MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

21.1 ATOMIC NUCLEUS

1.Rutherford suggested that there is probably another particle within the nucleus, to which he
gave the name:
(A) Electron (B) Proton
(C) Neutron (D) Meson
2.Rutherford bombarded thin gold foil with:
(A) Alpha particles (B) Beta particles
(C) Gamma rays (D) Neutrons
3.The radius of the atom as compared to radius of the nucleus is:
(A) 102 times (B) 103 times
4
(C) 10 times (D) 105 times
4.A nucleus consists of nucleons comprising of:
(A) Protons and neutrons (B) Protons and electrons
(C) Electrons and neutrons (D) All of these
5.A proton has a charge equal to:
(A) 1.6×10-19 C (B) -1.6×10-19 C
(C) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’ (D) None of these
6.The mass of proton is equal to:
(A) 1.675 ×10-2 kg (B) 1.673×10-27 kg
(C) 9.1×10 kg
-31
(D) None of these
7.The mass of neutron is equal to:
(A) 1.675 ×10-2 kg (B) 1.673×10-27 kg
(C) 9.1×10-31 kg (D) None of these
8.The mass of electron is equal to:
(A) 1.675 ×10-2 kg (B) 1.673×10-27 kg
(C) 9.1×10-31 kg (D) None of these
9.One unified mass scale (1∪) is equal to:
(A) 1.6606×10-27 kg (B) 1.7606×10-27 kg
(C) 1.8606×10 kg-27
(D) None of these
10. In unified mass scale, the mass of a proton is:
(A) 0.00055∪ (B) 1.00727∪
(C) 1.008665∪ (D) None of these
11. In unified mass scale, the mass of an electron is:
(A) 0.00055∪ (B) 1.00727∪
(C) 1.008665∪ (D) None of these
12. In unified mass scale, the mass of neutron is:
(A) 0.00055∪ (B) 1.00727∪
(C) 1.008665∪ (D) None of these
13. Those elements emit radiation whose atomic number is greater than:
(A) 80 (B) 91
(C) 85 (D) 82
14. The total charge on any nucleus is equal to:
(A) Z (B) e
(C) Ze (D) None of these
15. The number of protons inside a nucleus is called:
(A) Atomic number (B) Charge number
(C) Mass number (D) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’
16. The combined number of all protons and neutrons in a nucleus is known as:
(A) Atomic number (B) Charge number
(C) Mass number (D) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’
17. The number of neutrons present in a nucleus is given by:
(A) N = (Z - A) (B) N = (Z + A)
(C) N = (A - Z) (D) N = (A + Z)
18. The number of protons and neutrons in the initial light element are:
(A) Equal (B) Different
(C) Zero (D) Not determined
19. In heavy element of the periodic table, the number of neutrons than the number of protons
in the nucleus are:
(A) Lesser (B) Greater
(C) Equal (D) Infinity
20. A neutral atom consists of seventeen electrons, seventeen protons and eighteen neutrons.
What is its nucleus number (mass number)?
(A) 17 (B) 34
(C) 35 (D) 52
81
21. A nucleus is represented by the symbol 37X. What does the nucleus contain?
(A) 37 electrons and 44 neutrons
(B) 37 neutrons and 81 protons
(C) 37 protons and 44 neutrons
(D) 37 protons and 81 neutrons
22. James Chadwick in 1932 discovered the:
(A) Electron (B) Positron
(C) Neutron (D) Meson
23. The nuclear model of the atom was derived partly form experiments involving the scattering
of alpha particles performed by:
(A) Chadwick (B) Rutherford
(C) Anderson (D) Einstein
24. The bulk of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its:
(A) Neutrino (B) Neutrons
(C) Nucleus (D) Protons
25. Nuclei are:
(A) Indivisible
(B) Composed of protons and neutrons
(C) Composed by protons and electrons
(D) Composed of protons only
26. Radius of the nucleus is of the order of:
(A) 10-15 m (B) 10-14 m
-18
(C) 10 m (D) 10-16 m
238
27. The number of Neutron 92U is:
(A) 92 (B) 238
(C) 146 (D) 330
28. The number of protons in any atom are always equal to the number of:
(A) Neutrons (B) Electrons
(C) Positrons (D) Mesons
21.2 ISOTOPES
1.In a mass spectrograph, the mass of ion reaching the detector is:

( ) ( )
2
er 2 er
(A) B2 (B) B2
2V 2V
 (C) ( )
er
2V
B (D) ( )
eV 2
2r
2 B

2.The most abundant isotope of neon is:

(A) Neon-20 (B) neon-21
(C) neon-22 (D) Both ‘a’ & ‘c’
3.The chemical properties of an element depend only upon the number of:
(A) Protons (B) Neutrons
(C) Electrons (D) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’
4.Both xenon and cesium each have:
(A) 24 isotopes (B) 28 isotopes
(C) 32 isotopes (D) 36 isotopes
5.A device used to determine mass of an isotope quite accurately is called:
(A) Spectrometer (B) Mass spectrograph
(C) Mass detector (D) CRO
6.A mass spectroscope sorts out:
(A) Molecules (B) Atoms
(C) Element (D) Isotopes
7.The chemical behaviour of an atom is determined by:
(A) Mass number (B) Number of isotopes
(C) Atomic number (D) Binding energy
8.The mass of an helium nucleus is equal to:
(A) 2.0015∪ (B) 3.0015∪
(C) 4.0015 ∪ (D) 5.0015∪
9.The neutral atoms of all isotopes of the same element contain the same number of:
