THE CELL

Lesson 1: Eukaryotic and

Prokaryotic Cells
 Learning Objectives:
1. explain the postulates of the cell theory;
2. distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
based on the major and subcellular organelles
and their distinguishing features; and
3. describe some cell modifications that lead to
adaptation to carry out specialized functions
(e.g., microvilli, root hair).
 What is it?

What are the distinguishable characteristics you can

observe about the specimen? How will you relate
these images to our topic?
 Coverage
1. Timeline of Cell Theory
2.Prokaryotic Cells
3.Eukaryotic Cells
4.Animal Tissues
5.Plant Tissues
Timeline of Cell Theory
Date Event
1665 Cell first observed

Robert Hooke, an English scientist, discovered a

honeycomb-like structure in a cork slice using a primitive
compound microscope. He only saw cell walls as this was
dead tissue. He coined the term "cell" for these individual
compartments he saw.

1670 First living cells seen

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch biologist, looks at pond

water with a microscope he made lenses for.
Timeline of Cell Theory
Date Event
1683 Miniature animals

Anton van Leeuwenhoek made several more discoveries on

a microscopic level, eventually publishing a letter to the
Royal Society in which he included detailed drawings of
what he saw. Among these was the first protozoa and bacteria
discovered.
1833 The center of the cell seen

Robert Brown, an English botanist, discovered the nucleus

in plant cells.
Timeline of Cell Theory
Date Event
1838 Basic building blocks

Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a German botanist, proposes that

all plant tissues are composed of cells, and that cells are the
basic building blocks of all plants. This statement was the
first generalized statement about cells.
Timeline of Cell Theory
Date Event
1839 Cell theory

Theodor Schwann, a German Zoologist reached the

conclusion that not only plants, but animal tissue as well is
composed of cells. This ended debates that plants and
animals were fundamentally different in structure. He also
pulled together and organized previous statement on cells
into one theory, which states:
1 - Cells are organisms and all organisms consist of one or
more cells
2 - The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
Timeline of Cell Theory
Date Event
1840 Where does life come from

Albrecht von Roelliker discovers that sperm and eggs are

also cells.
1845 Basic unit of life

Carl Heinrich Braun reworks the cell theory, calling cells

the basic unit of life.
Timeline of Cell Theory
Date Event
1855 3rd part to the cell theory added

Rudolf Virchow, a German physiologist/ physician/

pathologist added the 3rd part to the cell theory. The original
is Greek, and states Omnis cellula e cellula. This translates
as all cells develop only from existing cells. Virchow was
also the first to propose that diseased cells come from healthy
cells.
What are the 2 types of cells?

How would you differentiate

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells?
 Prokaryotic Cells:

• Cellular Organelles
• Classifications of Prokaryotic
Cells Based on their cell wall
• Capsule - promote bacterial
adhesion to surfaces or
interaction with other organisms;
act as a permeability barrier, as a
defense mechanism against
phagocytosis, and/or as a nutrient
reserve.

• Cell wall – protection, structural

support, and maintenance of cell
shape
• Plasma Membrane – Separates
cell from the external
environment; controls the
passage of organic molecules,
ions, water, oxygen, and wastes
into and out of the cell

• Cytoplasm - Provides structure

to cell; site of many metabolic
reactions; medium in which
organelles are found

• Nucleoid - Location of DNA

• Ribosomes - Protein synthesis

• Cytoskeleton - Maintains cell’s

shape, secures organelles in
specific positions, allows
cytoplasm and vesicles to move
within the cell, and enables
unicellular organisms to move
independently

• Flagella/pili - Cellular locomotion

(some)
 Gram Positive Gram Negative
Cell Wall Thin peptidoglycan layer
Thick peptidoglycan layer
with an outer membrane
Cell
Single layer Two layered
Membrane
 Gram Positive Gram Negative
Staining Retains crystal violet stain Loses crystal violet stain
(stains purple) (stains pink)
Resistance
They are susceptible to They are resistant to
to
antibiotics antibiotics
Antibiotics
 Plasmid Chromosomal
DNA DNA
A small, circular
double-stranded A molecule that
DNA molecule carries the genetic
Description that is distinct information in all
from a cell’s cellular forms of
chromosomal life
DNA

