2ND QUARTER LESSON

LESSON 1. Forms and Functions of State and Non-state

Institution
STATE
A state is an organized political community acting under a government and united by common set
of laws. It uses absolute power in directing the path of a society. It also uses complete political
coerciveness, which may come in the form of armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and rigid government
policies in order to attain its societal goals and objectives.
-- A government is the particular group of people that controls the state at a given time.
NATION-- refers to a large geographical area and the people therein who perceives themselves as having
a common identity.
-- STATE is a political geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural or ethnic entity.

Three important political functions of state:

1. maintains control over violence in its domain
2. allocates resources and rewards at its discretion,
3. stands as the major focus of identity for the large majority of the people under its authority.

Elements of the States

1. Population
It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state. Without population there can
be no State.
2.Territory
There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and
organize themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the
territory of the states includes land, water and airspace.
3.Government
It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which makes,
implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state.
4.Sovereignty
It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty no state can exist. State
has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people and
territory. It is the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the people
living in its territory.

Forms of States
1. Authoritarian Government
--- Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they assume over those who
govern. An example of this type is Monarchy.
Monarchy --is a form of government in which supreme power is
absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state, often for life or
until abdication. The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch.

Totalitarianism-- is a political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of

public and private life. It theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to
subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state.
2. Oligarchy Government
An oligarchy-- is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite
segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious
hegemony. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people who
rule.
Theocracy --is a government by divine guidance or by official who are regarded as
divinely guided.
Democratic Government
3. Democracy-- is a form of government in which the right to governs is held by the
majority of citizens within a country or a state. The two principles of democracy are that
all citizens have equal access to power and that all citizens enjoy universally recognized
freedoms and liberties.
 Political and Leadership Structures

Political structure or institution is defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and
decisions are made within society.
The Executive branch is comprised of the President and the Vice President who are
chosen by direct popular vote and fulfill a term of six years. The Constitution grants the
President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of
the country’s bureaucracy.
The Legislative branch can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power
bestowed in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the
House of Representatives .
The Judicial branch maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights that are
legally demandable and enforceable. This branch decides whether there has been a serious
abuse of judgment amounting to lack or excess of authority on the part and instrumentality of
the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
Power --on the other hand is the capacity to realize desired ends despite opposition from
others. The utilization of power is the business of government, which is defined as a formal
organization that directs the political life of a society .
SUMMATIVE TEST 1.

TRUE OR FALSE. Write true if the statement is

correct otherwise false if it is incorrect.

1. A nation is political in nature.

2. A nation is a community of people.
3. A state is cultural in nature.
4. A state relates with the concept of government.
5. A nation is bounded by a common interest.
6 -9 Enumerate the elements of the State.
IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being ask in the question.
10. In terms of territory, the Exclusive Economic Zone
of the Philippines is measured _______ nautical miles ?
11. It is composed of the President, Vice President and
Cabinet.
12. The law making body of the Republic of the Phils.
13. Composed of Supreme court and lower courts.
14. A form of government in which the right to govern is
held by the majority of citizens.
15. A particular group of people that controls the state at a
given time.
LESSON 2. NON-STATE INSTITUTION

Nonstate institutions - are people and/ or organization that participate in

international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any state or
nation.
These nonstate institutions include the following: bank and
corporations,cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy
groups, and development agencies and international organizations. These
nonstate institutions are equally capable of influencing policy formation
and implementation.
a. Banks
Bank - is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial
services to different types of customers. Banks are in operation mainly
for their deposits and lending functions.

Major forms of banks and their description

Forms of Bank Description

Commercial Banks - Financial deposit with security and convenience

which could be in the form of credit cards, debit
cards, and check.
-- Provide business to individual, and personal
loans, enabling commercial banks to earn
interest.
Serve as payment agents within and outside the
country through wire transfer.
- Subjected to more regulations.
Investment Banks Financial intermediaries that performs a variety
of services for businesses and some government
Issues securities to the investing public
Make markets, facilities, mergers, and other
corporate reorganizations
Acts as brokers for institutional clients
Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such
as the Securities and Exchange Commission
Corporations
It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity guided by a group
of officers known as the Board of Directors. They were created by individuals, stockholders or
shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit. They have all legal rights of an individual,
except for the right to vote and certain limitations.

