SUBSTATION DRAWINGS AND CONTROL COURSE

SUBSTATION
DRAWINGS AND
CONTROLS
CONTACTORS,
A PRINT READING COURSE IN CIRCUIT BREAKERS
CONTROL DRAWINGS FOR MOTOR OPERATED
DISCONNECT
SUBSTATIONS SWITCHES and
TRANSFORMERS
 SUBSTATION DRAWINGS AND CONTROL COURSE

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY TRAINING CENTRE OF ALBERTA

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SUBSTATION DRAWINGS
AND CONTROLS
A PRINT READING COURSE IN THE
INTERPRETATION OF PROTECTION AND
CONTROL SCHEMATICS FOR SUBSTATIONS
Raymond Lee, Technical Trainer
Jan 31, 2017

Copyright ©2017 Raymond Lee

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning
or otherwise without the permission of the author or by the Electrical Industry Training Centre of
Alberta in writing or verbal acknowledgement.

This document was designed to provide accurate information and to be used for training purposes
only and not to be published for profit motives.

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Table of Content
Headings Page

Foreword 1

Elements of a drawing 2
Introduction 2
Title Block 3
Drawing Scale 5
Revision 6
Changes 6
Notes and Legend 8
Grid System 9
Learning Exercise 1: Elements of drawings 12

Types of Drawings for Substation 15

Introduction 15
Schematics 16
Single Line Diagram 16
Learning Exercise 2: Single-line diagram 27
AC Schematic 28
Learning Exercise 3: Three-line diagram 31
DC Schematic 32
Communication Diagram 37
Logic Diagram 38
Panel Layout Diagram 39
Wiring Diagram 39
Interconnection Diagram 42
Miscellaneous Schematic and Wiring Diagram 43

Reading Single Line Diagrams 45

Introduction 45
Operating One-line Diagram 46
Graphical Symbols – One-line diagrams 46
Learning Exercise 4: FJN operating one-line 54

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Table of Content
Headings Page

Protection One-line diagram 46

Protection One-line Diagram 55
Graphical Symbols – Protection One-line 56
Diagrams
IEEE Standard C37.2: Electric Power System 58
Device Function Numbers
Learning Exercise 5: Protection one-line diagram5 62

Reading Three-line Diagrams 69

Introduction 69
Three-line Diagram 70
Graphical symbols – Three-line Diagrams 70
Learning Exercise 6: Three-line Diagrams 81

Reading DC Schematics 89
Introduction 89
DC Schematic 90
Direct Current (DC) Power Supply 91
DC Power Distribution 91
Hardware Elements of DC Schematics 93
Dc Supply Bus 93
Circuit Supervision 93
52CS Breaker Control Switch 95
86 Lock-Out Relay (LOR) 96
86 LOR Tripping Circuit 97
43 Selector Switch 98
Indicating Lights 99
Device Function Numbers and Suffix Letters 99
IEEE C37.2 Device Function Numbers 100
Devices Performing Multi Functions 101
Suffix Letters 102
Suffix Numbers 102
Device Letters 102
Standard Reference Position of Some Main 103
Devices

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Table of Content
Headings Page

Main Device Parts 104

Other Designations 105
Graphical symbols for DC Schematics 107
Interpreting Circuit Breaker 4.2CB1004 DC 110
Control Schematic (Figure 20)
Spring Charging Motor Circuit 110
Local Closing Circuit 111
Remote Closing Circuit 112
Tripping Circuit 113
Indication Circuit 114
86 LOR Circuit 114
Other Indication Circuits 115
DC Power Monitor Circuits 115
F35 Relay Input Circuits 116
Learning Exercise 7: CB1004 DC Control 121
Schematic

Reading Internal Circuit Breaker Control Schematics 122

Introduction 122
Elements of a Medium Voltage VCB Control Circuit
Motor Circuit 121
Charging Motor (M) or (88) 124
Spring-charged Limit Switch (LS) or 124
Motor Cut-off Switch
Close Latch 125
Trip Latch 125
Modified Motor Circuit 125
Closing Circuit 127
Closing Solenoid 127
Anti-pump Relay 127
Spring Charged or Motor Cut-off Switch 128
Latch Check Switch (LCS) 128

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Table of Content
Headings Page

