E

PL
M
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Westpac Stadium,

PL Wellington
Westpac Stadium is the focus for
international sporting fixtures and for
many outdoor music and cultural
presentations in New Zealand’s
capital. It was built on the foreshore
on land previously used by NZ
Railways.
It is located 680 m from the railway
station. In an emergency, evacuation
New Zealand
Curriculum
Level 3 Measurement
Use linear scales and whole numbers
M
of metric units for length, area, volume
can be achieved in 8 minutes. The
and capacity, weight (mass), angle,
light tower is 55 m high. The sports temperature and time
bowl is 48 000 m2 and the roof is Find areas of rectangles and volumes
12 000 m2. 7930 tonnes of sand and of cuboids by applying multiplication
2800 tonnes of drainage gravel were
used to make the pitch. 900 kilograms Level 4 Measurement
of grass seed was sown. Use appropriate scales, devices, and
SA

For rugby, the height of the grass is metric units for length, area, volume
20–25 mm, but for cricket it is reduced and capacity, weight (mass),
to 12–13 mm. 85 000 litres of water temperature, angle and time
are used for watering each day. Convert between metric units, using
If a ball is hit from the centre cricket whole numbers and commonly used
wicket to outside the ground, it travels decimals
Use side or edge lengths to find the
a distance of 98 metres.
perimeters and areas of rectangles,
During its construction, and even parallelograms and triangles, and the
now in its use, consideration of length, volumes of cuboids
area, volume, mass, capacity and Interpret and use scales, timetables
time are all required. and charts

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llshe
ki

et
Do now

S
EA

R
CH E

1 Calculate:
a 3.4  2.8  4.5  2.1 b 56.5  4.29 c 13.4  2.8  7.4
2 Calculate:
a 68 b 12.1  5 c 8.3  2.3
3 Calculate:
a 28.96  100 b 497.1  1000 c 8.31  10

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4 Calculate:
a 28.96
10 000 b 4250
100 c 68.54
100
5 Complete:
a 5 km 
m b 0.35 km 
m c 845 mm 
cm
6

8
PL
Calculate the number of squares:
a b

Which of the shapes in Question 6 has the largest area?

Calculate the number of boxes:

a b
c
M
9 Evaluate:
SA

a 52 b 23 c 33 d 42
10 A map of the South Island is shown. There are six regions
and these are all coloured. By comparing the size of each
region, arrange them in order from smallest to largest.

Prior knowledge
Metre Centimetre Length Litre Gram
Kilometre Area Volume Millilitre Kilogram
Millimetre

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4-1 Reading scales

Many of our common, everyday measuring devices require us to use and read scales.
Rulers, thermometers, weighing scales, speedometers, oven dials, microwave ovens, gas
meters, electricity meters, digital watches and measuring jugs all have scales. What
measuring devices have you used today? Have a look around your classroom and list all the
measuring devices present. You will be very surprised by just how many you use every day
without realising you are measuring.
Examine the scales that have been used on any of the devices. Is the scale always the

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same on every set of weighing scales? Investigate the scales that are used on at least three
types of kitchen scales. Explain how you know that they use different graduations or
divisions. Share your findings with your class.

Key ideas

PL
To accurately read measuring instruments, it is important to understand the graduation on the
scales of the instrument. ‘Graduation’ means the way the scales have been divided.
When reading scales and measuring length:
check that the scale starts at zero
determine what each small division represents
always include the units in the answer.
M
Example 1

Write the measurements indicated on the rulers below in:

i cm ii mm
SA

cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

b A B

mm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

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Solution Explanation

a i 8 cm Each large division is 1 cm and the arrow is

pointing to 8.

ii 80 mm The small division is 1 mm. There are 10 small

divisions in every large division, so 8  10  80.

b A i 2.5 cm A is halfway between 2 and 3 cm, so it is two

and a half centimetres.
ii 25 mm Count the smaller divisions. There are 25, or

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two lots of 10 plus another 5 small divisions.
B i 6.7 cm B is 7 mm more than 60 mm or 6 cm and 7 mm
will be 0.7 cm, so the pointer is at 6.7 cm.
ii 67 mm 60 mm  7 mm

PL
a
Example 2

Read the correct measurement on each of these scales:

35°C
30°C
25°C
b

1000
c
0 kg
1 kg
M
20°C 2 kg
15°C 500 3 kg
10°C
4 kg
5°C mL
SA

Solution Explanation
a The temperature shown on the Each graduation is 5. The scale goes up in
thermometer is 30C. lots of 5.
b The amount of water in the jug is There are 5 divisions between zero and
400 mL. 500 mL so each graduation is 100 mL.
c The weight of the bag is 1.2 kg. Each large graduation is 1 kg and each small
graduation, because there are 10 small divisions,
is 0.1 kg. The scale pointer is 2 divisions
below the 1 kg mark.

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Exercise 4A
Example 1 1 Give the measurement shown on these rulers in:
i centimetres ii millimetres
a b

cm 1 2 3 4 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6

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mm 10 20 30 40 mm 10 20 30 40 50 60

2 Give the measurement shown on each of these rulers in:

i centimetres ii millimetres
a A B

PL b

c
cm

0 mm 10

cm 13
A
1

14
2

20

15
3

30
4

16
C
5

17
6

18
7 8 9 10
M
d A B C D

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
mm

e A
SA

9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
cm

3 Measure the length of each insect, in mm.

a b

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c d

Example 2 4 Write the measurement and unit shown on each of these instruments.
a b c

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50°C 50°C 50°C
40°C 40°C 40°C
30°C 30°C 30°C
20°C 20°C 20°C

PL d
10°C
0°C

100 mL
80 mL
e

mL 40
10°C
0°C

f
10°C
0°C
M
60 mL 20
40 mL 10
5
20 mL 2

g h i
SA

8 cups
6 cups
4 cups
2 cups

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j k l
14 mL km
12 mL mL
100
10 mL 90
8 mL 80
70
6 mL 60 10
4 mL 50 20
40 30
2 mL 30
20 40
10
0 Radar showing a plane
approaching Auckland