Genomic Not considered A type of

DNA as genomic DNA genomic DNA
 Plasmid Chromosomal
DNA DNA
Naturally occurs Occurs in both
Occurrence only in eukaryotic and
prokaryotes prokaryotic cells

Typically, larger
Can be 1-200
Size than plasmid
kilo base pairs
DNA
 Plasmid Chromosomal
DNA DNA
Linear –
Eukaryotic
Shape Circular
Circular -
Prokaryotic
Number of copies
Number of a
of a particular
particular type of
chromosome per
Number DNA vary from 1
cell is determined
to thousand per
based on the
cell
species
Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles
Comparing Plant and
Animal Cells
• Plasma Membrane - which is also called the cell
membrane and is selectively permeable
 Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles

Controls the Cell

• Nucleolus - Located inside nucleus
and disappears when cell divides
and responsible for the production
of ribosomes that make proteins

• Nuclear envelope - Double

membrane surrounding nucleus and
contains nuclear pore
• Nuclear pore - Where materials
enter and leave the nucleus

• Chromatin - DNA is spread out

and appears as CHROMATIN in
non-dividing cells
 Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles

Production of
Molecules and
Transport
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Makes membrane lipids (steroids)

• Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Has ribosomes on its surface

• Proteins are made by ribosomes on
ER surface
• They are then threaded into the
interior of the Rough ER to be
modified and transported
• Ribosomes

• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA

• “Protein factories” for cell
• Join amino acids to make proteins
through protein synthesis
• Cytoplasm / Karyoplasm

• Jelly-like substance enclosed by

cell membrane
• Provides a medium for chemical
reactions to take place
Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Body

• Have a shipping side (trans face) &

a receiving side (cis face)
• Receive proteins made by RER
• Transport vesicles with modified
proteins pinch off the ends
• Modify, sort, & package molecules
from RER for storage OR transport
out of cell
• Secretory Vesicles

• Mediates the vesicular transport of

cargo - e.g. hormones or
neurotransmitters - from an
organelle to specific sites at the cell
membrane, where it docks and
fuses to release its content.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles

Cell
Maintenance
• Peroxisomes

• Contain enzymes that oxidize

certain molecules normally found
in the cell, notably fatty acids and
amino acids.

• Those oxidation reactions produce

hydrogen peroxide, which is the
basis of the name peroxisome.

H2O2 → H2O + O
• Lysosomes

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Break down food, bacteria, and
worn out cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death
(apoptosis)
• Lyse & release enzymes to break
down & recycle cell parts)
• Cells take in food by phagocytosis
• Lysosomes digest the food & get
rid of wastes
• Vacuoles

• Fluid-filled sacks for storage

• Small or absent in animal cells
• Plant cells have a large Central
Vacuole
• In plants, they store Cell Sap
• Includes storage of sugars,
proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes,
salts, water, and enzymes
 Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles

Energy
Transformation
• Mitochondrion

• “Powerhouse” of the cell

• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• More active cells like muscle cells
have more mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have
mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
• Has its own DNA
• Chloroplast

• Chloroplasts are the food producers

of the cell.
• Chloroplasts work to convert light
energy of the Sun into sugars that
can be used by cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles

Structural
Support
• Cytoskeleton

• Helps cell maintain cell shape

• Also help move organelles around
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are threadlike &
made of ACTIN
• Microtubules are tube-like & made
of TUBULIN
 Motor Proteins utilizing
•

Microtubules for transport.