Common Types of Corporations

A corporation can be created by a single shareholder or by multiple shareholders who come
together to pursue common goal. A corporate can be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit
entity.

➢ For-profit entities form most corporations, and they are formed to generate revenues and
provide a return to their shareholders, according to their percentage of ownership in the
corporation.
➢ Not-for-profit entities operate under the category of charitable organizations, which are
dedicated to a particular social cause such as educational, religious, scientific, or research
purposes.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business organization that extends ownership, management,
production, and sales activities into several or more countries.
Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realize
their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one member, one vote. There are several common
types of co-ops, including cooperatives owned and operated by:
a. The people working there (worker cooperatives);
b. The people buying the co-op’s goods or services (consumer cooperatives)

Trade Unions/Labor Unions

Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for common interest of its
members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and
benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers. The
purpose of these unions is to look into the grievances of wagers and present a collective voice in front of the
management.

Transnational Advocacy Groups

Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly important role in international and regional
politics and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations and states. They are
particularly visible in contentious areas as human rights, environmental issues, international peace, and
women’s rights.
Development Agencies
Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation between the public sector,
private sector, and civil society. These are organizations with specific aims and goals. The common
denominator among these organizations is the term development. These agencies concentrate on the
growth, progression, and advancement of specific concerns, which can be infrastructure or social
institutions.

Types of Development Agencies:

International Organization is an institution with membership drawn from two or more countries. Its
activities transcend national boundaries as it facilitates cooperation among its members in the
performance of one or more tasks.

A public organization is an international government organization (IGO) with states as its members.
Prominent examples of IGOs are United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Union (EU), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
and World Health Organization (WHO). A private organization has a membership of individuals or groups
and is an international nongovernment organization (INGO) that originate for reasons other than politics
such as International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).
LESSON 2 : NON STATE INSTITUTION :
PERFORMANCE TASK : 1

1.RESEARCH AND ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS NGOs ,( NON-
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ), ON SPECIFIC SOCIAL OR INVIRONMENTAL ISSUE IN OUR
COUNTRY.

EXAMPLES OF NGOs in the Philippines :

1. Philippine Red Cross 6. Child Hope Philippines
2. Bacolod Chamber of Commerce and Industry 7. Philippine Cancer Society
3. Caritas Manila 8. KALAHI CIDSS Foundation
4. Association of Anti- Drud Abuse Coalition 9. World Vision
5. Bukas Palad Foundation 10. Bahay Kalinga
________________________________________________________________________________
SIMPLE FORMAT : 1 WHOLE YELLOW PAD SUBMISSION DATE : NOV. 14,2023

A. Make an Introduction
B. Impact Assessment
C. Recommendations
 2ND QUARTER – SECOND SUMMATIVE TEST
1. What organization of the state which makes, implements, enforces, the law?
A.Cooperatives C. Government
B.Corporation D. Trade Unions 2.
2. What institution that allows people deposit their money for safe keeping and interests?
A.Banks C. Corporation
B. Cooperatives D. Lending Company
3. What institution is made up of individuals, shareholders or stockholders who engage to business?
A.Banks C. Corporation
B.Cooperatives D. Trade Unions
4. What type of corporation that operates under the category of charitable organization?
A.For-Profit C. Trade Groups
B.Not-for Profit D. Union Groups
5. What business organization that extends production and sales into several countries?
A.International Government Organization C. Multinational Corporations
B.International Organization D. Transnational Groups
6. What organization is formed by workers for common interests of their co-workers?
A.Banks C. Corporation
B.Cooperatives D. Trade Groups
7. Are business organization that extends ownership, management, production, and sales activities into
several or more countries.
A. Cooperatives C. Businesses
B. Corporation D. Market
8. What licensed institution provides several financial services to different type of customers to
earn profits?
A.Banks C. State
B.Government D. Trade Unions
9. It is place where the buyers and the sellers meet.
A. Church C. Market
B. Institution D. Government
10. What institution that membership is drawn from two or more countries?
A.Cooperatives C. International Government
B.International Organization D. Trade Unions
TEST 2.
DIRECTIONS: Decode the word/s inside the box to form types of non-state institutions.