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m n

5 mL
4 mL

PL
5 a
b
3 mL
2 mL
1 mL

How many kilometres does the odometer show the car has travelled?
What is the speed shown on each speedometer?
i
100 120
ii
100 120
M
80 140 80 140

60 160 60 160

40 180 40 180
0 8 10576 1 009 130
20 200 20 200
km/h km/h
SA

6 Measure the height, in millimetres, of each of these plants (including the pot):
a b c

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7 Match each of the following measurements to the appropriate scale shown below:
i 14 ii 150 iii 3.09 iv 3 v 34
vi 39 vii 170 viii 2.74 ix 78
a b 40 c
20 60 4 6
100 120
80 140 2 8
Volts

10
80

0
60 160

0
C°
40 180

20 200
km/h

E
d e f
200
10 100 300
volts
20
0

0 rpm400

8
PL
g

a
3

2.5

7 cm
2.6

Draw a line 15 cm long and on it mark off:

2.7

b
2.8

12 cm
2.9
4

c 5.6 cm
h

36 37 38 39 40
M
d 8.1 cm e 74 mm f 2.35 cm

Enrichment: Making a circular scale

9 Work with a partner.
a Cut a strip of thin cardboard 1 cm wide and 30 cm long.
SA

b Draw an accurate scale on the strip of paper in centimetres and millimetres.

c Curve the strip of cardboard until you have a cylindrical shape. The scale should
be on the outside of the cylinder. Use tape to hold the ends together.
d Place the cylindrical scale on a piece of
paper and trace around the outside circular 2°
edge. Mark the scale on the cylinder onto 0°
1°
30°
the circle on the piece of paper. 29°
28°
e You now have a circular scale.

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4-2 Conversion of metric units: Length,

mass and capacity
There are many situations that involve changing large measured quantities to smaller units
or vice versa. Road distances are measured in kilometres and metres, but carpenters use
metres and millimetres. Topographic maps use scales relating 1 mm on the map to a much
larger number of millimetres on the land. To understand a distance of 1 000 000 000 mm it
must be converted to kilometres.

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It is easier to convert to a smaller unit because then you are more likely to be dealing
with whole numbers.
Match each of the abbreviations for the units of measurement to its description. Is there a
difference between mL and ML? Discuss your answer with your partner and prepare an
explanation to share with the class.

PLg, t, mL, ML, mm, km, mg, kL, m, L, kg

Length is measured in millimetres, metres and kilometres.
Mass is measured in milligrams, grams, kilograms and tonnes.
Capacity is measured in millilitres, litres, kilolitres and megalitres.
A multiplying factor is used to convert a large unit into the smaller unit. For example,
5 kg converts to 5000 g, and 3 km converts to 3000 m. What is the multiplying factor?
A dividing factor is used to convert a smaller unit to a larger unit. For example, 2000 mg
converts to 2 g, and 4000 L converts to 4 kL. What is the dividing factor?
M
Some industries such as clothing and footwear manufacturers use the centimetre as a
unit of length. It is a special case: 10 mm  1 cm and 100 cm  1 m

Key ideas
SA

You can use this diagram to × 1000 × 1000 × 1000

help convert between units. ÷ by 1000 to change
mL L kL ML to a larger unit
× by 1000 to change mg g kg t
to a smaller unit
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

Special case: Because conversions between millimetres and centimetres and centimetres and
metres do not use the multiplying or dividing factor of 1000, they form a special case. The are
written in the vertical form so we do not become confused.

10
100
1000

mm cm m km

10 100 1000

When comparing units of measurement always convert to the same unit, then compare.

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Example 3

An eel was measured at 650 cm in length. What is its length in m?

Solution Explanation

650  (650
100) m m cm Place value glides 2 places

 6.5 m to the right, because we are
changing lots of small units

100 into a larger unit, and the

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dividing factor is 100.

Example 4

PL
Perform these conversions:
a

a
34 g to mg

Solution

34 g  34  1000
 34 000 mg
b 34 000 g to kg

mg
 1000
c 3579 mg to g

Explanation

g
Multiplying factor is
1000, so there will be
many more milligrams
M
than grams.
Place value glides to the
left, 3 places.
b 34 000 g  34 000
1000 g kg Dividing factor is 1000,
 34 kg so there will be fewer
kilograms than grams.

1000
SA

Place value glides 3

places to the right.
c 3579  3579
1000 mg g Dividing factor is 1000,
 3.579 g so there will be fewer

1000 grams than there are
milligrams.

Example 5

Convert:
a 5 L to mL b 38 mL to L c 25 000 L to kL d 2.5 ML to kL

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Solution Explanation
a 5 L  5  1000 Multiplying factor is 1000.  1000
 5000 mL
mL L
b 38 mL  38
1000
Dividing factor is 1000.
 0.038 L mL L

1000
c 25 000 L  25 000
1000
 25 kL Dividing factor is 1000.
L kL

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d 2.5 ML  2.5  1000
1000
 2500 kL Multiplying factor is 1000.
 1000

kL mL

PL
a
Example 6

Convert:
a 5 km to m

Solution
b 2.6 cm to mm

5 km  5  1000  5000 m
c 84 cm to m

Explanation
d 4356 mm to m

Multiplying factor is 1000.  1000

M
m km

2.6 cm  2.6  10  26 mm Multiplying factor is 10.

b  10

mm cm
Dividing factor is 100.
c 84 cm  84
100  0.84 m cm m
SA

100
Dividing factor is 1000.
d 4356 mm  4356
1000 mm m
 4.356 m

1000

Example 7

Add or subtract the following lengths:

a 9 m  45 cm  5.6 m b 7 km  430 m

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Solution Explanation
a 9 m  45 cm  5.6 m
 900 cm  45 cm  560 cm Convert to the same units first (cm as it is
the smaller unit).
Note: You can only add lengths that are
expressed in the same units, so convert the
units where necessary.
 1505 cm or 15.05 m Add the lengths. Answer may be converted
back to a larger unit.