Modified Closing Circuit (SF6 Circuit Breakers) 129

Low Gas Pressure Switch (63) 129
X Relay Tba
Tripping Circuit 130
Trip Coil 130
Redundant Trip Coil
Devices on Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers 131
Secondary Disconnect Fingers 131
Mechanism Operated Cell (MOC) Switch 131
Truck Operated Cell (TOC) Switch 131
PowelVac ND Breaker Control Sequence Chart 133
Learning Exercise 8: Interpreting a HV circuit Breaker 135
Schematics

Reading Motor Operated Disconnect Switch 153

Schematic
Introduction 153
Elements of a Basic MODS 154
Housing 154
Motor 154
Brake 155
Handwheel 156
Selector Handle 156
Control Panel 156
Heater 157
Motor limit and Auxiliary Switches 157
Operations of a Basic MODS Control Circuit 154
Close operation 159
Trip Operation 159
Cam Timing Diagram 161
Learning Exercise 9: Drawing a MODS Control Circuit 162

Reading MV Contactor Schematic TBA

Reading Schematics in IEC drawing standard TBA

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FOREWORD

Every substation was built to a set of engineered drawings. These drawings go

through a set of processes from the initial “conceptual design”, to “preliminary
design”, to “detailed design”, to “issued for construction”, to the final “as-built”
drawings. Changes and revisions of the drawings are part of the processes.

Engineering drawings is a mean for documenting and communicating detailed

technical information for use in construction, fabrication, assembly,
troubleshooting, maintenance and repair, and operations for equipment or systems.
The ability to read and understand the information contained on engineering
drawings are essential for performing many technical related tasks. Interpretation
of engineering drawings requires a familiarly with the applied drawing standards or
methods, symbology, nomenclature and attributes of the types of drawings in use.

By the end of this course the participants will have the basic knowledge and skill
the to begin interpreting electrical drawings commonly found in substations; the
Power and Operating single line diagrams, AC three-line diagrams and DC control
schematics.

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Elements of a Drawing
Introduction
An engineering drawing has information contained in two areas, the non-drawing
area and the main drawing area. Recognizing the information contained in the
non-drawing area is partial to the interpretation of the complete drawing.

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Title block
The title block is typically located at the lower right-hand corner of the drawing
and contains a unique set of information which separates one drawing from the
next drawing. As the name implies, the title block contains the title or the name of
the drawing and other pertinent information necessary to separate one drawing
from the next drawing.

The title block is divided into several smaller blocks of information.

o Title
o Drawing number
o Revision number
o Scale
o Names of designers, engineers, owners and consultants
o References
o Page number of the drawing when applicable
o Engineering stamp or seal

Figure 1: Title block for Siemens switchgear, Section 1, three-line diagram.

The first area of the title block contains the drawing title, the drawing number,
and lists the location, the site, or the vendor. The drawing title and the drawing
number are used for identification and filing purposes. Usually the number is
unique to the drawing and is comprised of a code that contains information about
the drawing such as the site, system, and type of drawing. The drawing number
may also contain information such as the sheet number, if the drawing is part of a
series, or it may contain the revision level.

Drawings are usually filed in alpha-numeric sequence. A drawing number may be

common to several prints separated by page n of x or drawing n of x.

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Figure 2: Title block for Siemens switchgear, Section 1 schematic diagram.

The second area of the title block contains the signatures and approval dates,
which provide information as to when and by whom the component/system was
designed and when and by whom the drawing was drafted and verified for final
approval. This information can be invaluable in locating further data on the
system/component design or operation. These names can also help in the
resolution of a discrepancy between the drawing and another source of
information which can be in conflict with the drawing.

The third area of the title block is the reference block. The reference block lists
other drawings that are related to the system and components, or it can list all the
other drawings that are cross-referenced on the drawing, depending on the site's
or vendor's conventions. The reference block can be extremely helpful in tracing
down additional information on the system and components.

Other information may also be contained in the title block and will vary from site
to site and vendor to vendor. Some examples are contract numbers, purchase order
numbers and drawing scale.

Figure 3: Reference block from a BC Hydro drawing.

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Scale
Drawings can be classified as drawn to scale or drawn not to scale. NTS is the
abbreviated form for Not To Scale, for which all schematics and wiring diagrams
are scaled towards.