1. A financial institution that receives deposits from the public and generates credit.

ABKN
 2. It is usually operated by farmers or consumers for their mutual benefit.

RPTCVAOSIOEE

3. It consists of workers who have come together to get mutual goals like protecting the
integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits like health
care, and retirement.

EARTD ONINUS
4. These are independent organizations whose goals are to help develop and support
economic growth especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society.

MPEDOENETLV CANIGSEE

5. Organizations which are devoted into manipulating political, economic, social, and
institutional decisions across country boarders.

ONNAANSTLAIRT CDCYAOVA PSORUG

6. Are business organization that extends ownership, management, production, and sales
activities into several or more countries.

MULTIANIOTNAL PORATIONCOR

7. It is the most exclusive elements of State.

IOTSVREYNGE
8.An organized political community acting under a government and united by common
set of laws.

ETATS

9. A political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life.

MTOSITNALAIITRA
10. Examples of these are, World Health Organization, UNICEF, International Red Cross.

spuorg ccaadyov ltarannosinta

LESSON 3.
 EDUCATION
LESSON 4.
Functions and Importance of Education in the Society

Definition of Education
Education is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge,
including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012).
Education is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers to the
process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
Types of Education
In general, there are three types of education, these are:
1. Formal education
This refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded educational system from primary school
to the university, including programs and institutions for full time technical and vocational training.
a. Elementary Education
Elementary education involves compulsory, formal education primarily concerned with providing basic
education, and usually corresponds to a traditional six grades or seven grades, and in addition, to preschool
programs.
b. Secondary Education
Secondary education, public schools and private schools, is concerned primarily with continuing basic
education of the elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of employable, gainful skills,
usually corresponding to four years of junior high school and two years of senior high school.
 c. Tertiary Education
Institutions of higher education may be classified as either public or private college or
university, and public institutions of higher education may further be subdivided into two
types: state universities and colleges and local colleges and universities.
2. Non-formal education
It refers to any organized educational activity outside the established formal system to provide selected types
of learning to a segment of the population.
3. Informal education
It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires from daily experiences, attitudes, values, facts,
skills, and knowledge or motor skill from resources in his or her higher environment.
Special Education
Special Education refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or
culturally different from socalled “normal” individuals, such that they require modification of school practices
to develop their potential.

Vocational Education. Accredited institutions offer technical and vocational education. Programs offered vary
in duration from a few weeks to two years.
SUMMATIVE 2.

1. A form of gift exchange between two parties wherein return is expected after product or gift giving.
a. Negative reciprocity c. Balanced reciprocity
b. Generalized reciprocity d. Reciprocity

2. Gift giving without any expectation of immediate return.

a. Balance reciprocity c. Negative reciprocity
b. Generalized reciprocity d. Market transactions

3. Are payments that are made without good or service being receive in return.
a. Transfer payments b. Market Transactions c. Redistribution d. Generalized
reciprocity

4. The exchange tends to favor one party over the other, as the value of goods in exchange is unequal.
a. Balanced reciprocity c. Negative reciprocity
b. Reciprocity d. Generalized reciprocity

5. A social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic
facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.
a. Institution b. Economic Institution c. Education d. Non State Institution
6. Refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded educational system.
a. Education c. Formal education
b. Informal education d. Elementary education

7. Also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers
to the learners.
a. Education c. Formal education
b. Informal education d. Elementary education

8. Involves compulsory, formal education primarily concerned with providing basic education, and usually
corresponds to a traditional six grades or seven grades, and in addition, to preschool programs.
a. Secondary education c. Formal education
b. Elementary education d. Vocational Education

9. An institution that supervised tertiary education.

a. Non state institution c. CHED
b. Deped d. Economic institution

10. It refers to any organized educational activity outside the established formal system to provide selected
types of learning to a segment of the population.
a. Formal education c. Informal education
b. Non-Formal education d. Tertiary education
ANSWER KEY

1.D
2.B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. B
Functions of Education in the Society

1. Productive Citizenry
Education systems enable citizens to be productive members of a society, as they are equipped with
knowledge and skills that could contribute to the development of their society’s systems and
institutions.
2. Self-actualization
Education develops one’s sense of self. As a huge part of the discovery process of oneself.