(A) Electrons and of protons (B) Electrons and neutrons
(C) Neutrons (D) Neutrons and of protons
10. What are isotopes?
(A) Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
(B) Atoms of the same element with different numbers of protons
(C) Atoms which are radioactive
(D) Atoms which have gained or lost an electron
11. Deuterium is:
(A) A transuranic element
(B) A type of cosmic particle
(C) An isotope of hydrogen (D) An isotope of helium
12. Isotopes of an element all have identical:
(A) Atomic numbers
(B) Electric charges on the nucleus
(C) Chemical properties (D) Mass numbers
13. Isotopes of an element contain the same number of:
(A) Atoms (B) Neutrons
(C) Nucleons (D) Protons
14. Nuclei having the same nuclear charge but different nuclear masses are called:
(A) Isotones (B) Isomer
(C) Isobars (D) Isotopes
15. Select the pair that represents isotopes:
(A) 7537X and 7537X (B) 7537X and 7737X
75 75
(C) 37X and 35X (D) 7535X and 7737X
16. The number of neutrons in Li are:
(A) 3 (B) 7
(C) 4 (D) 2
17. Number of isotopes of Neon gas are:
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 1
21.3 MASS DEFECT AND BINDING ENERGY
1.The binding energy per nucleus for iron is:
(A) Zero (B) Negative
(C) Minimum (D) Maximum
2.The most stable elements are:
(A) Copper (B) Uranium
(C) Iron (D) Cobalt
3.The binding energy increases in the elements up to mass number:
(A) 25 (B) 50
(C) 75 (D) 100
4.In case of mass defect and binding energy, when two protons and two neutrons fuse to form a
helium uncle, then the energy give out is about:
(A) 22Mev (B) 26Mev
(C) 28Mev (D) 128Mev
5.When two deuterons merge to form a helium nucleus, then the energy released during this
reaction is:
(A) 24Mev (B) 124Mev
(C) 1124Mev (D) 128Mev
6.The binding energy per nucleons for uranium is about:
(A) 7.7Mev (B) 13.6Mev
(C) 21.6Mev (D) 1.96Mev
7.Binding energy per nucleons is:
(A) Greatest for heavy nuclei (B) Least for heavy nuclei
(C) Greatest for light nuclei
(D) Greatest for medium weight nuclei
8.Which of the following has energy the greatest binding energy per nucleons?
(A) Normal hydrogen (B) Deuterium
(C) Tritium (D) Helium-4
9.The binding energy of the hydrogen nucleus is:
(A) 1.008ev (B) 1.008Mev
(C) 930Mev (D) None of these
10. When two nuclei of masses ‘m1’ and ‘m2’ fuse to form nucleus of mass ‘m’ and some energy
is released then:
(A) (m1 + m2) > m (B) (m1 + m2) < m
(C) m1 + m2 = m (D) m1 - m2 = m
11. The mass of a nucleus is always:
(A) Equal to the mass of all other nuclei of the same element
(B) An integral number of protons masses
(C) Equal to the sum of the masses of the constituent particles
(D) Less to the sum of the masses of the constituent particles
12. According to Einstein’s idea of mass-energy equalivent one mass unit on the physics scale is
equal is:
(A) 931 eV (B) 931 joules
(C) 931 Mev (D) 931 calories
13. The mass defect is defined as:
(A) Δm = Zmp + (A + Z) mn - mneucleus
(B) Δm = Zmp + (A - Z) mn - mneucleus
(C) Δm = Zmp + (A - Z) mn + mneucleus
(D) Δm = Zmp + (A + Z) mn + mneucleus
14. The binding energy is defined as:
(A) B.E = Zmpc2 + (A - Z) mnc2 – mc2
(B) B.E = Zmpc2 + (A - Z) mnc2 + mc2
(C) B. E = Zmpc2 + (A + Z) mnc2 + mc2
(D) B.E = Zmpc2 + (A + Z) mnc2 – mc2
15. Einstein energy mass relation is:
(A) E = (Δm) c (B) E = (Δm) c2
(C) E = (Δm) c3 (D) E = (Δm)2 c
16. The energy required to break a nucleus of an atom is called:
(A) Atomic energy (B) Nuclear energy
(C) Binding energy (D) Breaking energy
17. Binding energy for deuteron nucleon is maximum for:
(A) 2.8 Mev (B) 2.23 Mev
(C) 2.28 Mev (D) 2.25 Mev
18. The binding energy per nucleon is maximum for:
(A) Helium (B) Iron
(C) Polonium (D) Radium
19. The value of 1 u mass=
(A) 931 Mev (B) 932 Mev
(C) 933 Mev (D) 934 Mev
20. Γ-emission from the nucleus of an atom causes a:
(A) Change in Z (B) Change in A
(C) Change in both A and Z (D) No change in A and Z
21.4 RADIOACTIVITY
1.Natural radioactivity was discovered in:
(A) 1878 (B) 1896
(C) 1904 (D) 1908
2.The radiations coming out of the radioactive dements are called:
(A) Alpha (B) Beta
(C) Gamma (D) All of these
3.The phenomenon of natural radioactivity was discovered by:
(A) Lord Rutherford (B) James Chadwick
(C) Henric Becquerel (D) Marie Curie
4.Artificial radioactivity was discovered by:
(A) Rontgen (B) Becquerel
(C) Rutherford
(D) Marie Curie and Pierre Curie
5.Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered two new radioactive elements which are:
(A) Uranium and radium (B) Platinum and radium
(C) Polonium and radium (D) Crypton and random
6.The charge on an alpha particle is:
(A) +2e (B) – 2e
(C) +e (D) – e
7.The mass of an alpha particle is:
(A) 2u (B) 4u
(C) 6u (D) 8u
8.During the nuclear changes, which of the following laws remain application?