• Cell Wall

• Found outside of the cell

membrane of plant cells
• Non-living layer
• Supports and protects cell
• Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Organelles

Animal
Reproduction
• Centrioles

• Found only in animal cells

• Paired structures near nucleus
• Made of bundle of microtubules
• Appear during cell division
forming mitotic spindle
• Help to pull chromosome pairs
apart to opposite ends of the cell
• Centrosomes

• Organizes microtubules and

provide structure for the cell, as
well as work to pull chromatids
apart during cell division.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Both
Eukaryotic Cells
Cellular Modifications
 Apical Modifications (top)
cell modification is found on the top surface of the cell

Basal Modifications (bottom)

cell modification is found on the bottom surface of the
cell

Lateral Modifications (sides)

cell modification is found on the sides of the cell
 Apical Modifications
Microvilli

• Also called brush/striated border

• Finger-like cytoplasmic
extensions of the apical surface
which increase surface area for
absorption
• Numerous, often regularly
arranged, and found in
absorptive epithelia
 Apical Modifications
Stereocilia

• Long microvilli that function

in increasing absorption
• Non-motile
• Found in sensory cells in ear
and male reproductive tract
• Does not have the true
characteristics of the true cilia
or flagella
 Apical Modifications
Cilia

• Motile, function in movement

• Beats in a coordinated
rhythmical wave-like
movement of materials over
the surface
 Apical Modifications
Cilia

• Appear as short hair-like

structures or projections
• Each cilium is connected to a
basal body and extends from
the free surface
 Apical Modifications
Cilia

• Core is composed of
microtubules arranged in a
specific manner
• Can be found in the lining of
the trachea (windpipe) or in
the Fallopian tube
 Apical Modifications
Flagella

• Are also concerned with

movement
• Same axial structure with cilia
but much longer
• Present in tail of the
spermatozoa
Apical Modifications
 Basal Modifications
Basal Infolding

• Often found in epithelium that

are known to transport fluid
(kidney)
• Will often see mitochondria in
the basal infoldings, suggests that
active transport is occurring
• Very important in epithelial
polarization and stability
 Basal Modifications
Basal Infolding

• Support the epithelium and

also functions as a passive
molecular sieve or ultrafilter
• If basal lamina is destroyed
(trauma, infections, burns),
the epithelium will not be
repaired but substituted with a
scar (connective tissue)
 Basal Modifications
Hemidesmosomes
• Protein filaments interlock with
filaments of the adjacent cell
which forms a dense intermediate
line between the cells
• Cytoplasmic face is connected to
microfilaments extending into the
cytoplasm
 Lateral Modifications
Tight junctions (Zonula
Occludens)

• A band near the apical surface

forms a seal, appearing to be
fused
• There is 15-20 nm space between
epithelium cells
• Tight junction occludes/separates
the compartments
 Lateral Modifications
Adhering Junctions (Zonula
Adherens)

• Actin filaments which make up

zonula adherens maintain
integrity of the cell to better bind
• Found just beneath the tight
junction
• Cytoplasmic face is linked to the
actin cytoskeleton
 Lateral Modifications
Desmosome (Macula Adherens)

• Protein filaments interlock with

filaments of the adjacent cell
which forms a dense
intermediate line between the
cells
• Help to resist shearing forces
and are found in simple and
stratified squamous epithelium
 Lateral Modifications
Gap Junctions

• Connexons of one membrane

aligns with connexin of
adjacent membrane so that
hydrophilic material can be
transported
• Important in cell
communication
• Adjacent cells are 2-3 nm apart
 Lateral Modifications
Connexon and Connexin
Specialized Modifications
Muscle Cells

• Muscle cells are made up

primarily of a pair of special
proteins called actin and
myosin which allows the
muscle to contract.
Specialized Modifications
Blood Cells

• Red blood cells are anucleate,

and thus are produced from
bone marrow, but contain
large amounts of hemoglobin
to transport oxygen
throughout the body.
Specialized Modifications
Sperm Cells

• Sperm cells are haploid and

contain a flagellum in order to
swim through the vagina.
Specialized Modifications
Plant Cells

• Plant cells have large amounts

of the organelle chloroplast,
which allows the cell to
undergo photosynthesis. Plant
cells are also covered by a cell
wall.
 Animal Tissues
• A tissue is a group of cells connected to each other that
collectively perform similar functions in an organism.
• All contents of the body including structures and various
organs are made of tissues.
 Animal Tissues
4 Types of Animal Tissues
• Epithelial
• Muscular
• Connective
• Nervous
Animal Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
 Epithelial Tissues
• Made up of tightly packed cells layer together,
epithelial tissues line the body surface.
• Their functions include protection, absorption, and
secretion.
• Epithelial tissues can be found in the lining of the
mouth and nose, the digestive system lining, and
the skin.
 Epithelial Tissues
Squamous Epithelium
Description
Closely packed with one another,
these are thin and flat cells

Location
Mostly like the esophagus, blood
vessels, alveoli, and the inner cavities
of the mouth.
 Epithelial Tissues
Squamous Epithelium
Function
The squamous epithelium tissue lends
protection against mechanical
injuries, while also blocking any sort
of germs from entering.
 Epithelial Tissues
Cuboidal Epithelium
Description
These are cuboidal in shape, hence
rightfully deriving their name.