ABRAHAM
MASLOW’S
HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
1.Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human
survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If
these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function
optimally.
2.Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law,
stability, freedom from fear.
3.Love and belongingness needs -the need for interpersonal relationships
motivates behaviour Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and
acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part
of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself
(dignity, achievement, mastery, and independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or
respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need for respect or
reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real selfesteem or
dignity.
5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self fulfillment, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences.
PERFORMANCE TASK : 1 --EDUCATION 1 WHOLE YELLOW PAD . Give specific
scenarios/examples/ways on how education helps an individual to attain its needs on each
hierarchy given below.

ABRAHAM MASLOW
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
 ACTIVITY : 1
Below are boxes with different features. Write inside the boxes five (5) things you will normally learn
from the classroom, library/ICT, and during flag ceremony.
CLASSROOM

LIBRARY/ ICT

FLAG CEREMONY
LESSON 5. WORLD RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS SYSTEM
DIFFERENT KINDS OF BELIEF SYSTEMS OR WORLDVIEWS
KINDS DESCRIPTION

MONISM There is no distinction between god and the universe

POLYTHEISM The belief and worship of many gods

MONOTHEISM The doctrine or belief in one supreme god

ATHEISM Disbelief in or denial of the existence of a personal god

AGNOSTICISM God cannot be known

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

PROMOTES SOCIAL HARMONY AFFIRMS SOCIAL HIERARCHY
PROVIDES MORAL VALUES CAUSES DISCRIMINATION
PROVIDES SOCIAL CHANGE TRIGGERS CONFLICT AND FIGHTS
EXPLAINS THE UNKNOWN SERVES ECONOMIC FOR CONTROLLING
MASSES
GIVES POSITIVE GOAL IN LIFE IMPEDES SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS AND
DEVELOPMENT
SUMMATIVE TEST : 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices.

1. Disbelief in or denial of the existence of a personal god.

a. Monism b. Polytheism c. Atheism d. Agnosticism

2. There is no distinction between god and the universe

a. Monism b. Polytheism c. Atheism d. Agnosticism

3 A summary of principle beliefs of a religion.

a. Works b. Code c. Creed d. Wisdom

4. The oldest world religion.

a. Christianity b. Islam c. Hinduism d. Judaism

5. Refers to the way of worshipping to the rituals that are practiced by followers of a religion.
a. Works b. Cult c. Code d. Wisdom
6. Religion is phenomenon common to all people at all times, and celebrate a sense of the
______________ in life.
a. Holiness b. Sacred c. Beliefs d. Reverence

7. Identify among the given choices the negative effect of religion.

a. Promotes social harmony
b. Provides moral values
c. Causes discrimination
d. Provides social change

8. Which is NOT the positive effect of religion.

a. Gives positive goals in life
b. Promote social harmony
c. Impedes scientific success
d. Provide moral values

9. The second largest world religion.

a. Christianity b. Islam c. Budhism d. Hinduism

10. Refers to the theological beliefs and scriptures or holy writings of Christians.
a. Creed b. Cult c. Works d. Bible
LESSON VI. HEALTH
 FRANCISCA SUSANO
AGE -124
DIED- 2021
B-DATE -SEPT. 11, 1897
 TOMIKO ITOOKA
BORN MAY 23, 1908
AGE- 116 - 146 days
ACUPUNCTURE - involves inserting very thin needle into the body at different locations and depths. It
aaims to balance the life forces known as Qi that are responsible for different issues.