(A) Law of conservation of mass
(B) Law of conservation of energy
(C) Law of conservation of momentum and charge
(D) All of these
9.When alpha particle is emitted out of an nucleus, then due to law of conservation of matter the
mass number of the nucleus decreases by:
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
10. When alpha particle is emitted out of an nucleus, then due to law of conservation of matter
the charge number of the nucleus decreases by:
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
11. The emission of alpha particle is represented by the equation:
−1 4 −2
(A) AZ X → AZ−2 X 2 + He (B) AZ X → AZ−2 4
X+ ¿2 He ¿
A A −4 4 A A −4 4
(C) Z X → Z−2 X +¿ 2 He ¿ (D) Z X → Z−1 X +¿ 2 + He ¿
12. The emission of an alpha particle from radium-226, results in the formation of radon gas.
This change is represented by the equation:
226 224 4 226 222 4
(A) 88Ra →84 Ra+¿ 2 He¿ (B) 88Ra →84 Ra+¿2 He ¿
226 222 4
(C) 88 Ra →86 Ra+¿2 He ¿
226 224 224
(D) 88 Ra →86 Ra+¿ 86 + He ¿
13. The emission of beta particle from polonium-218 results in the formation of:
(A) Protactinium -231 (B) Thorium - 232
(C) Astatine - 218 (D) Radon - 222
14. The emission of a beta particle from any element ‘X’ is represented by the equation:
A Z+1 0 A Z+2 0
(A) Z X → A +1 X + −1n (B) Z X → A +1 X + −1n
(C) AZ X → Z−1 0
A +1 X + −1n (D) AZ X → AZ+1 X +−10n
15. The emission of gamma radiation from a nucleus is generally represented by the equation:
A A
(A) Z X → Z X +γ −radiation
A A
(B) Z X → Z−1 X + γ −radiation
(C) AZ X → AZ −1 X + γ −radiation (D) None of these
16. In air, the density of gamma rays:
(A) Falls off as the inverse of the distance from the source
(B) Falls off as the inverse square of the distance from the source
(C) Remains same everywhere
(D) Has no relation with the distance from the source
17. The charge on a helium nucleus is equal to charge of:
(A) Two electrons (B) Two protons
(C) Two neutrons (D) One proton
18. Phenomenon of radioactivity is due to disintegration of:
(A) Proton (B) Neutron
(C) Electron (D) Nucleus
19. Which of the following have similar nature as that of electrons?
(A) Alpha rays (B) Beta rays
(C) Gemma rays (D) X-rays
20. Which statements describes γ _ radiation?
(A) It carries a negative charge and is absorbed by a thin sheet of aluminum
(B) It carries a positive charge and is absorbed by a thin sheet of paper
(C) It consists of electromagnetic waves and is not affected by electric or magnetic field
(D) It is the same as a helium nucleus and has powerful joining effects
21. A nucleus consists of 90 protons and 144 neutrons. After emitting two beta particles
followed by an alpha particle, this nucleus has:
(A) 86 protons and 140 neutrons
(B) 86 protons and 142 neutrons
 (C) 90 protons and 140 neutrons
(D) 90 protons and 142 neutrons
22. The same radioactive nucleus may emit:
(A) Either α or β and γ-rays at a time
(B) All the three α, β and γ-particles one after another
(C) All the three α, β and γ-rays simultaneously
(D) One α and β-particles simultaneously
23. The unstable elements have charge number:
(A) Equal to 82 (B) Less than 82
(C) Greater than 82 (D) Infinity
24. The best shield against γ-rays would be of:
(A) Heavy water (B) Aluminium
(C) Iron (D) Lead
25. Which material should be used to line a box for storing radioactive substances emitting γ-
radiation?
(A) Aluminum (B) Graphite
(C) Lead (D) Plastic
26. An alpha particle is the same as:
(A) A helium nucleus (B) A high-speed electron
(C) A hydrogen nucleus
(D) Electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength
27. Which of the following statements about alpha particles is not true?
(A) They can be deflected by a magnetic field
(B) They can be deflected by an electric field
(C) They can be deflected by a spark counter
(D) They are radioactive
28. Which particle is positively charged?
(A) Alpha-particles (B) Beta-particle
(C) Electron (D) Neutron
29. The β__ ray emitted by a radioactive substance is:
(A) An electron detached from an orbit outside the nucleus
(B) An electron which was existing inside the nucleus
(C) An electron emitted by the nucleus as a result of the decay of a neutron inside the nucleus
(D) A pulse of electromagnetic wave
30. Emission of beta particle from a nucleus:
(A) Changes its atomic number
(B) Changes its mass number
(C) Changes both the above
(D) None of these
31. The phenomenon of radioactivity is associated with:
(A) Decay of nucleus (B) Decay of atoms
(C) Fusion of nuclei (D) Emission of electrons
32. The process by which nuclei emit α, β and γ_rays in order to attain stability is called:
(A) Radioactive disintegration (B) Beta-decay
(C) Radioactivity
(D) Radioactive transmutation
33. Which is the most massive particle?
(A) Deuteron (B) Alpha particles
(C) Neutron (D) Positrons
34. Which of the following is not a mode of radioactive decay?
(A) Positron emission (B) Electron capture
(C) Fusion (D) Alpha decay
35. Which of the following constitute gamma ray?
(A) Protons (B) Neutrons
(C) Photons (D) None of these
36. The radioactive nuclide 22886Ra decays by a series of emission of three α-particle. The nuclide
X finally formed is:
(A) 22084X (B) 21681X
222
(C) 86X (D) 21588X
37. Which of the following conservation law hold in nuclear transmutation?
(A) Mass (B) Momentum
(C) Energy (D) All these laws
38. When a radioactive element emits an α-particle then its:
(A) Mass number decrease by two and atomic number decrease by two
(B) Both mass number and atomic number remains same
(C) Mass number decrease by four and atomic number decrease by two
(D) Mass number remains same atomic number decreases by two
39. γ-radiations are emitted due to:
(A) Do excitation of atom (B) Excitation of atom (c)
(C) Do excitation of nucleus (D) Excitations of nucleus
40. a nucleus of an element X which is 84X202 emits an α-particle and then a β-particle. The final
nucleus formed has an atomic number of:
(A) 83 (B) 82
(C) 80 (D) 200
41. in which sequence, the radioactive radiations are emitted in the following nuclear reaction?