Location
Found in kidney tubules, salivary
glands, and sweat glands
 Epithelial Tissues
Cuboidal Epithelium
Function
Secretion, protection, and absorption.
 Epithelial Tissues
Columnar Epithelium
Description
Mostly with column-like or pillar-like
cells

Location
These can be found in the intestine
and lining of the stomach
 Epithelial Tissues
Columnar Epithelium
Function
Secretion and absorption.
 Epithelial Tissues
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Description
Formed by a single layer of cells that
appear made from multiple layers,
especially when seen in cross-section.
The nuclei of these epithelial cells are
at different levels leading to the
illusion of being stratified
 Epithelial Tissues
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Location
Nonciliated type in male's sperm-
carrying ducts and ducts of large
glands;

Ciliated variety lines the trachea,

most of the upper respiratory tract.
 Epithelial Tissues
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Function
Secretion, particularly of mucus;
propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
 Epithelial Tissues
Transitional Epithelium
Description
These cells are called transitional
because they can undergo a change in
their shape and structure.

Location
Cells that forms the mucosal lining of
your ureters, a portion of your
urethra, and your urinary bladder
 Epithelial Tissues
Transitional Epithelium
Function
Stretches readily and permits
distension of urinary organ by
contained urine
Animal Tissue
Muscular Tissue
 Muscular Tissues
Muscle tissues are specialized tissues found in animals,
responsible for applying force to various parts of the
body by using the method of contraction.
 Muscular Tissues
Smooth Muscular Tissue
Description
Contractile cells tapered at both ends;
not striated

Location
walls of arteries, sphincters, stomach,
intestines, urinary bladder, many
other soft internal organs
 Muscular Tissues
Smooth Muscular Tissue
Function
uncontrolled constriction; motility (as
in gut); arterial blood flow
 Muscular Tissues
Skeletal Muscular Tissue
Description
bundles of cylindrical, long, striated
contractile cells; many mitochondria;
often reflex- activated but can be
consciously controlled.

Location
partner of skeletal bones, against
which it exerts great force.
 Muscular Tissues
Skeletal Muscular Tissue
Function
locomotion, posture; head, limb
movements
 Muscular Tissues
Cardiac Muscular Tissue
Description
unevenly striated, fused- together
cylindrical cells that contract as a
unit owing to signals at gap junctions
between them

Location
heart wall
 Muscular Tissues
Cardiac Muscular Tissue
Function
pump blood forcefully through
circulatory system
Muscular Tissues
Animal Tissue
Connective Tissue
 Connective Tissues
Made of various cells that are involved in lending
support to the body, connective tissues are namely the
fat, bone, blood, and cartilage in an animal body.

4 Types of Connective Tissues

1. Blood
2. Bone
3. Cartilage
4. Loose Connective Tissue
Animal Tissue
Connective Tissue
Blood
 Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
• Red blood cells are anucleate,
Transport oxygenated blood
from the heart to the different
part of the body.
 Blood Cells
Leukocytes
• Eosinophil or Acidophils
• Basophils
• Neutrophil or Heterophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
 Characteristics Quantity
Eosinophil or
nucleus usually has two oval lobes 2-4% of leucocytes
Acidophils
only 0.5 – 1% of
Basophils nucleus usually has one oval lobes
leucocytes
Neutrophil or consisting of 3-5 rounded or angular comprise 60-75% of
Heterophils lobes leucocytes
comprise 20-25% of
Lymphocytes large nucleus scanty cytoplasm
leucocytes