E
b 7 km  430 m Convert to the same unit (m as it is the
 7000 m  430 m smaller unit).
 6570 m or 6.57 km Subtract the lengths.
Answer may be converted back to a larger unit.

Example 3
PL
Exercise 4B

3
A door is 2.3 m high. What is its height in centimetres?

A Year 7 student’s hand is 150 mm long. What is its length in centimetres?

One-year-old Leonie is 60 cm tall. What is her height in metres?

M
Example 4 4 Convert:
a 5 kg to grams b 300 mg to grams c 16 mg to grams
d 874 mg to grams e 4.5 kg to grams f 7500 g to kilograms
g 2 t to kilograms h 5 kg to milligrams i 0.038 t to grams
j 340 000 g to tonnes k 94 000 g to tonnes l 25 000 mg to kg
SA

5 Write the masses 2.83 t, 283 kg and 2830 g in order, from smallest to largest.

Example 5 6 Convert:
a 3 L to millilitres b 5 L to millilitres c 4000 mL to litres
d 7 kL to litres e 5.7 L to millilitres f 840 ML to kilolitres
g 100 mL to cm3 h 5000 cm3 to millilitres i 0.98 kL to megalitres
j 0.06 L to millilitres k 58.4 cm3 to litres l 621 L to millilitres

7 Convert to litres:
a a petrol tanker with a capacity of 6 kL
b a reservoir that holds 350 000 ML of water
c a bowl that has a volume is 2500 cm3

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Example 6 8 Convert each to the units indicated:

a 76 cm  —— mm b 70 mg  —— g
c 0.653 L  —— mL d 5800 kg  —— t
e 108 kL  —— L f 9540 m  —— mm
g 512 m  —— km h 0.24 g  —— mg
i 883 000 mL  —— ML j 323 mm  —— m
k 7 t  —— kg l 8.09 km  —— m
m 1.5 m  —— mm n 8592 kL  —— mL
o 9.05 km  —— cm p 69 000 cm  —— km
q 567 891 234 mm  —— km r 3 kL  —— mL

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9 Convert each set to the same unit and decide which is the greatest measurement:
a 4.6 cm, 470 mm, 0.48 m b 98 mg, 0.089 g, 0.0089 kg
c 0.38 kL, 3 000 000 mL, 4.6 L
Example 7

PL
10 Complete the table to show equal measurements with different units.
The first row in part a has been done for you.
a

c
mm
1000
cm
100
400
m
1

50
km
0.001

0.02
b mL

500
L

40
kL

2
ML
1
M
mg g kg t
260
5.76
15 397
3.75

Example 7a 11 Add or subtract the following:

SA

a 500 mm  200 mm  50 mm b 850 mg  215 mg  12 mg

c 8.5 L  8.9 mL  2.7 mL
Example 7b 12 Add or subtract the following and write your answer in the units indicated:
a 54 mm  8.7 cm  70 mm (mm) b 73 mg  2.7 g  4 kg  0.5 t (kg)
c 2400 mL  3600 L  1.3 kL (L)

Example 7c 13 Work out the answers to the following:

a 14 m 29 cm  5 m 25 cm b 13 L 75 mL  24 L 6 mL
c 6 kg 230 g  11 kg 92 g d 3 t 150 kg 300 g  1 t 75 kg 100 g

14 Five friends share a 350 g chocolate bar. How much does each person receive?

15 At Rita’s birthday party 5.4 L of flavoured drink is in the punch bowl. If each glass
can hold 150 mL, how many glasses of drink are provided?

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16 Boards used to form a garden edging are stood on end and placed side by side. The
garden is 9.25 m long and 74 boards are required. How wide is each board?

17 The diameter of a 50c coin is 19 mm. The coins are placed side by side in a coin trail on
a footpath. If the trail is 0.95 km long, what is the value of the coins on the footpath?

18 Georgia can purchase a 120 g packet of cheese for $2.50 or a 300 g packet for $5.89.
Which packet of cheese is the better value?

19 A truck is able carry a maximum load of 15 tonne.

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a How many crates, each having a mass of 12 kg, can be carried by the truck?
b Can the truck carry a load of 80 television sets (17 kg each), 60 video recorders
(7.5 kg each) and 150 music systems (11 kg each)?
c If the truck is carrying between 1 and 112 tonnes of televisions, how many
televisions can there be?

PL
20 Find the total amount of milk in these jugs. (Give your answer in litres.)

650 mL

400

150
400 mL

300

200

100
20 mL
15
10
M
5

Enrichment: Measuring a page

21 It is difficult to measure the thickness of a single page,
SA

but we could use many different methods to help us.

a Describe how you could obtain a measurement of
one page of your textbook.
b Measure in mm the thickness of one page of:
i your ii your exercise book

c
iii a newspaper iv your favourite magazine
Convert each measurement into:
FPO
i centimetres ii metres
d What is the difference between the thinnest and
thickest page?

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4-3 Perimeter of polygons

The perimeter of a closed straight-sided figure (called 6 cm
a polygon) is the distance around the outside edge. 10 mm
Measure the length all the way around the outside edge
of your desktop. You have just found the perimeter of 50 mm
your desktop. The word ‘perimeter’ comes from two
Greek words: peri meaning ‘around’ and metron
2 cm
meaning ‘measure’. Look at this diagram and see if

E
you can find its perimeter. Be careful to change all the measurements to the same unit.
Peter suggests this formula: Perimeter  6  1  4  4  2  5
Nellie suggests this formula: Perimeter  2  (6  5)
Work in pairs to explore the number of different ways the perimeter of this shape could be
calculated.

PL
Key ideas

To find the perimeter of any polygon you add the lengths of all the sides.
The measurements must be expressed in the same unit before they can be added.

Example 8

Find the perimeter of these polygons.