(A) α, β, γ (B) β, α, γ
(C) γ, α, β (D) β, γ, α
42. A neutrino is a particle which is emitted in β-decay. It has:
1
(A) No change (B) Spinal equal to
2
(C) Zero rest mass (D) All of these
43. Consider the nuclear reaction:
92U →Th
234 230
+ X + energy
The nuclide X represents:
(A) 3H2 (B) 3H3
(C) 4He2 (D) 2He4
44. When γ-rays are emitted the nuclear mass:
(A) Decreases by 4 units (B) Does not change
(C) Increase by 2 units (D) Increases by 1 unit
45. The element formed by radioactive decay is called:
(A) Farther element (B) Mother element (c)
(C) Parent element (D) Daughter element
21.5 HALF LIFE
1.The reciprocal of decay constant (λ) of a radioactive element is:
(A) Half-life (B) Mean life
(C) Total life (D) Curie
2.The half-life of radium-226 is:
(A) 1620 years (B) 4.5×109 years
(C) 3.2 days (D) 23.5 minutes
3.The half-life of radon gas is:
(A) 1620 years (B) 4.5×109 years
(C) 3.2 days (D) 23.5 minutes
4.The half-life of uranium-239 is:
 (A) 1620 years (B) 4.5×109 years
(C) 3.2 days (D) 23.5 minutes
5.The estimate of any radioactive dement can be made from its:
(A) Half-life (B) Decaying constant
(C) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’ (D) None of these
6.The relation between decay constant ‘λ’ and half-life T1/2 is given as:
1 1
(A) λT = 0.693 (B) λT = 0963
2 2
1 1
(C) λT = 0.369 (D) λT = 0.396
2 2
7.Decay constant for any element can be found by the relation:
n N ×∆ N
(A) λ = (B) λ =
ΔN / ΔT ΔT
ΔN /N ΔN
(C) λ = (D) λ =
ΔT N
8.The distance at which the radioactive particle comes at rest after emitting from a source is
called:
(A) Range (B) Stopping distance
(C) Distance (D) None of these
9.In the equation ΔN = - λΔt, ‘λ’ is called:
(A) Wavelength (B) Decaying constant
(C) Decay constant (D) Both ‘b’ & ‘c’
10. The SI unit of decay constant is:
(A) m (B) m-1
(C) s-1 (D) Nm-1
11. In the equation ΔN = - λΔt, negative sign indicates:
(A) The decrease in the number of atoms
(B) The increase in the number of atoms
(C) That the number of atoms remains constant
(D) None of these
12. It we have ‘No’ number of atoms of any radioactive element, then after a period of 4 half-
lives, the number of atoms left behind are:
1 1
(A) No (B) No
4 8
1
(C) No (D) None of these
16
13. The half-life of uranium-238 is:
(A) 1620 years (B) 4.5×109 years
(C) 3.2 days (D) 23.5 minutes
14. The radioactive decay obeys the law:
(A) No = N(1 + e λT) (B) N = Noe -λT
(C) No = Ne- λT (D) N = Noe λT
15. The half-life of a nuclide is 10 minutes. What is the probability of an atom of the nuclide to
survive after a lapse of 50 minutes?
1 1
(A) (B)
5 10
1 1
(C) (D)
16 32
16. The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is the time taken for:
(A) The mass of a rock sample of the radioactive nuclide to be halved
 (B) Half the original number of atoms of the radioactive nuclide to have decayed
(C) The number of atoms of the daughter (i.e; the product of decay) to be doubled
(D) The activity of sample of the nuclide to be halved
17. The half-life of a radioactive substance is independent of:
(A) In number (if large enough) of the atoms of the radioactive substances
(B) The temperature of the substance
(C) The age of the radioactive substance
(D) All of the above
18. The time required for a radioactive material to decrease in activity by one half is called the:
(A) Half-Time of the material
(B) Half-life of the material
(C) Decay-life of the material
(D) Mean-life of the material
19. The half-life of a radioactive substance depends on:
(A) Pressure (B) Temperature
(C) Amount of substance (D) No external influences
20. The rate of decay (disintegrations per unit time) of a radioactive substance:
(A) Decreases exponentially with time (B) Varies inversely as time
(C) Decreases linearly with time
(D) Decreases quadratically with time
21. A freshly made sample of radioactive material gives a count rate of 8000 counts per minute.
After twenty days, it gives a count rate of 500 counts per minute. What is the half-life of the
material?
(A) 4 days (B) 5 days
(C) 20 days (D) 80 days
22. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 2 minutes. What can be deduced from this statement?
(A) After ½ minute, ¼ of the isotopes remains
(B) After 1 minute, ¼ of the isotopes remains
(C) After 4 minutes, ¼ of the isotopes remains
(D) After 4 minutes, none of the isotopes remains
23. A sample of radioactive material contains N radioactive nuclei at a given instant. If the half-
life is 20ms, how many unstable nuclei remains after 1 h?
(A) N/2 (B) N/4
(C) N/6 (D) N/8
24. If the half-life (T1/2) of a radioactive element is one year. In how much will the sample of
such an element reduce to 1/8th of its mass?