Prints drawn not to scale are used to convey functional information about the
objects.

Figure 4: Title block showing scale of drawing at 3/16 of full size

Prints drawn to scale allow the objects to be depicted accurately and

proportionally. Scaled drawings allow large objects to be drawn in a more
convenient and easy to read size while small objects can be scaled up so its details
can be easily shown.

Scaled drawings can be used to obtain information such as physical dimensions,

tolerances of material that allows for the fabrication or construction of the objects.
Not every measurement has to be noted on the drawing since the user can obtain
unstated dimensions (like the length of a part) by measuring the drawing parts and
scaling it by the stated scale noted on the drawing; in this way the actual
dimension can be calculated.

The scale of a drawing is usually represented as a ratio. Drawings may be drawn

to British or metric measurement standards.

o Actual Size
1:1

o Reduction:
1:2
1:5
1:10
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1:100
1:1000

o Enlargements:
2:1
5:1
10:1

Revision
The first issued drawing is given a revision number of zero in the revision block, or
the block can be left empty. When changes to a drawing are made, the drawing are
redrafted, reissued and the revision number is increased by one.

The most accurate drawings are the latest revised drawings.

Figure 5: Drawing showing revision number 1 and corresponding revision

remarks 1.

Changes
Two common methods are used to highlight changes made on a drawing. The first
method is using cloud outline, where each change is enclosed by a cloud shaped
outline. The second method is using the revision number inside a distinct shape
and placing it near to the changes made in the drawing. The cloud method indicates
changes for the most recent revision while the numbered shape indicates all
previous revisions.

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Figure 6: The cloud and numbered symbol to show changes on a drawing

Notes and Legend

The notes and legends section of a drawing lists and explains any special symbols
and conventions used on the drawing. The notes section is also used to convey any
information pertinent to properly interpret the drawing. The notes and legend
section should be reviewed before reading a drawing because of the importance of
understanding all of the symbols and conventions used on a drawing.

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Figure 7: Legend and Notes information for a Siemens 5 kV contactor.

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Grid System
Electrical controls can comprise of many drawings. To find a relay contact or the
end of a power or control bus which continues on a different drawing can be
challenging. A grid system can aid to locate an item in a large drawing.

The most common grid system comprise of letters and numbers. Numbers
normally run horizontally while letters runs vertically. Some grid system may
only have horizontal numbers without vertical letters, commonly found on IEC
formatted drawings.

A grid system is used when drawings are a part of a series of drawings and is
different from the reference system previously noted. The reference system
indicates other related drawing numbers, while the grid system can include
drawing numbers and the item location within the grid system.

Figure 8: Example of a grid system using horizontal numbers and vertical

letters.

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Example:
When an electrical circuit is continued from one drawing to another, not only is
the second drawing number referenced on the first drawing, but so are the grid
coordinates as shown below.

Figure 9A: Grid system showing DC bus 1.1L+ and 1.1L- continuing on
drawing sheet 4, location grid 0.

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Figure 9B: Grid system showing DC bus 1.1L+ and 1.1L- sourced from
drawing sheet 2, location grid 9.

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Learning Exercise 1: Elements of a drawing

Figure 1:

1. Who is the customer and the switchgear manufacturer ?

2. What is the product type for Arc Resistance switchgear ?

3. What type of electrical drawing is it ?

4. What location is the equipment to installed at, (address and location ) ?

5. What is the customer purchase order number ?

Figure 2:

6. What change was made for revision 2.

7. Who approved the drawing and when was it dated ?

Figure 3:

8. How many drawings are noted in the reference block ?

Figure 4:

9. Is this drawing smaller or larger than full size ?

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Figure 5:

10. What is the revision number ?

11. What change was made on the last revision ?

Figure 6:

12. Can the triangle symbol be used to indicate revision on a drawing ?

13. What is an alternative method for showing revision ?

Figure 7:

14.What do the letters MMR represent ?

15. or CPT ?

16. or DSI ?

17. or CT ?

18. and GCT ?

Figure 9 A:

1. How many drawing series are associated with the drawing in figure 9A ?

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Types of Drawings for Substations

Introduction

There are many type of drawings from topographical, architectural, structural

civil and others that are too numerous to be mentioned. This section will
describe only a few of the type of drawings that electricians are likely to
encounter in a substation dealing with substation equipment, instrument
transformers, electrical switchgear, one-line diagrams and various protection and
control schematics.