HERBALISM - refers to folk and traditional medicine practice based on the use of plants and plants
extract.
NATUROPATHY - is a system of based on the healing power of nature with rigors of modern science.
Naturopathic practitioners -are trained as general practitioners specializing in natural medicine. They
cooprerate with all other branches of medical science.
HOMEOPATHY - known as homeopathic medicine, a medical system developed in Germany more than
200 years ago. It is based on two unconventional theories..
1. Like cures like - the notion that desease can be cured by a substance that produces similar
symptoms in healthy people.
2.Law of minimum dose - the lower the dose of the medication, the greater its effectiveness.

CHIROPRACTORS- ( Chiropractic ), is a form of alternative medicine concerned with the diagnosis,

treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculosketal system.
CHIROPRACTOR
LESSON 7. Social and Political Stratification
Meaning of Stratification
Social stratification is the classification of people into socioeconomic class, based upon their
occupation and income, wealth and social status. Stratification is the relative social position
of people within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit. Social stratification
is distinguished as three social classes: the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class;
in turn, each class can be subdivided into strata: the upper-stratum, the middle-stratum, and
the lower stratum. Social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship or caste, or both.

Social desirables are resources considered valuable by societies. These resources may be
tangible or intangible. Sociologist may focus on any of these resources as the basis of their
theoretical perspective on social inequality. In short, the recognition of the existence of these
social desirables is what brings together the sociological camps.

Generally, prestige, power, and wealth are three important social desirables. It describes the
social standing of individuals relative to others. Social standing reflects persons’ worth and
access to social, political, and symbolic capital. Sociologists have different views as to what
constitute social class. Karl Marx looked at it in terms of wealth produced in relation to the
ownership of the means of production. Wealth may refer to money, properties, and similar
tangible resources.
Social mobility refers to changes of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or
between social class in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within
a given society.

Types of Social Mobility

1. Horizontal mobility
This happen when a person changes their occupation but their overall social standing remains unchanged.
2. Vertical mobility
It is a change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes a change in their
societal position. A person or social object moves from one social class to another.
3. Upward mobility
It is when a person moves from a lower position in society to a higher one. It can also include people
occupying higher positions in the same societal group. However, upward mobility, while seen as a good
thing, can also come at a cost for individuals.
4. Downward mobility
It takes place when a person moves from a higher position in society to a lower one. It happen when
someone is caught performing a wrongful act that can result in the loss of the position they currently hold.
5. Inter-generational mobility
This happen when the social position changes from one generation to another. The change can be upward or
downward.
6. Intra-generational mobility
Change in societal position occurs during the lifespan of a single generation. It can also refer to a change in
position between siblings. One way is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in their career.
SUMMATIVE TEST . 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.The relative social position of people within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit.
a. Social stratification c. Stratification
b. Social desirables d. Social status

2.The classification of people into socioeconomic class, based upon their occupation and income, wealth
and social status.
a. Stratification c. Social status
b.Social desirables d. Social stratification

3. These are resources considered valuable by societies.

a. Social standing b. Social stratum c. Social desirables d. Social stratification

4. Which of the followings is not the most Social desirable ?

a. Power b. Wealth c. Relationship d. Prestige

5. What is the food poverty threshold in the Philippines in year 2023 accdg. to NEDA.
a. 60 b. 61 c.62 d. 64
6. Which is NOT a factor that contributes to social stratification ?
a. Education b. Occupation c. Gender d. Natural disasters

7. Which type of social mobility refers to changes in social position from one generation to another.
a. Horizontal mobility
b. Inter-generational mobility
c. Upward mobility
d. Intra-generational mobility

8. It is when a person moves from a lower position in society to a higher one.

a. Horizontal mobility
b. Vertical mobility
c. Upward mobility
d. Downward mobility

9. What is the difference between income and wealth ?

a. Income is what you earn,wealth is what you own.
b. Income is what you spend,while wealth is what you save.
c. Income is a measure of social status, while wealth is a measure of power.
d. There is no difference.
10. It consists of the wealthy families.
a. lower class c. ascribed status
b. upper class d. achieved status
ACTIVITY. REFLECTION PAPER

DIRECTIONS: Write your insights about this saying.