(A) ½ year (B) 2 years
(C) 3 years (D) 4 years
25. The initial activity of a sample of a radioactive isotope containing No nuclei is Ao. What is
Aa
the number of unchanged nuclei when the activity has declined to :
2
N
(A) 0.69No (B) o
2
0.69 N o No
(C) (D)
2 1.38
26. The half-life of a radioactive element is 1500 years the fraction of sample that would survive
after 6000 years is:
1 1
(A) (B)
2 8
1 1
(C) (D)
4 16
27. Half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days and it weight 20 mg. After 4 half live, the amount left
undecayed will be:
(A) 2.5 mg (B) 1.25 mg
(C) 0.625 mg (D) 0.312 mg
28. By emitting β-particle and γ-particle simultaneously the nucleus changes its charge by:
(A) -1 (B) +1
(C) -2 (D) +2
29. After two half-lives, the number of decayed nuclei of an element are:
N
(A) N (B)
2
N 3N
(C) (D)
2 4
21.6 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
1.Which of the following is best ionizer?
(A) Alpha particles (B) Beta particles
(C) Gamma particles (D) None of these
2.Which of the following has greatest penetrating power?
(A) Alpha particles (B) Beta particles
(C) Gamma particles (D) None of these
3.The α-particle are capable of producing fluorescence is substances like:
(A) Zinc sulphide (B) Barium platinocyanide
(C) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’ (D) None of these
4.The range of β-particle is:
(A) 100 times more than α-particles
(B) 100 times less than α-particles
(C) 1000 times less than α-particles (D) Equal to β - particles
5.When a β-particle travels through a medium, it knocks out electrons from the atom due to:
(A) Gravitational force of attraction
(B) Electrostatic force of repulsion
(C) Nuclear force
(D) Electroomagnetic induction
6.The ionizing ability of β-particle is:
(A) 10 times less than α-particles
(B) 50 times less than α-particles
(C) 100 times less than α-particles (D) None of these
7.The β-particle move along:
(A) Straight path (B) Curved path
(C) Zig-zag path (D) Circular path
8.The photoelectric effect is most important at γ-rays’ energies below:
(A) 0.1Mev (B) 0.3Mev
(C) 0.5Mev (D) 0.7Mev
9.The intensity ‘Io’ of a beam after passing through a distance ‘x’ in the medium is reduced to
intensity ‘I’ given by the relation:
(A) Io = Ie-μx (B) I = Ioe-μx
-μx
(C) Io = -Ie (D) Io= Ioeμx
10. β –particles have less ionizing power than α–particles due to
(A) Their smaller mass (B) Their smaller energy
(C) Their smaller charge and greater speeds (D) Their smaller energy
11. The α—particle does not travel far enough in air
(A) Due to its intense ionization B) Due to its large mass
(C) Due to its high charge (D) None of these
12. By producing radiographs, γ-rays can be used to detect
(A) Cracks in the metal plates or welding fault
(B) The size and location of tumor
(C) Faults within the heavy machinery like jet engine
(D) All of the above
13. If an α—particle is heading straight for nucleus, when will it come to rest?
(A) When its total energy is zero
(B) When it strikes the nucleus
(C) When it strikes the electron shells
(D) When the kinetic energy lost by it equals to electric potential energy
14. Which of the following is highly penetrating?
(A) α-particles (B) γ-particles
(C) β-particles (D) x-rays
214
15. Po (polonium) is
(A) ∝−sources (B) β- sources
(C) None of these (D) Not radioactive
16. Which particle has large range in air:
(A) α-particles (B) γ-particles
(C) β-particles (D) Neutron
17. Speed of β particles is nearly equal to:
(A) 1 × 107 ms-1 (B) 107 m/s
(C) 3× 108 m/s (D) 106 m/s
18. The charge on β--- particle is:
(A) +e (B) -e
(C) -2e (D) None of these
19. γ- rays emitted from radioactive element have speed.
(A) 1 × 107 ms-1 (B) 1 × 1018 ms-1
(C) 3× 108 ms-1 (D) 4 × 1019 ms-1
20. Cobalt – 60 is the source for:
(A) ∝−rays (B) γ-rays
(C) β- rays (D) Neutron
21. How many times, the α- particle is more massive than electrons?
(A) 6332 (B) 7332
(C) 8332 (D) 9332
21.7 RADIATION DETECTORS
1.The cloud chamber was invented by C.T.R. Wilson in
(A) 1905 (B) 1907
(C) 1909 (D) 1911
2.The α—particles have tracks
(A) Thick (B) Continuous
(C) Straight (D) All of these
3.The β – particles have tracks
(A) Thick (B) Continuous
(C) Discontinuous (D) Both ‘a’ & ‘c’
4.The γ --- rays have
(A) Thin tracks (B) Thick tracks
(C) No definite tracks (D) Continuous tracks
5.Wilson cloud chamber is an instrument used for
(A) Making the path of ionizing particle visible
(B) Accelerating natively charged particles
(C) Accelerating positively charged particles
 (D) All of the above
6.Wilson cloud chamber is based on the principle that super saturated vapors condense more
readily on
(A) Dust particles only (B) Ions only
(C) Ions and dust particles (D) None of these
7.In a cloud chamber, the α --- particles presence of
(A) Dense, straight and continuous tracks
(B) Thin and discontinuous tracks
(C) Irregular tracks (D) None of these
8.The working of a cloud chamber is based on the presence of
(A) Super-heated vapours (B) Liquids
(C) Super saturated vapours (D) Unsaturated vapours
9.Gelger counter was designed by
(A) Wilson (B) Geiger and Muller
(C) Lawrence (D) Mosely
10. G.M. Counter is suitable for.
(A) Fast counting (B) Slow counting
(C) Both fast and slow counting (D) None of these
11. G.M. Counter is widely used in.
(A) Optical experiments
(B) Radioactivity experiments
(C) Electrical experiment (D) All of these
12. Which of the following detectors can count fast and operate at low voltage?
(A) G.M. counter (B) Cloud chamber
(C) Solid state detector (D) Bubble chamber
13. Specially designed solid-state detector can be used to detect
(A) Alpha particles (B) Beta particles
(C) Gamma particles (D) X-rays
14. The potential difference between top and bottom of a cloud chamber is of the order of.
(A) 1kV (B) 1Mev
(C) 400V (D) 344V
15. A solid-state detector is basically.
(A) A reverse-biased p-n junction
(B) A forward-biased p-n junction
(C) A p-n-p transistor (D) A n-p-n transistor
16. The potential difference between anode and cathode in a neon-bromine filled G.M. Counter
is.