nucleus is indented, kidney- shaped

or horseshoe-shaped
Monocytes 3-8% of the leucocytes
cytoplasm is more abundant than that
of lymphocytes
 Function
not phagocytic but are associated with certain
Eosinophil or Acidophils
parasitic and allergic diseases
secrete histamine (increase permeability) and heparin
Basophils
(anticoagulant)
Neutrophil or
are phagocytic (kill and digest bacteria)
Heterophils
carriers of antibodies, play an important role in the
Lymphocytes
mechanism of immunity
Monocytes Develops into macrophages or dendritic cells.
 Blood Cells
Thrombocytes
• Play a significant role in blood
clotting when blood vessel is
damaged
Animal Tissue
Connective Tissue
Bone
 Bone
Compact and Spongy Bone
Description
Osteocytes occupying, extensive
calcium-hardened ground substance
Location
Bones of all vertebrate skeletons
 Bone
Compact and Spongy Bone
Function
Bone supports and protects; provides
levers for the muscles to act on; stores
calcium and other minerals and fat.
marrow inside the bones is in the site
for blood cell formation
Animal Tissue
Connective Tissue
Cartilage
 Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Description
Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen
fibers form an imperceptible network;
chondroblasts produce the matrix and
when mature lie in lacunae
Location
Covers the ends of long bones in joint
cavities; forms costal cartilages of the
ribs, nose, trachea and larynx
 Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Function
Support and reinforces; has resilient
cushioning properties; resist
compressive stress
 Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Description
Elastic cartilage is very cellular. The
abundant chondrocytes throughout
this tissue. Its matrix has many elastic
fibers
Location
Supports the external ear, epiglottis
 Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Function
Maintains the shape of a structure
while allowing great flexibility
 Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Description
Fibrocartilage has a dense
arrangement of cartilage fibers that
are arranged in an orderly manner.
Location
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis,
discs of knee joint. bones of all
vertebrate skeletons
 Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Function
Tensile strength with the ability to
absorb compressive shock.
movement, support, protection
Animal Tissue
Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
 Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Connective Tissue
Description
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber
types; cells: fibroblasts, collagen
fibers and elastic fiber and highly
vascularize
Location
beneath skin and most epithelia.
wraps and cushions organs
 Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Connective Tissue
Function
attaches epithelium to underlying
tissues and allows for diffusion of
nutrients to epithelial cells and tissue
repair.
 Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Description
Very sparse; closely packed
adipocytes or fat cells, have nucleus
pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
 Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Location
It’s found under the skin
(subcutaneous fat), between the
organs ( visceral fat), and even in the
inner cavities of bones (bone marrow
adipose tissue).
 Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Function
provides reserve fuel; insulates
against heat loss; supports and
protects organs
Animal Tissue
Nervous Tissue
 Nervous Tissues
Neurons
• The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory,
and communicating system in the body
• Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system
is responsible for regulating and maintaining
homeostasis.
• Through its receptors, the nervous system keeps us in
touch with our environment, both external and internal.
Nervous Tissues
 Nerve Tissues
Oligodendrocytes
Cells responsible for myelination of
axons within the Central Nervous
System. Insulates.
 Nerve Tissues
Astrocytes
Provide for the energy and other
metabolic needs of neurons as well as
giving nervous tissue structural
support
 Nerve Tissues
Ependymal Cells
• Cells that line the cerebral spinal
fluid (CSF) containing cavities of
the brain.
• CSF is secreted by a specialized
subset of ependymal cells in the
walls of the ventricles of the brain
called the choroid plexus
 Connective Tissues
Microglia
Phagocytic cells, similar to
macrophages, that perform a
housekeeping function by removing
dead cellular material and bacteria
from the CNS
 Plant Tissues
2 Types of Plant Tissues
• Meristematic
• Permanent
• Dermal Tissue
• Ground Tissue
• Parenchyma
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma
• Vascular Tissue
Meristematic
Tissue
 Meristematic Tissues
• This undifferentiated tissue and continue to divide
and contribute to the growth of the plant
• Meristematic tissue will eventually become
vascular, ground, or dermal tissue