“THERE WOULD BE NO RICH WITHOUT THE POOR” -Unknown

NOT LESS THAN 5O WORDS. 1/2 Crosswise ( 20 pts. )

PERFORMANCE TASK 2.

ROLE PLAY : SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ( video presentation )

3-4 SOCIAL EXPERIMENT ( 2 ) ( video presentation )- refer to NEDA

threshold basis P64.00 per day. ( make a commentary )

Make a generalization or commentary.

1. The dinner party scenario
CHARACTERS
HOST- ( upper class): wealthy, sophisticated and focused on maintaining social status.
-GUEST 1 ( working class ) Struggles to fit in, feels self-conscious about their background, and avoids talking
about their job.
-GUEST 2 ( middle class ) aspires to be part of the working class, tries to impress the host, and talks about
their achievements.
SETTING : An Elegant dinner party at the host mansion.

2. The stairway scenario

CHARACTERS
CEO ( high status ): Impeccably dressed, confident, and speaks in a commanding tone.
JANITOR ( LOW STATUS ) wears worn work xlothes, speaks with quiet demeanor and seems to be invisible
to others.
YOUNG PROFESSIONL ( middle class ) ambitious, well-educated, and eager to climb the corporate ladder.
SETTING : A crowded stairway in a prestigious office building.
LESSON VIII :
Social inequality -is the existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society. It happens when resources, in whatever nature, are
distributed unevenly in most societies.
Social inequalities are correlated also to gender inequality (women and LGBT), ethnic minorities,
racial inequality and persons with disabilities, etc.
Gender and sexual orientation has been a subject in inequality. Traditionally, women were
regarded as placed in the lower social status in the society compared to men. Men were accorded
to have more social and political rights. In these modern societies, though there are already many
women representations in the civil society, the culture of stereotyping is still evident. They are also
subjected to abuse and violence.
A similar situation is also experienced by the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community
whose gender preferences are subject to discrimination in the society.

Ethnic minorities, as we usually call them taga-bukid (from the hinterlands), are also subject to
social discrimination – the cultural marginalization that they experience from the dominant
majority. They are also victims of stereotyping, abuse and violence.
Persons with disabilities (PWD) or differently-abled persons -are also victims of inequality and
deprived of the opportunities in the society especially in the employment sector due to their
physical impairments.
Discrimination and prejudice. Discrimination happens when minorities are being deprived of equal
treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the society and the resistance of
equality.
Closely linked to discrimination is prejudice. Prejudice can be either positive or negative but most of the
times it connotes negativity. Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude toward the members of a
particular group. It is a prejudgement of others that allows us to brand or label them in various negative
ways.
Discrimination is an act while prejudice is an attitude.

Stereotyping refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular category as having the same
qualities. Usually, stereotyping is a result of over generalization.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that our nation, race, or group is the best or superior than others.

Scapegoating. This is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve it.
Often they feel frustrated and eventually it leads to aggression. When it happens, people usually look
someone or something else to be blamed for their own troubles or problems.

Racism. It is the belief that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct others.
 SUMMATIVE TEST 6 :
MULTIPLE CHOICE : Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices.

1. A negative attitude toward the members of a particular group.

a. discrimination b. prejudice c. stereotyping d. ethnocentrism

2. Happens when minorities are being deprived of equal treatment and are kept in a
lower status by the dominant members of the society.
a. stereotyping b. ethnocentrism c. discrimination d. prejudice

3. Refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular category as having the
same qualities.
a. discrimination b. ethnocentrism c. stereotyping d. racism

4. Happens,when people usually look someone or something else to be blamed for their
own troubles or problems.
a. racism b. discrimination c. scapegoating d. prejudice
5. Which areas does social inequalities doesn’t exist ?
a. Gender b. Race c. Kinship d. Sex

TRUE OR FALSE :

Direction: Write the word True if the statement is correct, write the word False if the statement is
incorrect.

6. Discrimination is a biased thought against an individual or group.

7. Having high quality, free education and health care available for everyone help reduce inequality.

8. Same sex marriage is legal in the Philippines.

9. Women are accorded more on social and political rights.

10. Social inequality is almost present in all societies.

ANSWER KEY

1. b
2. c
3. c
4. c
5. c
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. False
10. True
➢ a class structure that is determined by birth, the opportunities you have
access to depend on the family you happened to be born into.
SANG UNA ….