(A) 1kV (B) 400V
(C) 344V (D) 1MV
17. The dead time of G.M tube is:
(A) 10-3 sec (B) 10-6 sec
(C) 10-4 sec (D) 10-8 sec
18. The mass of B particle is equal to the mass of:
(A) Proton (B) Neutron
(C) Electron (D) Photon
19. Gm-counter uses:
(A) Alcohol only (B) Bromine
(C) Argon (D) Neon and bromine
20. A device that shows the visible path of lionizing particle is called:
(A) GM counter (B) Solid state detector
(C) Scalar (D) Wilson Cloud chamber
21.8 NUCLEAR REACTIONS
1.The first artificially produced nuclear transmutation was accomplished by:
(A) Curie (B) Rutherford
(C) Becquerel (D) Chadwick
2.Which of the following nuclear reaction is possible?
1 1 4 4 27 30 1
(A) 1 H + 1 H → 2He (B) 2He + 13 Al → 15P+ 0n
2 31 29 4 224 219 4
(C) 1 H + 13→ 13 P+ 2 He (D) 88 Ra+ 86 Rn→ 2He
3.The reason of neutrons being more effective as bombarding particles as compared to protons is
that:
(A) Neutrons have more kinetic energy
(B) Neutrons emit beta particles
(C) Neutrons remain in affected by electric field
(D) Neutrons exert stronger nuclear forces
4.A high energy α-particles collides with a 147 N nucleus to produce a 178 O nucleus. What could be
the order products of this collision:
(A) A γ-photon alone
(B) A γ-photon and a neutron
(C) A γ-photon and a β-particles (D) A γ-photon and a proton
5.Consider the nuclear reaction
3H + 3H →1 H + W
3 3 2

What does particle W denote?

(A) Electron (B) Positron
(C) Proton (D) Neutron
6.What are the values of α and Z in the following nuclear reaction?
2He + N →8 O + 1 H
4 14 a 1

(A) 17,7 (B) 7,17

(C) 13,6 (D) 6,13
7.When nitrogen is bombarded by Alphe particles, nitrogen Nucleus change into:
(A) Oxygen (O) (B) Carbon (C)
(C) Barium (Be) (D) Helium (He)
21.9 NUCLEAR FISSION
1.An atom of 92 U, after absorption of a slow neutron, undergoes fission to form an atom of 13955
235

Xe and an atom of 9438 Sr. What other particles are produced?

(A) An alpha particle (B) A deuterium atom
(C) Two neutrons (D) Three neutrons
2.Uranium bombs depend on the process of:
(A) Fission (B) Fusion
(C) Pair production (D) Annihilation
3.Application of fast neutrons fission reactions is found in:
(A) Radioactive carbon dating (B) The atomic bomb
(C) The nuclear reactor (D) None of these
4.What for are cadmium or boron rods used in a nuclear reactor?
(A) To slow down the reaction
(B) To absorb the excess neutrons
(C) To absorb alpha particles (D) None
5.Which of the following is used as a fuel in a nuclear reactor?
(A) Water/heavy water (B) Lead/aluminium
(C) Lead/cadmium (D) Plutonium/uranium
6.The critical mass of a fission reaction is:
(A) The mass to start a nuclear fission reaction
(B) The minimum mass for chain reaction
(C) The size of the reactor core
 (D) The size of fuel plus the size of moderate
7.Which is an example of nuclear fusion?
(A) Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen
(B) Formation of barium and krypton from uranium
(C) Formation of helium from hydrogen
(D) None of the above
8.Which of the following can be sed as an arrester is a nuclear reactor?
(A) Graphite (B) Heavy water
(C) Uranium (D) Cadmium
9.Moderators in a fission process slow down the fast neutrons and make it easy to produce fission
in:
(A) Uranium-235 (B) Thorium-223
(C) Natural uranium (D) Uranium-239
10. In a nuclear reactor, chain reaction is controlled by introducing:
(A) Iron rods (B) Cadmium rods
(C) Graphite rods (D) Platinum rods
11. Which atomic particle is used to cause fission in an atomic reactor:
(A) Alpha particle (B) Beta particle
(C) Deuteron (D) Neutron
12. The control rods used in nuclear reactors are made of:
(A) Stainless steel (B) Graphite
(C) Cadmium (D) Plutonium
13. Fission of uranium__ 235 is:
(A) Exothermic (B) Endothermic
(C) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’ (D) None of these
14. The process by which a heavy nucleus splits up into two lighter nuclei is known as:
(A) Fission (B) Fusion
(C) Alpha decay (D) A chain reaction
15. It is possible to understand nuclear fission on the basis of:
(A) Independent particle model of the nucleus
(B) Liquid drop model of the nucleus
(C) Meson theory of nucleus
(D) Proton-proton type
16. In fission reaction, heavy water is used as a:
(A) Coolant (B) Moderator
(C) Heat exchanger
(D) Controller of reaction rate
17. The product of the fission reaction of uranium, named, barium and krypton, have a total
mass equal to:
(A) 0.6Mev (B) 0.9Mev
(C) 0.96Mev (D) 1.96Mev
18. The only naturally occurring nucleus that undergoes a fission reaction produced by
neutrons of low energy is:
(A) 23592 U (B) 14456 Br
(C) 8936 Kr (D) 23390 Th
235
19. The average energy release per fission of U is about:
(A) 200Mev (B) 2 Mev
(C) 2keV (D) 200eV
20. The energy that must be applied to break up a nucleus into free nucleons is called the:
(A) Nuclear energy (B) Binding energy
(C) Separation energy (D) Meson energy
21. A slow neutron can cause fission in:
 (A) Uranium-238 (B) Uranium-235
(C) Hydrogen-1 (D) Thorium-232
22. The process of fission is responsible for the releasee of energy in:
(A) The hydrogen bomb (B) The atom bomb
(C) The sun (D) All of these
23. For fission to occur, neutrons must possess:
(A) Very low energy (B) Thermal energy
(C) Very high energy (D) None of these
24. The substances which slow down the speed of neutrons produced during a fission process
are called:
(A) Inhibitors (B) Retardants
(C) Moderators (D) All of these
25. What night happen when, in a particular chain reaction, a neutron collides with a heavy
nucleus? The nucleus might split to give two lighter nuclei, energy and:
(A) Particles (B) β-particles
(C) Neutron (D) Protons
26. Enriched uranium is U __ 235 has been raised beyond:
(A) 70% (B) 7%
(C) 0.7% (D) 2.07%
27. Heavy water is one of the substances used as moderator in reactors. Which of the following
is also used as moderator?