M
a 2 km 3 km b 6 cm
10 mm
2 km
50 mm
5 km
4 km
SA

2 cm

Solution Explanation
a Perimeter  3  2  4  5  2 All the lengths have the same units, so add them
 16 km together.

b Perimeter  5  6  1  4  4  2 Convert each length 6 cm

 22 cm to the same units first. 1 cm
5 cm (6 -- 2) cm
50 mm  5 cm and
(5 -- 1) cm
10 mm  1 cm
2 cm

Look at all the possible methods that your class

discovered. Was this one of the methods?

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Example 9

Find the missing measurement (x cm):

a b
5 cm
7 cm x cm

4 cm
x cm 5 cm
perimeter = 19 cm perimeter = 18 cm

E
Solution Explanation
a ?  4  5  7  19 Write an equation for the perimeter.
?  16  19 Add all the known units.
So ?  3

PL The measurement is 3 cm.

?  ?  5  5  18
2 lots of ?  10  18
So 2 lots of ?  8
So ?  4
The measurement is 4 cm.
To find the value of ?, subtract 16 from 19.

Write an equation for the perimeter.

Add all the known units.
To find the value of 2 lots of ?, subtract 10
from 18.
To find the value of 2 lots of ?, divide both
sides by 2.
M
Exercise 4C
Example 8a 1 Find the perimeter of each shape:
a 210 m b 6m
SA

90 m 110 m 4.5 m 4m

200 m 3.77 m
2.23 m 0.5 m
c 52 m
21 m

12 m 10 m

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Example 8b 2 Find the perimeter of each shape:

a 7.4 m b 65 mm
10 mm
4.8 m
620 cm
55 mm
480 cm
2.6 m 1.4 m
2 cm
3 Find the perimeter of these shapes:
a 14 mm b 38 m
20 m

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68 m
10 mm

6 mm 70 m 24 m

PL
4
c 20 m

28 m

Find the perimeter of:

a
b
a square stamp of side length 3 mm
4m

an equilateral triangle of side length 15 cm

M
c a rectangular room of length 5 m and width 3 m
d a five-sided shape (pentagon) with each side 5.8 mm long
e a rectangle with a length of 6.3 cm and a width of 4.5 cm
5 a The length of a rectangular paddock is 25 m and its width is 20 m. What is the
total perimeter of the paddock?
b A family room in a display home is square in shape with a side length of 4.1 m.
SA

What is the perimeter of the family room?

c A pond is in the shape of a rhombus of side length 2.4 m. What is the pond’s
perimeter?
Example 9 6 Find the missing measurements:

a 7 cm b 32 m c

40 m 18 cm
2 cm 19 cm
20 m
3 cm
? x cm
18 m ? 6 cm
perimeter = 16 cm perimeter = 135 m perimeter = 52 cm

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d 5.5 cm e

17 m
x cm

xm
perimeter = 17 m perimeter = 84 m

7 Brenda wants to build a fence around her rectangular garden of length 18 m and width
8 m. She pays $28 for each fence post. If the posts are 2 m apart, how much will it
cost for fence posts?

E
8 A large aquarium is to be built. Its sides are made from square pieces of glass, and all
are whole metre lengths. The perimeter of its base is 8 metres. Draw diagrams
showing its dimensions if it has:
a 3 sides b 4 sides c 5 sides

PL
9 a

b
c
Enrichment: Estimating perimeter
By using any straight-edged object (not a ruler) draw five different shapes that
you estimate to have a perimeter of 12 cm.
Use a ruler to accurately measure the perimeter of each shape.
Record your results in a table similar to the one below.

Actual
M
Shape perimeter Error
1
2
3
4
5
SA

d Which shape has the greatest error?

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4-4 Calculating circle perimeters

For many centuries it has been known that the circumference of a circle is a little more than
three times its diameter. This is true for all circles. We use the Greek letter
(called pi) to
denote the value of circumference  diameter. It is accepted that the value of
correct to
15 decimal places is 3.141592926535897. Obviously this number is too big to remember and
write down every time we carry out a circle calculation. We need to round it to the nearest
tenth or hundredth, if we are not using a calculator. Timo says there are 14 one-hundredths,
which is closer to 10 one hundredths than if he went up to 20 one hundredths, so he can
round
to 3.1 (1 dp). Is he correct? Investigate how
could be rounded to 2, 3, 5 decimal

E
places or even to a whole number.
Using
, the circumference of a circle can be calculated by multiplying it by the
diameter or twice the radius.
You will need string, a ruler, a calculator and five objects with circular faces of different
sizes (e.g. a glass, a can, a jam jar, a coin or a plate).

PL Copy this table and complete it as you make your measurements.

Object
1
2
3
4
5
Circumference (C) Diameter (D)
Circumference

diameter (C
D)
M
What do you notice about the results in the C
D column?
Copy and complete this statement:
The circumference of each object is approximately _____ times the diameter.
SA

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Key ideas

Circumference  
diameter, or more simply:

C
D
radius
Circumference  
(2
radius), or more simply:
C2

r
For most calculations use   3.14 or the value of  diameter
given by your calculator.

E
circumference

Example 10

PL
Find the circumference of each circle, correct to two decimal places:
a
4 cm

Solution

C
D
b

Explanation
6 cm

Write the formula, because it is easier to see

M
a
what we are trying to do.
 3.14  4
Substitute D  4 and
 3.14 in the formula.
 12.56 cm
Round your answer to two decimal places.

b C2
r First write the formula.

 2  3.14  6 Substitute values for r and
: r  6,
 3.14
 37.68 cm Round answer to two decimal places.
SA

Example 11

A circular running track has a diameter of 40 m.

a What is the track’s circumference, correct to two decimal places?
b How far do you travel if you walk around the track 100 times?

Solution Explanation
Write the formula.
a C
D
Substitute D  40 cm and
 3.14
 3.14  40
Round your answer to one decimal place.
 125.6 m

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b Distance travelled Write the rule for distance.