Subong
Ang PIKO kag
PALA gina
KWARTA
TRUE or FALSE

Direction: Write the word True if the statement is correct, write the word False if the statement is
incorrect.

1. Discrimination is a biased thought against an individual or group.

2. Having high quality, free education and health care available for everyone help reduce inequality.

3. Same sex marriage is legal in the Philippines.

4. Women are accorded more on social and political rights.

5. Social inequality is almost present in all societies.

 1 whole yellow ( 30 pts. ESSAY TEST )
SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Now, it‟s about time for you to use your knowledge about how does social inequality affects
you in your existence in the society. Write a 1-paragraph of 5 sentences essay in each question.

1. One of the greatest issue at present is that LGBTQ+ were being discriminated. Hence, they
are crying out loud of equal treatment in the society. Do the LGBTQ+ member should have
their own comfort room in public places such in the malls, terminals and even in school?
Why or why not?( 10 pts. )
2. Men were created equal, but some are more equal than others. Support your answer.( 10 pts.)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Do the ethnic groups should get the same treatment like the elite member of our society? Why
or why not? ( 10 pts.)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
 Cultural, Social, and Political Change

Social change --refers to the significant modification or alteration in the lifestyle of a society,
including culture. Social change also means any significant shift or modification in the lifestyle of the
society that affects the major portion of the population that brings about pattern of behaviour. It may
be brought about by cultural, religious, economic, scientific, or technological forces.
“Staying at home and the “new normal” because of covid-19 are the best examples for this. Any
change of what we perceived as a normal thing in our lives, may it be intentional or not, may
lead to social change.

Cultural change refers to changes made in cultural elements, both material and non-material.

Political change is when there is a significant disruption in a government that leads to new or modified
leadership or policies.

CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Technology. According to Thomas Friedman, American political commentator and author, technology
is the driving force behind globalization.

2. Social Institutions. Social institutions are established sets of norms and subsystems in a society.

3. Population. A change in population in the composition of every level in the society leads to social
change.
4. Environment. A population change may affect the environment and the natural resources. Likewise,
a change in the environment will also affect the people and the society.
5. Modernization may also be considered as atypical result of social change. It refers to the process of
increased differentiation and specialization within a society, primarily around its industry and
infrastructure.

SOURCES OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE

1.Innovation. It is the use of new techniques to achieve desired ends. It also refers to changing or
creating more effective processes and ideas. This is the process of translating a new idea into
something that can create value.

2.Cultural Diffusion. This is the spread of culture including aspects such as clothing and food, from
one group to another, typically as a result of making contact with a new group for the first time.

3. Acculturation. It is a process where a minority (small group of people) adopts the cultural aspects of
the majority (large group of people) without losing its own traditions and customs.

4. Assimilation. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the
majority culture. There is a loss of the minority’s own culture as more value is given to the cultural
aspects of the majority.
SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS

Social contradictions and tensions apply only to humans. There are

instances that a new idea somehow may lead to innovation, but instead, it can
disturb patterns and relationships between people, likewise, the encountering of
other cultures may lead to tensions and conflict.

1. Inter-ethnic conflict- is an armed conflict between different ethnic groups.

2. Political violence- can be the result not only of ethnic conflict but also of
class conflict.
--is also seen as a manifestation of aggressive politics, and it includes
revolutions, civil war, riots, strikes, and peaceful protest movements.
3. Revolution- involves a public seizure of the state with the main goal of
overturning the existing political structures.
4.Terrorism- occurs when nonstate actors use violence against civilians to
achieve their political goals.
5. Gender issue -is also a source of social contradictions and tensions.
Activity : “NOON AT NGAYON”

Due to the changes brought by technology, there are many inventions/innovations used
by human that make lives easier. You are to provide the old invention and the new innovation.
Number one (1) is already done for you.

