Politics: Then and Now execution of policies.

Politics - comes from the Greek word polis

which means city-state. Philippine Politics: An Overview
- The Philippine political model can be
This is because the Ancient Greeks society characterized as representative
was divided into individual city-states with democracy.
their own systems of government.
Branches of
public sphere Government
- few people involved in governance and Divided into three branches:
public affairs in the Ancient Greek. executive
private sphere legislative
- it includes businesses, educational judiciary
institutions, religious institution, families,
and other citizens who were not involved in Separation of Powers
running the affairs. - is the principle of separating government
functions in formulating, enforcing, an
Today, politics is best explained by Andrew adjudicating laws into different offices.
Heywood (2013) as “the activity through
which people make, preserve, and amend Executive Branch - It is in charge of
the rules under which they live”. implementing or enforcing the law.

Politics can be viewed in four ways: President of the Philippines

 as art of government (running a - serves as the country’s Chief Executive as
country) the head of state and head of the
 as public affairs (public and private government.
sphere) - he/she appoints Members of the Cabinet
 as compromise and consensus - serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the
(agreement regarding values, Armed Forces of the Philippines.
norms, conducts, and resources
 as power ( exercise of will and It is composed of:
power) 1. President
- elected for a term
The Study of Politics as a Science of six years.
Political Science 2. Vice President
- refers to the systematic study of - elected for a term
governance and policies, political culture of six years
and activities, power relations and
ideologies. Members of the Cabinet
- heads of the various departments who are
state effectively the President’s counterpart (alter
- is a political organization which, through ego) in specific areas of state responsibility.
the government, exercises sovereign rule - includes 22 executive branch departments
over population within a defined territory.
sovereignty Departments of the Executive Branch
- refers to absolute rule, power, and 1. Department of Health (DOH)
authority within the state 2. Department of Education (DepEd)
David Easton’s Political System 3. Department of Trade and Industry
It shows how the interactions between (DTI)
political actors (citizens or groups) and 4. Department of Finance
institutions result in the formulations and 5. Department of Labor and
 Employment (DOLE) Representative
6. Department of Justice (DOJ) 1. Senate President
7. Department of Agriculture (DA) - highest-ranking official of the Senate
8. Department of Energy (DOE) 2. Speaker of the House
9. Department of Tourism (DOT) - fourth highest official in the Philippine
10. Department of National Defense government
(DND)
11. Department of Transportation The Philippine Senate is composed of 24
12. Department of Environment and elected senators.
Natural Resources o They are elected to serve six
13. Department of Social Welfare and years per term and may be
Development (DSWD) reelected for a maximum of
14. Department of Foreign Affairs (DOF) two consecutive terms.
15. Department of Science and o The term limit a total of
Technology (DOST) twelve years in service.
16. Department of the Interior and Local o The House of
Government Representatives is
17. Department of Agrarian Reform composed of elected district
(DAR) representatives from LGUs
18. Department of Budget and and party-list
Management (DBM) representatives.
19. Department of Public Works and o They are elected to serve
Highways (DPWH) three years per term and
20. Department of Information and may be reelected for a
Communications Technology maximum of three
21. Department of Human Settlement consecutive years.
and Urban Development (DSHUD)
22. Department of Migrant Workers Judicial Branch - It is responsible for
(DMW) adjudicating and interpreting the laws of the
country in accordance with the provisions of
Vice President of the Philippines the Philippine Constitution.
- can also simultaneously become a - It is composed of the Supreme Court
member of the Cabinet if the President and the lower courts.
offers him or her a department or office to
head under the executive branch. Supreme Court (Korte Suprema)
- the next-in-line to be the head of state - the highest court in the Philippines.
upon the death, disability, or resignation of - composed of one Chief Justice and
the incumbent President. fourteen associate justices. They are
expected to serve until they are 70 years
old.
Legislative Branch - It is responsible for
- once a Supreme Court justice retires, a
formulating and amending the laws of the
new one is appointed by the President
country adhering to the content of the
within 90 days from the list of nominees
Philippine Constitution.
presented by the Judicial and Bar Council.
- It is bicameral.
- It has two chambers:
Chief Justice
a. Upper house or the Senate
- highest judicial officer of the government.
b. Lower House or the House of
Representative
Chief Justice Alexander G. Gesmundo
Leaders of the Senate and House of
Current Chief Justice Niccolo Machiavelli
Court of Appeals - formulated his political ideas from his
- the second highest tribunal in the country. observations and practice of politics while
- exercise appellate jurisdiction on all cases serving as an Italian statesman.
not falling within the original and exclusive - he wrote “The Prince” that contains his
jurisdiction of Supreme Court. recommendations on how a state must be
governed and how power must be acquired
Court of Tax of Appeals and retained by its leader even if it means
- address the adjudication of appeals resorting to cunning and ruthless means.
involving internal revenue tax and customs
cases of the Commissioner of Internal John Locke
Revenue and the Commissioner of - is known as one of the renowned social
Customs. contract theorist whose written works gave
prescriptions on how society must be
Sandiganbayan organized and governed.
- it has jurisdiction over criminal and civil - proposed the separation of powers in the
cases involving graft and corrupt practices government to ensure check and balances.
and such other offenses by public officers
and employees including those in Liberalism
government-owned or controlled - focuses on the rights and freedoms of
corporations, in relation to their office as people.
may be determined by law.
Samuel Huntington
- is an American professor and political
1986 People Power Revolution commentator whose contributions to
- one of the largest-scale citizen political Political Science include the concepts of
participation that resulted in overthrow of waves of democracy where he related
Marcos dictatorship. political shifts and changes in the
Social media distribution of power among states as
- the platform used nowadays for electoral triggers for the implementation of
campaigns, advocacy groups, political democratic forms.
statements, and expressions of public Approaches to Political Analysis
opinion.
Philosophical Tradition
Political Thinkers - “what should be”
o The study of politics is - “What is the ideal type and organization of
intertwined with philosophy and society?”
other fields of social sciences. - “What make a good government?”
o Political thinkers developed - “What should be the characteristics of a
theories in order to make sense great leader?”
of the politics of their time.
o From the Ancient Greek Empirical Approach
philosophers to the - putting emphasis on a descriptive analysis
contemporary period. of observable data on political structures
and types of governance.
Aristotle Behavioralism
- the Father of Political Science - analyzes political topics based on
observable behaviors by using natural
science methods, particularly quantitative or
Types of government statistical analysis.
Rational Choice
- explores how individuals weigh options
and choose one they think would be most
beneficial to them.
Critical Approach
- seek to study topics which are either
unexplored or about the marginalized
sectors of society.