 100  circumference of track Use C  125.6 from part a.
 100  125.6 Answer in m or cm.
 12 560 m or 12.56 km

Exercise 4D
1 Find the circumference of each circle, correct to two decimal places:

E
Example 10

a b c d
2 cm 7 cm 5m 14 cm

3
PL e
1.5 m
f
0.9 cm
g

A circular playground of diameter 7.64 m is to be fenced.

a
2.4 cm
h

How much wire (to the nearest metre) is needed to form a circle of diameter 30 metres?

How many metres of fencing is needed? Give your answer correct to the nearest
3.8 cm
M
metre.
b If fencing costs $15 a metre, what is the cost of fencing the playground?
c Posts are needed about every 2 metres around the fence. How many posts are needed?
Example 11 4 A circular running track has a diameter of 160 metres. How far, to the nearest metre,
would a jogger travel in five laps of the track?
SA

5 The minute hand on a watch is 1.6 cm long. How far does its tip travel
(to the nearest cm) in:
a 1 hour? b 1 day?
6 A bicycle wheel has a diameter of 63 cm.
a What is the circumference of the wheel to the nearest metre?
b How far, to the nearest metre, will the bicycle travel if the wheel turns:
i 50 times? ii 1000 times? iii 5600 times?
7 The circumference of a metal rod is 6 cm.
Will the rod go through the hole in the
block shown?
Explain your answer.

1.6 cm

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8 If Tim walks 1 km in 10 min, how long does it take him to walk around a circular path
if the circle has a diameter of 2.4 km?
9 The circumference of this circle is 28 m.
a What is its diameter? (Round to whole number.) C = 28 m
b What is its radius?

10 You will need four pieces of string (each a different length), and a ruler, a tape
measure or a trundle wheel.

E
Measure the length of each piece of string.
Your partner needs to hold the end of one of the pieces of string and stand still. You
need to hold the other end. Keeping the string taut and level, start walking. Your
partner stays in the one spot, but needs to turn on the spot to keep facing you. Stop
when you have returned to your starting point.

PL a
b

c
d

e
What shape was your path?
How far did you walk? Use the relationship you found between the circumference
and the diameter, in the first activity, to help you.
Check your answer by measuring your path. Think about how you can do this.
Repeat the same activity using the other pieces of string. Ask yourself the same
questions each time.
Record all your results in a table similar to the one below.

Length of string
(radius of the circle)
Diameter of
the circle
Estimate of
circumference
Measurement of
the circumference
M
Copy and complete this statement:
The circumference of each object is approximately _____ times the radius.

Enrichment: Changing the diameter

SA

11 Investigate what happens to the circumference of a circle if its diameter is:

a doubled b tripled c halved
Try a circle with a diameter of 1 cm to begin with.
12 Repeat the walk activity from Question 10, using a trundle wheel at the end of a string.
Make sure the person holding the string does not move and that the string is tight.
Is the perimeter of a circle:
A just less than six times the radius?
B exactly six times the radius?
C just a little more than six times the radius?

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13 Leonie is designing a garden bed, but she cannot quite

make up her mind about its shape. She has narrowed the
choice down to the designs shown below:
a b 2m

2m
5m
c 3m d e
1m 4m

E
3m 4m 4m

i Find the total distance around the edges of each garden bed, correct to two

PL ii

iii
decimal places.
If Leonie is going to edge each garden bed with a terracotta border at a cost of
$24 per metre, what is the cost of edging each bed?
Which shape would you recommend? Why?
M
SA

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4-5 Area of rectangles

Area is the measure of the amount of space inside a closed 5 squares
two-dimensional shape and is measured in square units. In
the metric system, the most widely used units of area are
3 squares
square millimetres, square centimetres, square metres,
square kilometres and hectares. Match these abbreviations
with the correct term: km2, cm2, ha, mm2, m2.
The area of this rectangle is 15 square units. Work in pairs to explore strategies you

E
could use to calculate this answer. Share your strategies with other pairs in the class.
Remember there are always different ways to solve a problem.

Key ideas

PL
To find the area of a closed two-dimensional shape you can divide
it into square units and count them.

1 mm 2

It is used to measure the area of very small shapes. The

size of a pinhead is about 1 mm2.

1 cm2
It is used to measure the area of small shapes. The face
of a die is about 1 cm2.
1 mm2

1 mm
1 mm

1 cm2 1 cm
1 cm
M
1 m2 1 m
1 m2 1m
The top of your school desk is about 1 m2.
1 km2 1 km
1 km2 1 km
It is used to measure large areas such as land, city
SA

blocks and countries.

1 ha 100 m

1 ha 100 m
It is used to measure the area of land.
l
The rule for finding the area of a rectangle is:
area  length
width w
or Al
w

Example 12

Choose the most suitable unit (mm2, cm2, m2, km2 or ha) for measuring the area of:
a a tennis court b a mouse pad

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Solution Explanation

a m2 The area is large, so square metres are

convenient.

b cm2 The area is small, so square centimetres are

convenient.

Example 13

E
By counting the number of square centimetres,
find the area of these shapes.

a b

PL
a
Solution
The area of these shapes can be
Explanation

6 whole squares  4 half squares (2 whole

M
estimated by: squares)
counting the whole squares 1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2
1 1
counting any part that is half a 1
2
1
2

square or more as one

SA

whole square
ignoring parts that are less than
half a square.
Area  8 cm2

b Area  11 cm2 1
2 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1
1 1

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Example 14

Find the area of the rectangle.

2 mm
5 mm

Solution Explanation
Length is 5 mm and width is 2 mm.
Area  l  w
52 Note: Length and width can be either side:

E
 10 mm2 l  5, w  2 or l  2, w  5

Example 15

PL
Find the area of a square page of side length 36 cm.