Noon Ngayon

1. typewriter computer
2. ____________________ ____________________
3. ____________________ ____________________
4. ____________________ ____________________
5. ____________________ ____________________
6. ____________________ ____________________
7. ____________________ ____________________
8. ____________________ ____________________
9. ____________________ ____________________
10. ____________________ ____________________
SUMMARY

• Social change refers to the significant modification or alteration in the lifestyle of a society,
including culture. Social change also means any significant shift or modification in the lifestyle
of the society that affects the major portion of the population that brings about pattern of
behaviour.

• Cultural change refers to changes made in cultural elements, both material and non-material.

• Political change is when there is a significant disruption in a government that leads to new or
modified leadership or policies.

• Causes of social change include technology, social institutions, population, environment, and
modernization.

• Sources of cultural, social and political changes include innovation, cultural diffusion,
acculturation, and assimilation.

• Social contradictions and tensions include inter-ethnic conflict, class struggle, armed conflict,
terrorism, protests, and gender issues.
 ADAPTATION
-- A change or the process of change by which an organism or species
becomes better suited to its environment is called adaptation. This also refers to the
action or process of adapting or being adapted or the process of changing to suit
different conditions. Adaptations enhance the fitness and survival of everyone.
-- Adaptation is not always easy and not something simple. An individual or
organism must be physically fit and viable at all stages of its development evolution
to be able to survive.

All of organisms or even human should possess adaptation traits and these may be:
1. Structural adaptations --are physical features of an organism such as
shape, body covering, armament; and even the internal organization.
2. Behavioral adaptations are composed of inherited behavior chains and/or the
ability to learn .
Behavioral adaptation ---is defined as the things organisms do to survival.
-- these are not always heritable but are learned.

3. Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special Functions.

This means that adaptation is making adjustments to decisions and activities
in order to manage risks and capture potential opportunities brought about by any
changes in the environment such as global warming and climate change.

Ability of humans to be able to rapidly adapt to varying environment.

1. Genetic change --is an inherited or acquired modification in organisms
that makes them better suited to survive and a particular environment.
2. Developmental adjustments. One of the more powerful types of adjustments to
environmental stresses is a change in growth patterns and development. This
occurs in childhood and typically results in anatomical and/or physiological changes
that are mostly irreversible in adulthood.

An example of the latter was the now illegal custom in China of tightly wrapping or
binding the feet of young girls with cloth in order to hinder normal growth.
YAO DEFEN
RUMEYSA GELGI
3. Acclimatization and cultural practices. All other forms of adjustment to
environmental stresses are usually reversible whether they occur in childhood or
adulthood. These reversible changes are referred to as acclimatization or
acclimatory adjustment. It is useful to consider the different forms of
acclimatization in terms of the length of time over which they can occur.
An example of a long term acclimatization is people who lose excess body fat and
are very slender as a result of mild, long- term undernourishment. If they later
increase their diet to a consistent level of excessive calories, they will very likely
retain more body fat and eventually become obese.
4. Use of technology. Humans do not only interact with their environments
biologically. People invented technological aids that allowed us to occupy new
environments without having to first evolve biological adaptations to them.
Houses, clothing, and fire permitted us to live in temperate climate.
 Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers

Migration is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the change of

residence of a person from one community to another with the intention of
settling temporarily or permanently.

There are three types of migration –

International migration- is the permanent transfer from one country to
another.
A change of residence within a country is called internal migration.
Circular migration -is a temporary movement of a person.
Transnational migrants -are those persons who having migrated from one
nation-state to another, live their lives across borders, participating
simultaneously in social relations that embed them in more than one nation-
state.
Inclusive Citizenship and participatory
governance
CITIZENSHIP
--can be acquired in one of the three ways :

1. By birth on states territory ( jus soli )

2. By descent from a states national ( jus sanguinis )
3. By naturalization
ACTION PLAN

Identify one (1) problem in your community that was caused by cultural, social or political
change. Propose a community-based advocacy plan on how to respond to the problem.

COMMUNITY-BASED ADVOCACY PLAN

Problem: __________________________________________________________

Cause/s of the problem:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________.
Effect/s of the problem on people:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________