The most common type of drawings which may be encountered when working
in a substation are single line diagrams, AC schematics diagrams, DC schematic
diagrams, communication diagrams, logic diagrams, panel layout diagrams,
wiring diagrams, interconnection diagrams and miscellaneous diagrams.

Site plan, structural, erection, civil drawings and other will not be elaborated in
this document.

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Schematics

Schematic diagrams are drawn to shows its components arranged to emphasize

functionality instead of physical arrangements. The schematic’s functional
emphasis makes the drawings easier to read and understand as to how the
“control” systems are supposed to operate. Functional testing of the systems are
much easier when using schematic diagrams than any other drawings

A schematic diagram is drawn using abstract, graphic symbols instead of

physical pictures to represents the components of a control system. The
schematic is used to show information as determined by its drawing type. The
three types of schematics are the single line diagram, AC schematic diagram and
DC schematic diagram

Single Line Diagram

Single line diagram can be divided into two categories:

1. Operating one-line diagram, showing the incoming power, the
major buses, apparatus or equipment and their interconnections
and
2. Protection and metering one-line diagram, also referred to
elementary one-line diagram showing the interconnections
between instrument transformers and its connected protective
relays.

Attributes of operating one line, station one-line or power one-line

diagrams:
o Uses a single line to represents three phases
o Uses graphic symbol to represent major equipment
o Shows CTs and VTs primary windings
o Shows identity of major apparatus of power transformer, breakers,
busses, reactors, capacitors, transmission lines, feeders and
generators
o A simplified drawing with the least amount of information
o Drawn in a format to show a pseudo-physical layout that mimics
the primary bus layout
o Shows the primary equipment alpha-numeric identifier
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o Shows the rating of major equipment

Refer to Figure 10A: Power Single Line diagram for 5KV switchgear

Attributes of a protection one-line diagrams:

o Uses a single line to represents three phases
o Uses graphic symbol to represent major equipment
o Shows instrument transformers’ rating and its connected ratio
o Shows the protection zones or intended zones of protection.
o Shows identity of major apparatus such as power transformers,
breakers, busses, reactors, capacitors, transmission lines, feeders
and generators
o Shows the relay connections to CTs and VTs
o May show a simplified interaction between equipment and relays
o Shows a pseudo-physical layout that mimics the bus configuration
where instrument transformers are connected

Refer to Figure 11: Protection one-line diagram for generator-

transformer-bus zone

Review of Figure 10A:

Figure 10A is a vendor single line diagram for a 5 KV, 10 section arc-
resistant switchgear. The design will accommodate 2 incoming lines, 2
main breakers, 2 tie breakers (one auto tie-breaker is controlled via main-
tie-main control logic via a breaker controller relay and one manual tie-
breaker is controlled manually), a spare breaker position for each bus,
kirk-key interlock for breakers feeding a VFD controller and one breaker
feeding an MCC on each bus. All feeder breakers have the same rating of
1200A, 40KA and the 4 bus breakers have a rating of 2000A, 40KA.

Figure 10A shows the rating of all instrument transformers, line and bus
voltage transformers and their connected configuration of open corner
delta (assumed), all phase current transformers and zero sequence current
transformers. The phase CTs are multi ratios CT and the connected taps
of the CT are not shown; it cannot be assumed that all taps are connected
to the full rating of the current transformers.

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Review of Figure 10B:

Cross referencing Figure 10A to Figure 10B shows that the one-line diagram
has been drawn in a pseudo-physical format to represent the location of
the equipment. The equipment includes all the breakers, instrument
transformer and two main bus. The main busses are visible in the
sectional drawings of Figure 10C

Review of Figure 10A in comparison to Figure 11:

Figure 11 is a protection one-line diagram showing the secondary
connections of the CTs to the protective relays. The use of the numeral
3 to indicate that there are three individual CTs are not applied in
Figure 11. Therefore the 3 CTs making a set is implied in Figure 11.