Solution

Area  l  w
 36  36
 1296 cm2
Explanation
Length and width are 36 cm.
36 cm
M
Exercise 4E
Example 12 1 Choose the most suitable unit (mm2, cm2, km2, ha) for measuring the area of each of
SA

the following:
a the top of your desk b the wall of your room c a large shopping centre
d the area of your kitchen e your school’s land f a fingernail
g Eden Park h a silver fern frond i this page
j your hand k Wellington l a 50c postage stamp
m a dairy farm n a 10 cent coin o a local play area
Example 13 2 Find the area by counting the number of squares:

a b c d

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3 Estimate the area of each shape by counting the number of square units:

a b c

d e f

E
4 Find the area of each of the following rectangles, in square units:
a b c

Example 14
PL
5
d

a
3 cm
e

Find the area of each of these rectangles:

b c
f

d
M
7m
8 cm
7 mm 12 cm
6m

2 mm 5.5 cm
6 Find the area of a rectangle with dimensions:
SA

a length 8 cm, width 5 cm b length 42 mm, width 12 mm

c length 2.8 cm, width 0.5 cm d length 1.4 m, width 2.5 m
Note: Dimensions means ‘length and width’.
Example 15 7 Find the area of a square of side length:
a 4 cm b 14 cm c 0.6 m d 4.3 km
8 Copy and complete the following table using leading digit estimation:

Length Width Estimate of area of rectangle

a 48 mm 27 mm 50  30  1500 mm2
b 89 m 72 m
c 57 cm 21 cm
d 6.7 m 7.9 m
e 9.8 cm 8.1 cm

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9 Use your calculator to complete the following table. Give your answers correct to one
decimal place.
Length Width Area of rectangle
a 4.8 cm 3.9 cm 4.8  3.9  18.7 cm2
b 54.28 m 26.23 m
c 0.789 cm 0.125 cm
d 35.1 km 76.4 km
e 128.5 km 234.3 km

E
10 Copy and complete the following table:

Length Width Area of rectangle

4 cm 3 cm
5m 10 m2

PL
11
a
8 cm
6 cm
7 km

4 cm
90 mm
18 cm2
49 km2
24 cm2

Find the area of each of these rectangles. Remember to change to the same unit.
b 1.6 m

140 cm
c 4500 m
2.4 km
M
12 Find the area of each of these rectangles (be careful with the units):
a length 8 cm, width 92 mm b length 820 m, width 2 km
c length 16 cm, width 145 mm d length 1.8 km, width 300 m
13 How many square pavers, each of side length 20 cm, are needed to cover an area of 20 m2?

14 One packet of lawn seed covers 4 m2.

SA

a How many packets are needed to plant a lawn on a rectangular area that measures
9 m  8 m?
b If the area of lawn was doubled, how many packets of lawn seeds do you need?
c If the area of lawn was halved, how many packets of lawn seeds do you need?
15 A square has a perimeter of 24 cm. Find its area.

16 A netball court has dimensions 30.5 m by 15.5 m, and a basketball court has a length
of 28 m and a width of 15 m.
a Find the area of each court.
b Which court has the larger area?
c A new stadium is being built.
i Can you fit two netball and two basketball courts in the new stadium court
area if the length is 62 m and the width is 34 m?
ii Draw a diagram to show how this could be done.

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Enrichment: Rule of hands

17 In general, the area of 100 hands (fingers together)
approximately covers your body. Medical staff use
the area of the hand to estimate the area of skin
burns on patients.
a Trace the outline of your hand onto grid
paper. Find the area of your hand.
b Use your hand area to estimate:
i the area of your face

E
ii the area of your arms and legs
iii the area of all your body.

PL
18 Use grid paper to draw as many rectangles (the length and width must be whole
numbers) as you can that have an area of:
a
d
10 square units
36 square units
b
e
12 square units
54 square units
c 29 square units
M
SA

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4-6 Area of shapes based on rectangles

Some closed two-dimensional shapes consist of two or more rectangles. To find the area of
a composite shape like the one shown, divide it into two smaller rectangles:

= +
Can you see another way this shape may be redrawn? Discuss your ideas with your partner.

E
Key ideas

A shape that is made of two or more other shapes is called a composite shape. To determine
its area we can consider each shape separately.

PL Example 16

Find the shaded area:

a

6m
4m
5m b

9m 3m
7m
M
2m 14 m

Solution Explanation

a Shaded area  area of large rectangle Divide the shape into two rectangles:
 area of small rectangle 5m
6m
 A1  A2
SA

 (l  w)  (l  w) A1 6m + 2m A2
 (6  5)  (2  6)
 30  12 Calculate each separate area.
 42 m2 Add the areas together.
Note: Can you think of another way of
doing this?
b Shaded area  area of large rectangle Divide the shape into two rectangles:
 area of small rectangle
9m A1 − A2 3m
 (l  w)  (l  w) 7m
 (14  9)  (7  3) 14 m
 126  21 Calculate each separate area.
 105 m2 Subtract the areas.

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Exercise 4F
Example 16a 1 Find the area of each shape:
a 2 cm b 6 cm c 3 mm
3 cm 5 mm
5 cm 7 cm
2 cm 5 cm 9 mm
6 cm 8 cm

E
d e 14 mm f 5m 5m
7m
6 mm
4m 10 m
8 mm
9m 19 mm 18 m

6 mm

Example 16b 2
PL g 5m
5m

7m

10 m

Find the shaded area:

3m
h 6m

4m

3m
2m
i

8 cm
16 m

4 cm
M
a b c
2 mm 2 cm
3 cm 1 cm
5 mm 9 mm
4m
6 cm
6 mm 9m
SA

d 6 cm e f 3m
12 m
3 cm 9m 5m 1m 6m
8m
2 cm 10 m
12 m
1 cm
10 cm 5m
10 m

6m
2m
3 Find the shaded area. Be careful with the units.
a b 4000 m

3 cm 9 cm 6 km 12 000 m
20 mm

60 mm 9 km

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4 A rug 2.8 m  3.2 m is placed in a rectangular living room 4 m  4.5 m. What area
of the floor is left uncovered?
5 The outer edge of a picture frame measures 48 cm  32 cm. The photograph inside
the frame is 28 cm  24 cm. What is the area of the border around the photograph?
6 A square garden bed of side length 3 m is surrounded by a 100 cm
path. Find the area of the path.

7 A rectangular garden bed 5 m  8 m is surrounded on three sides

E
by a 50 cm path. Find the area of the path.

