MODULE-3

Raghuram K Chinnabhandar, Ph.D., Associate Professor,

Dept of Civil Engineering, JNN College of Engineering, Navule, Shivamogga-577204
1
CONTENTS
➤ Public Transportation Applications

➤ ITS and regional strategic transportation planning

➤ Regional Architecture

2
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ The public transportation system is the lifeline of any sustainable city

➤ A well-organised and integrated public transport system is essential for any city

➤ However, developing a well-organised, integrated, e cient public transport system

requires huge capital investment.
➤ The heavy capital cost, coupled with an expensive operation and maintenance cost of
public transportation systems, makes it challenging for public transport operators to
remain nancially viable.
➤ A reasonable level of ridership of public transport is fundamental to nancial
sustainability of a public transport system.

3
fi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Hence, the public transport system shall be attractive to the users and e cient in
operation and maintenance.
➤ The adoption of ITS tools to manage public transport can be very useful in meeting
these objectives
➤ Some of the general issues involved with public transport services where ITS can
help are:
➤ Not adhering to speed limits
➤ Not following bus lanes and not standing at bus stop bays
➤ Not completing the trips
➤ Not following the route and timetables
4
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Overcrowding
➤ Coin change problem
➤ The above issues are related to bus and at the driver level.
➤ However, at the management level, the calculation of the performance index of
public transport systems, such as vehicle utilisation, fuel consumption per vehicle
per kilometre, etc., can also be determined using various other tools.

5
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Some ITS tools which can be used to make public transport attractive and
operationally e cient are:

➤ Use of GPS systems

➤ Automatic Passenger counter
➤ Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) and Automatic Vehicle Indenti cation (AVI)
systems
➤ Tra c Signal Priority
➤ Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
➤ Real-Time Passenger Information (RTPI)

6
ffi
ffi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Fare Collection
➤ Lane Control Technologies
➤ Surveillance/CCTV/Security Systems

7
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Use of GPS systems
➤ This can be used for tracking and monitoring of public transport vehicles.

➤ This system provides a real-time data on tracking individual vehicles

➤ Through this technique, the movement of each bus, details of trip length, trip time,
time spent at each bus stop, change in route, complete movement of bus on a route
for every minute, crisis circumstances, log of total trips etc are recorded
➤ This strategy additionally helps in creating passenger information systems at every
bus stop.
➤ Through the control room, one can watch, coordinate and speak with every bus of
this system.

8
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Use of GPS systems
➤ In this system, every bus equipped with a GPS and all these buses are connected
with a server in the control room.
➤ The main server records the movement of all buses. According to the assessment
from continued monitoring of buses, the control room can take fundamental
activities in case of any deviation.
➤ Further, the control room can transmit the message to the checking sta in the eld
to make fundamental decisions at the spot against those buses which violate the
tra c rules such as speed limits etc..

9
ffi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Use of GPS systems

➤ In the event of this, passenger information system provided at bus stops, expected
arrival of bus at that speci c bus stop will be communicated

➤ This helps improve the reliability of public transport system and the trust of people
on the system

fi
10
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Automatic Passenger Counting (APC)

➤ It is that technology which is used to record the number if travellers using the public
transport with time and the location of every stop as passengers get on and o the
bus
➤ The infrared bars at the doors or weight delicate mats on the steps can be used as
APC, which correctly records the time, region and the number of travellers as they
enter or leave the vehicle.
➤ With the information provided by the APCs, the public transport operator can
improve the plans that better serve the transportation needs of the commuters

11
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL) and Automatic Vehicle Identi er (AVI)

➤ AVL is a technology that is used to track the location of transit vehicles in real-time
through the use of GPS devices
➤ AVI is an identi cation technique used for moving vehicles. This is accomplished
with the help of RFID as the object passes an RFID reader
➤ The bene ts of this method, which can be used in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) vehicles
are:
➤ The system improves the control to ensure e cient operations

➤ The system can be calibrated to distribute service times and covers the signal
priority and control centre

12
fi
fi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ The bene ts of this method, which can be used in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) vehicles
are:
➤ This technology also improves bus safety in an emergency situation by showing
the vehicle location
➤ This also improves the quality of service by notifying the location of the next bus
and expected arrival time

➤ This improves the integration of the system by providing better bus scheduling
and knowing the location of each vehicle
➤ It also reduces the need of voice communications

13
fi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Tra c Signal Priority

➤ This is a technique that accords priority to public transport at signalised

intersections by keeping a tra c green light or turning it green earlier to facilitate
the movement of vehicle without stopping at the intersection
➤ Conventionally, signal priority was only implemented for emergency vehicles. But
now it is being used for public transport as a measure to encourage people to use
public transport
➤ The system is combined with AVL technology which allows the system to provide
priority only when needed i.e when a public transport vehicle is running behind
schedule.

14
ffi
ffi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Tra c Signal Priority

➤ The signal priority system keeps transit vehicles on schedule and improves the on-
time performance

➤ As a result, the reliability of public transport improves and fewer vehicles are
necessary for a route which results into a large saving for a transit agency

15
ffi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Geographic Information System (GIS)

➤ A GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage and

present spatial or geographic data.

➤ It is widely used in transportation planning agencies, especially among metropolitan

transportation organisations.

➤ GIS technology facilitates the public transport operator to assemble, store, examine
and show information by geographic location.

➤ With GIS programming, the analysis of data is possible which can be helpful in
identifying the areas of economic activities where demand for transportation is high.