3 Types of Meristematic Tissues

• Apical Meristems
• Intercalary Meristems
• Lateral Meristems
 Meristematic Tissues
Apical Meristems
• They are found at the tip of
stems and roots.
• During the cell division, this
meristem helps in cellular
enlargement and also it
influence the shapes of the
mature plants.
 Meristematic Tissues
Intercalary Meristems
• They are found at the bases of
young leaves and internodes.
They are mainly responsible
for further lengthening of
stems and leaves.
 Meristematic Tissues
Lateral Meristems
• They are found along the sides
of roots and stems. They play
a vital role in increasing the
width or diameter of stems and
roots.
Permanent
Tissue
Permanent
Tissue
Dermal Tissue
 Permanent Tissues
Dermal Tissues
• This is the plant’s epidermis a
protective outer covering in
contact with the environment.
• It facilitates water and ion
uptake in roots and regulates
gas exchange in leaves.
• Cells of the epidermis are also
modified to form stomata and
hairs of various kinds.
Permanent
Tissue
Ground Tissue
 Permanent Tissues
Ground Tissues
• This packing and supportive tissue accounts for much
of the bulk of the young plant.
• It also functions in food manufacture and storage.
• The ground tissue system contains three main cell
types called parenchyma, collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma.
 Types of Ground Tissue
Parenchyma
• Is is found in all tissue systems.
• They are living cells, generally
capable of further division, and
have a thin primary cell wall.
• Food production and storage
occur in the photosynthetic cells
of the leaf and stem (called
mesophyll cells)
 Types of Ground Tissue
Parenchyma
• Storage parenchyma cells form
the bulk of most fruits and
vegetables.
• Parenchyma cells also serve as
stem cells for wound healing and
regeneration.
 Types of Ground Tissue
Collenchyma
• They are capable of stretching
and provide mechanical support
in the ground tissue system of
the elongating regions of the
plant
• Collenchyma cells are especially
common in subepidermal
regions of stems.
 Types of Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
• Cells have strengthened and
supporting functions. However,
they are usually dead cells with
thick, lignified secondary cell
walls that prevent them from
stretching as the plant grows.
 Types of Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
• Two common types are fibers,
which often form long bundles,
and sclereids, which are shorter
branched cells found in seed coats
and fruit.
• Sclereids are specialized cells
formed in a variety of shapes. They
have lignified secondary cell walls
and are non-living at maturity.
Permanent
Tissue
Vascular Tissue
 Vascular Tissues
• The phloem and the xylem together form a continuous
vascular system throughout the plant.
• Both phloem and xylem are complex tissues.
• Their conducting elements are associated with
parenchyma cells that maintain the elements and
exchange materials with them.
• Groups of collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells provide
mechanical support.
 Vascular Tissues
Xylem
• carries water and dissolved ions
in the plant
• The main conducting cells are
the vessel elements which are
dead cells at maturity that lack a
plasma membrane
• The cell wall has been
secondarily thickened and
heavily lignified.
 Vascular Tissues
Xylem
• It’s end wall is largely removed,
enabling very long, continuous
tubes to be formed.
 Vascular Tissues
Phloem
• It is involved in the transport of
organic solutes in the plant. The
main conducting cells
(elements) are aligned to form
tubes called sieve tubes.
 Vascular Tissues
Phloem (Sieve Plates)
• At maturity are living cells,
interconnected by perforations
in their end walls formed from
enlarged and modified
plasmodesmata
 Vascular Tissues
Phloem (Sieve Plates)
• Cells retain their plasma
membrane, but they have lost
their nuclei and much of their
cytoplasm
• It rely on associated companion
cells for their maintenance
 Vascular Tissues
Phloem (Companion Cells)
• actively transporting soluble
food molecules into and out of
sieve-tube elements through
porous sieve areas in the wall.
Laboratory Activity
1. What is the topic about?
2. What new information did
you learn from the topic?
3. Which of the new information
is significant to you? Why?
1. Suppose you are building a cabinet inside
your kitchen you have all the material
needed. You cut the pieces of wood and
attached them to the wall. Do you think
you are able to perform the job well? How
will you relate the scenario to the
structure and function of the cell?
2. How do different cell structures and
appearances perform a variety of
functions in the body of a living organism?