8 Georgia has bought a city apartment consisting of five main rooms as shown in the
house plan.
3.8 m 1.9 m 4.3 m

PL 3.6 m Bedroom 2

Bedroom 1

4.2 m
Bathroom 2.5 m
Lounge/Dining

Kitchen

4.3 m
4m

3m
M
a Find the area of each main room.
b Find the area of the whole apartment.
c If slate floor tiles cost $75 per square metre, find the cost of tiling the kitchen,
and lounge/dining room.
d If a wool carpet costs $120 per square metre, find the cost of carpet for the bedrooms.
e Which costs more: tiling the living areas or carpeting the bedrooms?
f One litre of paint covers an area of 9 m2. If the bedroom walls cover an area of
SA

60 m2, how many litres of paint are needed for two coats?

Enrichment: Squares in squares

9 All the sections in this shape are squares.

The area of D is 81 cm2. B
A
The area of E is 100 cm2.
a Find the area of all the other squares.
b Is the total shape a square? G H C I
F
E D

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4-7 Area of triangles

A triangle is a three-sided shape. Consider an 8 cm  5 cm
8 cm
rectangle. The area of the rectangle  8  5  40 cm2.
We can see that half the area of the rectangle is the area of the
5 cm
triangle. Draw a rectangle on a piece of paper, and divide it into
two triangles as shown in the diagram. If you now cut along the
diagonal, what can you say about your area of each triangle? Does this work for a square?
Try it. What have other students in your class discovered?

E
The area of a triangle in our diagram could be found by saying:
Rectangle area  40 cm2, so the triangle area  20 cm2 because:
40
2  20 or half of 40  20 l
If the triangle does not have a right angle, you can still find

PL
its area by drawing a rectangle around the triangle, as shown
in this diagram. Draw a triangle in a rectangle, cut it out and
explore the area of the shaded triangle. What do you discover?

Key ideas
Use your findings to write a rule (which we call a formula) to
use when you want to find the area of a triangle.

When talking about the dimensions of a triangle we are referring to its base and height.
• Area of triangle  21
base
height
b
h w
M
A  12
b
h

h h h
SA

b b b
• The height of a triangle is always perpendicular (at right angles) to the base. It is the
distance from the top of the triangle to the base.

Example 17

Find the area of each triangle:

a b c
12 m
7 cm

6 cm 8 cm 9m

10 cm 7m
4 cm

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Solution Explanation
1 Write the rule and substitute numbers for the
a Area   base  height
2 base (10 cm) and the height (6 cm).
1 Then half of 6  3,  area  3  10  30 cm2
  10  6
2 Or half of 10 is 5,  Area  6  5  30 cm2
56 Or 6  10  60,  Area  half of 60  30 cm2
 30 cm2 You may think of other strategies that could be used.
Mathematicians develop rules and formulas and
then substitute values for the letters used in the rule.
1

E
b A bh Write the rule.
2
Base is 4 cm and height is 7 cm, so substitute
1
 47 b  4 and h  7.
2
27
 14 cm2

PL
c
1
A bh
2
1
 79
2
1
  63
2
 31.5 m2
Write the rule.
Base is 7 cm and height is 9 cm. Substitute
b  7 and h  9
M
Example 18

Calculate the area of this composite shape: 8 cm

9 cm
SA

12 cm

Solution Explanation
Total area Divide the shape into a
8 cm
 area of rectangle  area of triangle rectangle and a triangle.
 A1  A2 Find the area of each
A1 A2
 (l  w)  (12  b  h) shape, then add the two 9 cm
 (9  8)  (12  9  4) areas together.
 72  (12  36) Write the rule for the 4 cm
 72  18 area of each shape, then
 90 cm2 substitute l  9, w  8, for the rectangle and
b  9 and h  4 for the triangle to
complete the calculation.

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Exercise 4G
Example 17a 1 Calculate the area of each triangle:
a b c d 9m
4 cm 6 cm 8m
6m
6 cm 8 cm 12 m
2 Draw each triangle and label its base and height:

E
a b c d

3 Find the area of each right-angled triangle:

Example 17b 4
PL a

a
5 cm

4 cm

Find the area of each triangle:

b
b

8m
6m

c
c 8 cm
7 cm
d

d
8 cm

6 cm
10 cm
7 cm

6 cm 4 cm 6 cm 11 cm
6 cm
M
7 cm
4 cm

Example 17c 5 Find the area of each triangle:

a b c d
12 m 2m 6m 10 m
10 m
SA

9m
8m 5m
6m 8m
6 Find the area of each triangle:
a b 10 cm c
8 cm 10 cm
7 cm 9 cm 7 cm

11 cm 9 cm
d e 15 cm f
8 cm

16 cm 12 cm 10 cm
24 cm
6 cm

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g h i
9 cm
2.9 m 6.4 m 12 m
8 cm 7.3 m

5.4 m 8.5 m
10 cm

7 Find the area of each triangle:

a base 8 cm, height 5 cm b base 12 cm, height 10 cm
c base 7 cm, height 7 cm d base 5 m, height 9 m

E
e base 1.8 mm, height 2.5 mm f base 9.3 cm, height 5.4 cm
8 a Calculate the area of each triangle:
i ii iii

PL
9
b What do you notice about the area of each triangle?
Copy and complete this table: Base
2 mm
4 cm
5 cm
Height
4 mm
9 cm

7 cm
Area

20 cm
28 cm
M
12 mm 30 mm

Example 18 10 Find the area of each composite shape:

a 6 cm b c 7 cm
7 cm
5 cm 5 cm 7 cm
SA

2 cm 6 cm 12 cm
d 7 cm e 4m f 12 mm

4 cm 11 mm
8m 7 mm
8 cm 4m
8m

g h

6 cm 5m
3 cm 3 cm 6m 12 m 6m

6 cm

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11 Find the shaded area:

a b 7m
2m
12 m 5m
3m 7m
4m
12 m

c d

E
14 m 12 m 12 m
2m 3m
8m

6m
1m
3m 3m
4m 4m

12 A rectangular lawn has dimensions 8 m  6 m. Four 2m

PL
13
identical triangular garden beds are to be built along
one side as an edging (see the diagram on the right).
a
b
Find the area of one of the triangular garden bed.
Find how much of the lawn remains after all four
garden beds have been dug.