(A) Sea water (B) Graphite
(C) Cobalt (D) Titanium
28. During the fission reaction the amount of energy released per nucleon is about:
(A) 0.9 Me v (B) 7.7 Me V
(C) 28Me v (D) 200Me V
21.10 FUSION REACTION
1.The temperature of Sun’s core is about:
(A) 2×103Co (B) 2×105Co
(C) 2×107Co (D) 2×1017Co
2.In p-p chain reaction, the amount of energy obtained per nucleon is:
(A) 2.4MeV (B) 4.4 MeV
(C) 5.4 MeV (D) 6.4 MeV
3.During a nuclear fusion reaction:
(A) A heavy nucleus breaks into two fragments by itself
(B) A light nucleus bombarded by thermal neutrons breaks up
(C) A heavy nucleus bombarded by thermal neutrons breaks up
(D) Two light nuclei combine to give a heavier nucleus and possible other products
4.The phenomenon of nuclear fusion is used in the construction of:
(A) Incendiary bombs (B) Atom bombs
(C) Hydrogen bombs (D) All of these
5.Energy in the Sun is produced as a result of:
(A) Fission (B) Thermonuclear fusion
(C) Explosion (D) Combustion
6.Energy released in the process of fusion is:
(A) Equal to fission
(B) Always greater than fission
(C) Always less than fission
(D) Some times greater than and sometimes less than fission
7.Fusion is a:
(A) Thermonuclear process (B) Exothermic process
 (C) Both ‘a’ & ‘b’ (D) None of these
8.Hydrogen bombs depend on a process of:
(A) Fission (B) Fusion
(C) Pair production (D) Annihilation
9.The temperature at the surface of the sun is:
(A) 7000 degree Celsius (B) 5 million degree Celsius
(C) 3400 degree Celsius (D) 6000 degree Celsius
10. In p-p chain reaction the amount of energy obtained per nucleon is:
(A) 200 Me V (B) 25.7Me V
(C) 1 Me V (D) 6.4 Me V
11. The number of protons take part in nuclear reaction of sun are:
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 2 (D) 3
21.11 RADIATION EXPOSURE
1.CFC is used in:
(A) Refrigeration (B) Aerosol spray
(C) Plastic foam industry (D) All of above
2.The cosmic radiation consists of:
(A) High energy particles
(B) Electromagnetic radiation
(C) Both a & b
(D) Low energy charged particles
3.A smoker inhale:
(A) Toxic smoke (B) Hazardous radiation
(C) Both a & b (D) None of these
21.12 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
1.The SI unit of radioactivity is called:
(A) One curie (B) One Becquerel
(C) One bel (D) None of these
2.The bigger unit of radioactivity is called:
(A) One curie (B) One Becquerel
(C) One bel (D) None of these
3.One Becquerel is equal to:
(A) Decay of one radioactive atom per second
(B) Decay of 100 radioactive atoms per second
(C) Decay of infinity radioactive atoms per second
(D) None of the above
4.One curie is equal to:
(A) 1.7×1010 atoms decaying per second
(B) 2.7×1010 atoms decaying per second
(C) 3.7×1010 atoms decaying per second
(D) 5.7×1010 atoms decaying per second
5.The SI unit of absorbed dose is called:
(A) Bel (B) Weber
(C) Gray (D) None of these
6.One gray (Gy) is equal to:
(A) 1J-1 kg-1 (B) 1J-1 kg-2
(C) 1J kg-2 (D) 1J kg-1
7.The old unit of absorbed dose is:
(A) Ampere (B) Kelvin
(C) Rad (D) Tesia
8.One rad is equal to:
(A) 0.1Gy (B) 0.01Gy
(C) 0.001Gy (D) 0.0001Gy
9.The SI unit of equivalent dose is:
(A) Gray (B) Radian
(C) Rem (D) Seivert
10. An old unit of equivalent dose is:
(A) Gray (B) Radian
(C) Rem (D) Seivert
11. One rem is equal to:
(A) 0.1sv (B) 0.01sv
(C) 0.001sv (D) 0.0001sv
12. A worker at a nuclear plant walks into a room and is accident tall exposed to a small
amount of γ-radiation. On entering this room, the worker will:
