried rice), gado-gado (vegetable salad), and satay (grilled meat skewers).
4. *Malaysian Cuisine*: A fusion of Malay, Chinese, and Indian flavors. Popular dishes include
nasi lemak (coconut milk rice), char kway teow (stir-fried noodles), and roti canai (Indian-
influenced flatbread).

South Asian Cuisine

1. *Indian Cuisine*: Characterized by its diverse use of spices and herbs. Popular dishes include
curries, tandoori chicken, and naan bread.
2. *Pakistani Cuisine*: Influenced by Indian, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian flavors. Popular
dishes include kebabs, haleem (slow-cooked stew), and biryani.
3. *Sri Lankan Cuisine*: A fusion of Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern flavors. Popular dishes
include rice and curry, hoppers (thin pancakes), and string hoppers (steamed rice noodles).
4. *Bangladeshi Cuisine*: Similar to Indian cuisine, with popular dishes including curries, biryani,
and mishti doi (sweet yogurt).

American Cuisine
1. *Southern Cuisine*: Characterized by its rich and comforting flavors. Popular dishes include
fried chicken, barbecue, and grits.
2. *New England Cuisine*: Influenced by its coastal location and European heritage. Popular
dishes include clam chowder, lobster rolls, and Boston cream pie.
3. *Tex-Mex Cuisine*: A fusion of Mexican and American flavors. Popular dishes include tacos,
burritos, and nachos.
4. *California Cuisine*: Characterized by its fresh and healthy flavors. Popular dishes include
avocado toast, sushi, and salads.

Mexican Cuisine
1. *Traditional Mexican Cuisine*: Characterized by its bold flavors and vibrant colors. Popular
dishes include tacos al pastor, enchiladas, and chiles rellenos.
2. *Yucatecan Cuisine*: Influenced by its Mayan heritage. Popular dishes include cochinita pibil
(slow-roasted pork), papadzules (corn tortillas stuffed with hard-boiled eggs), and panuchos
(fried tortillas stuffed with beans and meat).
3. *Baja Californian Cuisine*: Characterized by its seafood-focused dishes. Popular dishes
include fish tacos, ceviche, and grilled octopus.
4. *Oaxacan Cuisine*: Known for its rich and complex mole sauces. Popular dishes include mole
negro (black mole), tlayudas (crispy tortillas topped with beans, cheese, and meat), and mezcal-
infused cocktails.

8 (c) Do a case study of any actual mishap of an air crash. Your concluding statements
should give your own opinion as a result of the research conducted by you.
(DISTINCTION)
Ans. Here's a case study of the Korean Air Lines Flight 801 crash, which occurred on August 6,
1997:

Case Study: Korean Air Lines Flight 801

Background
Korean Air Lines Flight 801 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Seoul,
South Korea to Guam, USA. The Boeing 747-300 aircraft, registered as HL7468, was
carrying 254 passengers and 17 crew members.

Accident Summary
On August 6, 1997, the aircraft crashed into a hillside while attempting to land at
Guam International Airport, killing 228 people.

Investigation
The investigation, led by the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), revealed
several factors contributing to the crash:

1. *Pilot error*: The captain, under pressure to land quickly, ignored standard operating
procedures and failed to follow proper landing techniques.
2. *Inadequate training*: The pilots had not received adequate training on the Boeing
747-300's instrument landing system (ILS).
3. *Communication breakdown*: The crew's communication was inadequate, leading
to a lack of situational awareness.

Concluding Statements
Based on this case study, it is evident that human error, inadequate training, and
communication breakdown can have devastating consequences in aviation. The crash
of Korean Air Lines Flight 801 highlights the importance of:
1. *Adhering to standard operating procedures*: Pilots must follow established
protocols to ensure safe flight operations.
2. *Adequate training*: Airlines must provide comprehensive training to their pilots,
including simulator training and regular proficiency checks.
3. *Effective communication*: Crew resource management (CRM) training should be
emphasized to improve communication, decision-making, and situational awareness
among crew members.

In my opinion, the crash of Korean Air Lines Flight 801 was a preventable tragedy. The
aviation industry must learn from this incident and prioritize pilot training, effective
communication, and adherence to standard operating procedures to ensure the safety
of passengers and crew.

Additionally, this incident highlights the importance of cultural factors in aviation

safety. The Korean culture's emphasis on hierarchy and respect for authority may
have contributed to the co-pilot's reluctance to speak up and challenge the captain's
decisions. This underscores the need for airlines to promote a safety-first culture that
encourages open communication and collaboration among crew members.