16
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Real-Time Passenger Information (RTPI)

➤ RTPI is a public information system that provides real-time passenger information

regarding public transport system

➤ RTPI may include both estimated travel and departure times, as well as information
about the nature and causes of disruptions.

➤ This technology provides information related to the status of transit service to the
passengers including the information needed before making a trip, during the trip
and at the termination of the trip on a real-time basis.
➤ The information may be communicated to the users physically within a
transportation hub and remotely using a web browser or a mobile phone

17
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Fare Collection

➤ Fare collection is the way in which the travellers pay their fees, either on the bus or
at the station or ahead of time.
➤ A magnetic strip or an RFID-based electronic fare collection may be used to collect
the fee.
➤ RFID-based smart cards are increasingly in use as an integrated fare maedia
applicable across all modes of public transport

18
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Lane Control Technologies

➤ This technology is used for dedicating a lane for public transport for a short period
of time.
➤ Intermittent bus lanes can also be called moving bus lane.

➤ This concept consists of using a general-purpose lane that can be changed to a bus-
only lane just for the duration of the time needed for the bus to pass.
➤ Later, the lane reverts to a general-purpose lane until another approaching bus needs
the lane for its movement.
➤ By this technology, speeds and reliability are improved and bus can move
independently from the general tra c.
19

ffi
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Lane Control Technologies

➤ This technology does not require expensive capital cost because it uses the existing
roadway infrastructure.
➤ This allows the bus lanes to be used for general tra c majority of the time.
➤ It has low implementation cost and uses well-known, widely used and proven tra c
signal management strategies and products

20
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Surveillance/CCTV/Security Systems

➤ Security systems in public transport include both surveillance CCTV and alarms, both
of which can be located on-board vehicles as well as o -board at stations or along the
routes
➤ Surveillance devices primarily consist of CCTV camers, generally equipped with
microphones.
➤ The CCTV network facilitates the control centre to remotely monitor vehicles,
stations and guideways.
➤ These systems give the advantage of quick responses in case of emergency for both
the public and the operator

21
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
➤ Surveillance/CCTV/Security Systems

➤ Cameras and microphones can allow central control to continuously monitor and
assess the installed and o -board circumstances to decide suitable help by transit
security, law authorisation or di erent types of emergency responses.

22
ff
ff
 ITS AND REGIONAL STRATEGIC TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ ITS planning is to integrate ITS into the transportation planning process
➤ ITS Transportation planning helps in shaping a well balanced transportation system
that can meet future demands
➤ Transportation planning is an iterative process which include problem identi-
cation, solution generation, analysis, evaluation and implementation
➤ This can be integrated with ITS using computers, communication systems and
software
➤ As planning is normally made for long period, installing ITS facilities needs to be
updated and one should ensure that the equipments and technologies are
compatible for future improvement and expansion

23
fi
ITS AND REGIONAL STRATEGIC TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ The steps involved in a traditional transportation planning process are:
➤ Establish goals and objectives
➤ Inventory existing conditions
➤ Analyze existing conditions
➤ Long range/ short range element
➤ Forecast land use, population/employment
➤ Forecast future travel/trips
➤ Develop and evaluate alternative transportation plans
➤ Prepare recommended plans and programs
24
ITS AND REGIONAL STRATEGIC TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ The ITS transportation planning process differs from the traditional transportation
planning process
➤ ITS has the unique capability to integrate different modes of transportation such as
public auto, transit, and infra-structural elements through communications and
control
➤ The multi-modal integration potential provides a great opportunity for planning
across modes
➤ The comparison between ITS approach and conventional approach for solving
various transportation problems are shown for few problems

25
ITS AND REGIONAL STRATEGIC TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

26
27
ITS ARCHITECTURE
➤ Development of a regional Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) architecture is
one of the most important steps in planning for and implementing ITS in a region
➤ ITS architectures provide a framework for implementing ITS projects, encouraging
interoperability and resource sharing among agencies, identifying applicable
standards to apply to projects, and allowing for cohesive long-range planning among
regional stakeholders.

28
ITS ARCHITECTURE

29
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE
➤ Planning processes are used to identify projects whose implementation will respond
to regional needs
➤ These projects are placed in programming documents such as a Transportation
Improvement Program (TIP) in order to secure funding for the projects
➤ Once funded, the projects are implemented
➤ The regional ITS architecture supports all three of these major steps — planning,
programming, and implementation.

30
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE

31
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ The regional ITS architecture is a tool that can be used to support planning for ITS
within the context of existing transportation planning processes
➤ Local stakeholders must decide how best to incorporate the regional ITS architecture
and the products produced during its development into their transportation
planning process.
➤ The goal of the planning process is to make quality, informed decisions pertaining to
the investment of public funds for regional transportation systems and services
➤ Using the regional ITS architecture to support these planning activities is an
important step in the mainstreaming of ITS into the traditional decision-making of
planners and other transportation professionals

32
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ Once an architecture is complete, it can feed detailed ITS-speci c information back
into the planning process.

33
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

34
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ The process is driven by a regional vision and set of goals
➤ These drive transportation improvement strategies that are a mix of capital
improvements and operational improvements
➤ The planning organizations evaluate and prioritize the various strategies, and the
resulting output is a document called the Long Range Transportation Plan (or
sometimes Transportation Plan or Regional Transportation Plan)
➤ The Long Range Transportation Plan feeds the Programming function which
produces the Transportation Improvement Program
➤ Once a project is programmed then project development is started

35
USING THE ITS ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
➤ A regional ITS architecture may support each step in this process
➤ In addition to the long range planning document there may be planning documents
created that are ITS speci c, such as an ITS Strategic Plan

36
fi