Unit 1: Introduction to Data Mining (08 Hours)

Data Mining: Definition & Functionalities

• Definition: Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, correlations, and anomalies within
large datasets to predict outcomes. It uses statistical, machine learning, and database systems to
extract useful information.
• Functionalities:
o Classification: Assigning data to predefined categories.
o Clustering: Grouping similar data points.
o Regression: Predicting a continuous value.
o Association Rule Mining: Discovering relationships between variables.
o Anomaly Detection: Identifying outliers.
o Sequential Patterns: Finding regular sequences over time.

Data Processing

• Steps: Collecting, cleaning, transforming, and integrating data to prepare it for analysis.
• Importance: Ensures the quality and accuracy of the data used in mining processes.

Forms of Data Pre-processing

• Data Cleaning: Removing noise and correcting inconsistencies to ensure data quality.
• Data Integration: Combining data from different sources.
• Data Transformation: Converting data into appropriate formats or structures.
• Data Reduction: Reducing the volume of data to make analysis more efficient while maintaining
data integrity.

Data Cleaning

• Missing Values: Techniques to handle missing data include ignoring the tuple, filling in the missing
value, or using a global constant.
• Noisy Data: Can be handled through binning, regression, or clustering.
o Binning: Smoothing data by grouping values into bins.
o Clustering: Grouping similar data points to identify outliers.
o Regression: Using statistical methods to predict missing values.
• Inconsistent Data: Detecting and correcting inconsistent data entries.

Data Integration and Transformation

• Data Integration: Combining multiple datasets from different sources to provide a unified view.
• Data Transformation: Involves normalization (scaling data to a smaller range) and aggregation
(summarizing data).

Data Reduction

• Importance: Reduces the volume of data while maintaining its analytical value.
• Techniques:
o Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of attributes.
o Numerosity Reduction: Reducing the data volume through methods like regression models
and histograms.

Unit 2: Concept Description (12 Hours)

Association Rule Mining

 • Definition: A data mining technique used to identify relationships or patterns among a set of items in
large databases.
• Example: Analyzing customer transactions to find products frequently bought together.

Mining Single-Dimensional Boolean Association Rules from Transactional Databases

• Single-Dimensional: Focuses on a single attribute or dimension.

• Boolean: The presence or absence of an item is considered.
• Transactional Databases: Databases that record transactions (e.g., purchase data).

Apriori Algorithm

• Purpose: Used to mine frequent itemsets and derive association rules.

• Steps:
o Generate Frequent Itemsets: Identify itemsets with support above a minimum threshold.
o Generate Association Rules: Create rules from frequent itemsets that meet a minimum
confidence level.
• Efficiency: Uses a bottom-up approach and pruning to reduce the number of candidate itemsets.

Classification and Predictions

• Decision Tree
o Definition: A tree-like model used to make decisions based on input features.
o Construction: Nodes represent features, branches represent decision rules, and leaves
represent outcomes.
o Advantages: Easy to understand and interpret.
• Bayesian Classification
o Based on Bayes' Theorem: Uses probability to predict the category of a data point.
o Naive Bayes Classifier: Assumes independence between features.
o Application: Commonly used for text classification and spam detection.
• K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) Classifiers
o Definition: A simple, instance-based learning algorithm.
o Function: Classifies a data point based on the majority class of its k-nearest neighbors.
o Advantages: Easy to implement, effective with a small amount of data.
o Disadvantages: Computationally intensive with large datasets.

Unit 3: Data Warehousing (08 Hours)

Overview and Definition

• Data Warehousing: A data warehouse is a centralized repository for storing large volumes of data
from multiple sources. It is designed for query and analysis rather than transaction processing.
• Purpose: Enables organizations to consolidate data, perform analytics, and generate insights for
decision-making.

Delivery Process

• ETL (Extract, Transform, Load):

o Extract: Collecting data from various sources.
o Transform: Converting data into a suitable format.
o Load: Loading the transformed data into the data warehouse.

Difference Between Database System and Data Warehouse

 • Database System: Optimized for transaction processing (OLTP) with fast query processing and
frequent updates.
• Data Warehouse: Optimized for analytical processing (OLAP) with large volumes of historical data
and complex queries.

Multi-Dimensional Data Model

• Concept: Data is modeled as dimensions and facts, allowing complex queries and analysis.
• Components:
o Dimensions: Attributes or perspectives for analyzing data (e.g., time, geography).
o Facts: Quantitative data points (e.g., sales revenue).

Data Cubes

• Definition: Multi-dimensional arrays of data, allowing data to be viewed and analyzed from multiple
perspectives.
• Operations:
o Slice: Extracting a subset of data along a specific dimension.
o Dice: Extracting a subcube by selecting specific values from multiple dimensions.
o Roll-up: Aggregating data along a dimension (e.g., daily to monthly sales).
o Drill-down: Breaking down aggregated data into finer details.

Stars, Snowflakes, and Fact Constellations

• Star Schema: A simple schema where a central fact table is connected to dimension tables.
• Snowflake Schema: An extension of the star schema with normalized dimension tables.
• Fact Constellations: Multiple fact tables sharing dimension tables, representing complex
relationships.

Concept Hierarchy

• Definition: Organizes data into a hierarchical structure, allowing different levels of abstraction.
• Example: Geography dimension with levels such as country, state, and city.

Process Architecture

• Components: Data sources, ETL process, data warehouse, and front-end tools for querying and
analysis.

3-Tier Architecture

• Layers:
o Bottom Tier: Data warehouse server (RDBMS).
o Middle Tier: OLAP server for multi-dimensional analysis.
o Top Tier: Front-end tools for reporting and data mining.

Data Marting

• Definition: A subset of the data warehouse, focused on a specific business area or department.
• Purpose: Provides more targeted and efficient access to data for specific user groups.

Unit 4: OLAP (12 Hours)

Aggregation
 • Purpose: Summarizes detailed data for analysis, improving query performance.
• Types: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN.

Historical Information

• Importance: Maintains historical data for trend analysis and forecasting.

• Storage: Data warehouses store historical data to support long-term analysis.

Query Facility

• Capabilities: Allows complex queries for data analysis, supporting multi-dimensional analysis and
ad-hoc queries.

OLAP Functions and Tools

• OLAP (Online Analytical Processing): Tools and techniques for multi-dimensional analysis of
data.
• Functions:
o Roll-up and Drill-down: Aggregating and breaking down data.
o Slice and Dice: Viewing data from different perspectives.
o Pivoting: Rotating data axes for alternative views.

OLAP Servers

• Types:
o ROLAP (Relational OLAP): Uses relational databases to store and manage warehouse data.
o MOLAP (Multidimensional OLAP): Uses multi-dimensional databases for faster
processing.
o HOLAP (Hybrid OLAP): Combines ROLAP and MOLAP, leveraging the strengths of both.

Data Mining Interface

• Purpose: Integrates data mining techniques with OLAP for advanced analytics and pattern
discovery.

Security, Backup, and Recovery

• Security: Ensures data integrity and protection against unauthorized access. Implemented through
user authentication, access control, and encryption.
• Backup: Regular data backups to prevent data loss.
• Recovery: Processes to restore data in case of system failure or data corruption.