(A) Feel no effect (B) Feel very hot
(C) Get skin blisters (D) Lose consciousness
13. The background radiation in the atmosphere on the average is:
(A) 0.5 mSv per year (B) 1.0 mSv per year
(C) 1.5 mSv per year (D) 2.0 mSv per year
14. Which action will most increase a person’s exposure to radioactivity?
(A) Eating food that has been sterilized by exposure to gamma rays
(B) Going for a flight in a highflying aircraft
(C) Opening the windows of a house
(D) Using a Geiger-Muller tube the counter
15. Which unit allows the damage capability of a quantity of radiation to be expressed:
(A) Sieverts (B) Main sieverts
(C) Coulombs (D) Grays
16. Under the losing radiation regulations (IRR 99) the annual does limit for an adult worker is:
(A) 5 mSv (B) 50 mSv
(C) 2 mSv (D) 20 mSv
17. Absorbed Dose “D” is defined as:
(A) M/E (B) E/C
(C) C/M (D) E/M
12.13 BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL USES OF RADIATION
1.How is radiocarbon dating done?
(A) By estimating the amount of radium present in sample
(B) By estimating the ratio of amounts C14 and C12 still present in the sample
(C) By estimating the radiocarbon still present in the sample
(D) By estimating the ordinary carbon still present in the sample
2.Tracer techniques make use of:
(A) Neutron scattering (B) Electron beams
(C) Lasers (D) Radioactive isotopes
3.α-radiations are used for the treatment of skin of a patient due to:
(A) Highly ionizing power (B) Low penetration power
(C) Positively charged particles (D) Helium nuclei
4.A radioactive gas often prepared in small “seeds” for medical implantations is:
(A) Radium (B) Thorium
(C) Argon (D) Radon
5.Strontium __94 is used as:
(A) β particle source (B) α particle source
(C) γ particle source (D) Neutron source
6.Circulation of blood can be studied by:
 (A) Sodium-24 (B) Strontium 90
(C) Carbon 14 (D) Iodine 131
7.The age of a rock can be estimated by:
(A) Absorption of γ-rays when they pass through it
(B) Knowing the gravimetric composition of the compound of silicon in the rock
(C) Radioactive dating
(D) Knowing the elastic properties of rock
8.Radioactive iodine can be used to check person’s________ is working properly:
(A) Cancer (B) Skin cancer
(C) Lungs (D) Thyroid gland
9.Cobalt-60 is used for treatment of:
(A) Cancer (B) Kidneys
(C) Lungs (D) Thyroid
10. The gamma rays’ radiographs are used in:
(A) Agriculture used (B) Medical diagnosis
(C) Support industry (D) All of these
11. Thyroid cancer is cured by:
(A) Iodine-131 (B) Sodium-24
(C) Cesium-137 (D) Carbon-14
21.14 BASIC FORCES OF NATURE
1.Nuclear force as compared with electrostatic force is:
(A) Weaker and long-range (B) Weaker and short-range
(C) Stronger and long-range
(D) Stronger and short-range
2.Which of the following forces is responsible to keep nuclei together?
(A) Electrostatic force only
(B) Electrostatic and nuclear force
(C) Nuclear force only
(D) Electrostatic and gravitational force
3.The constituents of the nucleus are held together by:
(A) Electromagnetic force (B) Weak nuclear force
(C) Strong nuclear force (D) Gravitational force
4.Which of the following is believed to be carrier of nuclear forces?
(A) Lepton (B) Meson
(C) Bason (D) Baryon
5.Nuclear forces arise from the continuous exchange of particles know as:
(A) Meson (B) Baryons
(C) Positron (D) Lepton
6.Electromagnetic and weak forces were unified by:
(A) Weinberg (B) Glashow
(C) Abdus Salam (D) All of these
7.Dr. Abdus Salam was awarded by noble prize in:
(A) 1979 (B) 1987
(C) 1969 (D) 1962
8.The electromagnetic force is:
(A) Short range (B) Long range
(C) Moderate range (D) No large
9.Abdu-us-Salam forwarded a theory of unification of:
(A) Electromagnetic and weak forces
(B) Electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces
(C) Electromagnetic and gravitational forces
(D) Electric and magnetic forces
 21.15 BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER
1.Sub-atomic particles that do not experience strong nuclear force are called:
(A) Hadrons (B) Photons
(C) Leptons (D) Nucleons
2.The particles less in mass that protons are called:
(A) Mesons (B) Bosons
(C) Baryons (D) Nucleons
3.Sub-atomic particles which experience strong nuclear force are called:
(A) Leptons (B) Hadrons
(C) Mesons (D) Quarks
4.Sub-atom particles are divided into:
(A) Photons (B) Leptons
(C) Hadrons (D) All of these
5.Electron are:
(A) Hadrons (B) Leptons
(C) Quarks (D) Baryons
6.Bottom quark carries charge:
2 1
(A) + e (B) + e
3 3
2 1
(C) - e (D) - e
3 3
7.The particles that experience the strong nuclear force are:
(A) Quarks (B) Leptons
(C) Hadrons (D) Positrons
8.The types of quarks are:
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 5
9.A pair of quark and anti-quark is called:
(A) Leptons (B) Baryons
(C) Mesons (D) Quarks
10. The particles equal in mass or greater than protons are called:
(A) Baryons (B) Hadrons
(C) Fermions (D) Mesons
11. The building blocks of protons and neutrons are called:
(A) Ions (B) Electrons
(C) Positrons (D) Quarks
12. Which of the following are not hadrons?
(A) Muons (B) Protons
(C) Neutrons (D) Mesons
13. Two up quarks and one down quarks mates a:
(A) Proton (B) Neutrons
(C) Photon (D) Mesons
14. Two down and one up quack make:
(A) Protons (B) High energy photons
(C) Positrons (D) All of these