There are the number 3’s shown next to some relay element circles to denote
three individual relays are connected in the secondary current path,
phase-A, phase-B and phase-C relays. The number and suffix letters in
the circle represent the protective relay device functionality and the
associated equipment that it protects. The representation of the numbers
and suffixes are described in the next section, Reading SLD’s and
Three-line diagrams.

Circles without the numeral 3 represent a protective relay unit incorporating

a three-phase element built into a single unit, therefore only one is
required. One three phase element is synonymous with three single
phase elements

Review of Figure 10C

Figure 10C is included as supplemental information showing the
compartmentalization of the switchgear construction. These various
compartments are for the main bus, the cables, the breakers, the
controls, the voltage transformers and the auxiliary equipment.

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Figure 10A: Power Single-Line diagram for Siemens GM-SG Arc Resistant 5KV switchgear

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Figure 10B: Front elevation for Siemens GM-SG Arc Resistant 5KV switchgear

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Figure 10C: Sectional views for Siemens GM-SG Arc Resistant 5KV switchgear
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\
Figure 11: Protection Single-line diagram for generator- transformer-bus zone
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Learning Exercise 2: Single-line diagram

Figure 10A:

1. How many incoming lines are to be connected to the switchgear ?

2. What are the designations of the incoming lines ?

3. What are the main incoming breaker ID tags for the 2 incoming lines ?

4. What is the nominal operating voltage level of the switchgear ?

5. What is the voltage transformer ID tag for incoming line 1010 ?

6. What is the voltage transformer ID tag for main bus 4.2B1000 ?

7. What are the breaker ID tags that supply power to the MCCs ?

8. What are the pump numbers that are supplied from bus 4.2B1010 ?

9. What are the breaker ID tags that feed the pumps on bus 4.2B1000 ?

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AC Schematic

AC schematic may also be called AC three-line diagram, current and potential

diagram or elementary connection diagram.
The purpose of the three-line diagram is to show how the primary system
is configured and how instrument transformers are integrated for use by
the protective relaying, metering, communication and status monitoring
devices.

Attributes of AC schematic:
o Shows the connection detail of instrument transformers and its
associated ratings
o Shows the terminals designations and polarity markings of every
devices and wire numbers / tags where connections are made
o Can exclude the showing the intermediate terminal blocks, but
which can be found on the wiring diagrams
o Easily laid out for power flow tracing on the primary and secondary
sides; it is typically laid out to show A-B-C for left to right and top
to bottom on the primary section and similarly for A-B-C-N for the
secondary section
o Shows the connection details between the instrument transformers
and the relays and metering / monitoring devices
o Shows the test switches where connection and isolation points can
be made to devices for testing purposes
o Show the fuse rating for all primary and secondary fuses
o Uses symbols to represent physical equipment
o Drawing should allow the ability to trace an AC signal through the
circuit to understand the functionality of the circuit

Refer to Figure 12: AC Three-line for 5KV switchgear MAIN 1 circuit

breaker 4.2CB1001.

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Figure 12: AC Three-line for 5KV switchgear MAIN 1 circuit breaker

4.2CB1001.

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Learning Exercise 3: AC Three-line diagram

Figure 12:

1. Does equipment ID tags in Figure 12 AC Three-line diagram matches the ID

tags in Figure 10A Single-line diagram?

For the Circuit Breaker ?

For the main Bus ?

For the Current Transformers ?

For the Voltage Transformers of the incoming line and of the main bus ?

2. Are the current transformer secondary winding connections indicated in both

Figure 12 AC Three-line diagram and in Figure 10A Single-line diagram ?

Commentary:

Equipment ID tags should be shown in both the single-line diagrams and in

the three-line diagrams.

Instrument transformers which are integral to a circuit breaker or a power

transformer are not required to have its own unique equipment ID tags, it is
because they are not externally visible.

Three-line diagrams should show all the connection points. The completeness
of the three-line diagram can vary between vendors. It is recommended, if
missing connection are found and are not shown on the drawings, the
respective drawings should be marked up and revised.

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DC Schematic

DC Schematics shows the inter connections between the equipment and its
controlling devices. DC schematics are control schematics that are designed
around the actuating devices for the equipment that are used for starting-
stopping, closing-opening, raising-lowering and other combinations of
operating functions. The control systems include its command / control
section, feedback / status / monitoring / alarm section and its protection
section. All sections are required to complete the control systems.

The predominant choice of power supply type used for substation equipment
controls is a DC power source. DC power is normally supplied via the station
battery bank / battery charger combination. During an AC power or loss of
station service power, the station battery bank will be relied upon to provide
the power for operating the equipment.

Attributes of DC schematics:
o Shows the fused DC power supply sources on the left side of the
drawing
o Shows the positive DC power bus at the top of the drawing and the
negative DC power supply bus at the bottom of the drawing
o Shows connection details between the controlling devices and
components of the equipment for operating purposes. Controlling
devices can be manual or automatic
o Uses symbols to represent physical equipment
o Shows all terminal designations of all devices / test switches and
wire numbers / tags where connections are made
o Shows unique device identification on every coil and contacts and
auxiliary contacts
o Drawn to simplify tracing of control power through the circuit to
show the functionality of the circuit.
o Drawn to have power flow from the positive bus to the negative bus
o Shows rating of fuses, resistors and wattage of heaters

Refer to Figure 13A for a rudimentary circuit breaker control schematic.

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Figure 13A: DC Schematic for PowerVac 5KV Breaker Control

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Figure 13B: GE PowerVac Breaker Control Schematic (courtesy of the GE manual)

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Communication Diagram
Communication diagrams may also be called telecommunication diagrams,
communication block diagrams, Local Area Network (or LAN) architecture
diagrams.

Communication diagrams show the required operating settings for the

equipment such as powerline carrier, fiber optic switch / multiplexers,
microwave and others communication devices. Interconnection diagram
shows the connections between equipment showing the designated port
assignments.

Figure 14: Communication diagram for fibre switch RSG2000

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Logic Diagram

Logic diagrams show graphically the control logic pathways between smart
devices that will result in an output for controlling equipment. Logic gates,
timers and comparators are the building blocks of a logic diagram.

With the use of multi-function protective relays and ease of connectivity with
intelligent devices and the SCADA system, logic diagrams provides an quick
view of the input conditions required to operate an equipment. Logic
diagrams and protection one-line diagrams can be merged to form an overall
encompassing diagram.

Figure 15: Logic diagram for CB controls from protective relays

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Panel Layout Diagram

Panel layout diagrams details the physical locations of components of the

panels. The panel can be the front doors, equipment mounting panels or any
physical portion of the switchgear where components need to be installed.

Layout drawings are drawn to scale which shows the true relationship for
spacing and dimensions of the equipment and mounted components. All
components in each relative section are given a unique device ID.

Refer to Figure 16 Layout diagram for HV metering cabinet (partial drawing)

Wiring Diagram

Wiring diagrams are pseudo- physical which details the point-to-point wiring
between components. The diagram is drawn from the viewpoint where wiring
of the components would take place.

Wiring diagrams are best shown in a wire table format when wiring density is
high. The information in a wire table contains the terminal connection points,
wire numbers / tags, to and from destination points, wire sizes and color.

Wiring diagrams for low density can also be drawn by a point-to-point format
using lines to represent connected wiring as an alternative to the wire table.

Refer to Figure 17: Wiring diagram for main breaker 4.2CB1001.

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Figure 16: Layout diagram for HV metering cabinet (partial drawing)

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Figure 17: Wiring diagram for main breaker 4.2CB1001 (partial diagram of
breaker cell).

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Interconnection Diagram

Interconnection diagrams show the connections between equipment or

equipment and its external devices. Interconnection are made using armored /
non-armored cables or using wires / cables installed in raceways.

The interconnection diagrams can be a plan view or an elevation / structural

drawings identifying the interconnections between equipment or equipment
and its external devices. The equipment wiring diagram for the
interconnections will reference the drawing number where the other end of
the interconnection can be found.

Every cable will have a unique I.D. number which can be referenced in a
schedule for the respective area where the equipment is installed.

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Miscellaneous Schematic and Wiring Diagram

The miscellaneous schematics and wiring diagrams completes the drawing set
to show the various connections that must be made to complete all other
functional requirements of the equipment, such as heating, lighting,
communication and other required equipment.

Figure 18: Section 6 to 10 Heaters AC Schematic

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Figure 19: Section 6 to 10 Lighting, Receptacle and Maintenance Switch Strobe AC

Schematic

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