Enrichment: Pick’s rule

Consider these grids and triangles, with A, p and n defined below.
2m
M
P Q T
R
S
SA

p  the number of dots on the perimeter of the triangle

n  the number of dots inside the triangle p
A  the area of the triangle in square units Triangle p n n A
2
a Copy and complete this table.
P 12 3 9 8
b Find a rule that relates p, n and A
Q
c Use your rule to determine each of
R
the following:
i If the number of dots on the S
perimeter of a triangle is 8 T
and the number of dots inside the triangle is 4, what is the area of the triangle?
ii If the number of dots on the perimeter of a triangle is 12 and the area of the
triangle is 14 square units, how many dots are inside the triangle?

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4-8 Volume of cubes and cuboids

Volume is a measure of the amount of space a three dimensional shape occupies.
The most common measures of volume are: 1 cm
3
cubic metres (m )
1 cm
cubic centimetres (cm3)
1 cm
The tray of a furniture removal truck is built in a cuboid shape.
Shipping containers are cuboid. Transport of a container on

E
a ship is charged by the volume of the container. Metal for a
road or bark for a garden are sold by the cubic metre.
In Chapter 2 you investigated volume by counting the
number of cubes in a layer and multiplying by the number of layers. Work in pairs and use
some toy cubes to build three or four cuboids of different sizes. Work out the volume of

PL
each, and use that information to develop a rule you could use for any sized cuboid.

Key ideas

A cuboid is a rectangular prism such as shoe box. The

length, width and height may all be different lengths.
Mathematicians use letters to represent these lengths, when
using a rule (formula) to calculate its volume:
V  volume; I  Iength; w  width; h  height
V  area of base of the cuboid
height
M
l
w
h
h 3 layers

w
l 2
5
Units of volume: mm3, cm3, m3, km3
SA

A square prism (ccube) has all its edges of equal length.

V  Iength
width
height l
l
l
l
l
 l3 l

Example 19

Find the volume of a rectangular prism of

length 6 cm, width 3 cm and height 5 cm. 5 cm

3 cm
6 cm

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Solution Explanation

V  base area  height Area of the base  l  w

lwh We substitute these measurements and h  5.
635 Calculate the solution or answer.
 90 cm3

Exercise 4H

E
Example 19 1 Find the volume of these rectangular prisms:
a 1 cm b c
2 cm 4m
4 cm 7 cm
3m

PL d

g
5 cm
6 cm
12 cm
e

h
5m

11 cm
7 cm
5 cm
f

i
3 cm

6 mm
4 cm

24 mm

7 mm
M
6 cm 15 cm
4m
6 cm
9 cm 12 cm
4m 23 cm
4m
2 Find the volume of these rectangular prisms:
SA

a length 2 cm, width 2 cm and height 6 cm

b length 12 mm, width 9 mm and height 6 mm
c length 12 m, width 9 m and height 7 m
3 Find the volume of each cube:
a edge length 2 cm b edge length 6 mm
c edge length 7 cm d edge length 2.5 cm
4 Copy and complete the table below:

Length Width Height Volume

2 3 4
2 2 8
3 3 27
5 2 30
1 4 20

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5 Estimate the volume of each cuboid, then measure it and calculate its volume.
a a textbook b a biscuit packet (box)
c a plastic crate or box d your classroom
6 A 1 m  1 m  1 m rectangular box and 2 m  1 m  12 m rectangular box both have
a volume of exactly 1 cubic metre. Give the dimensions of three other rectangular
boxes that also have a volume of 1 cubic metre.
7 Effie and Helen are sharing a rectangular cabin of length 2.8 m, width 3.2 m and
height 3 m. What is the volume of the cabin?
8 Effie has bought a rectangular shipping container of dimensions 3 m  4 m  4 m.

E
a Find the volume of the container.
b She has 30 boxes, each of which take up a volume of 1.5 m3, will they fit in the
container?
9 A ship has a rectangular storage area that is 15 m long, 10 m wide and 2.8 m high.

PL
10
a
b

a
b
What is the volume of the storage area?
How many boxes of dimensions 1 m  0.5 m  2.5 m would fit in the storage area?

Enrichment: More rectangular prisms

Find the volume of each of the rectangular prisms described in this table.
How does doubling the length, width and height affect the volume obtained?

Length Width Height Volume

M
3 cm 2 cm 4 cm
6 cm 4 cm 8 cm
12 cm 8 cm 16 cm
24 cm 16 cm 23 cm

c What would you expect if you multiply each dimension by:

i 3? ii 4?
SA

11 For each of the volumes given below, use 1-centimetre cubes to make as many
different rectangular prisms as you can. Draw each shape and record its dimensions.
a 10 cubic centimetres b 16 cubic centimetres c 20 cubic centimetres

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4-9 Capacity
Capacity is the amount a three-dimensional shape can hold. An ice-cream container is said
to have a capacity of 2 L. Compost for the garden is sold in bags that can hold 20 L. Cough
medicine come in bottles that have the capacity to hold 150 mL of cough mixture.
You will recall from Chapter 2 that the metric units most commonly used for capacity are the
litre (L), the millilitre (mL) and, for much larger measures, the kilolitre (kL) and megalitre (ML).
There is a link between capacity and volume. A container that has an inside volume of
1000 cm3 has a capacity of 1000 mL or 1 L. This means 1 m L 1 cm 3.

E
A Mitsubishi Diamante car is advertised as having a motor that is 3.5 L or 3500 cm3. The
advertisement is relating the capacity of the motor to its volume.
Investigate the different ways car sales advertise the engine capacity of cars.

Key ideas

PL
Units of capacity:
• 1 L  1000 mL
• 1 kL  1000 L
• 1 ML  1000 kL
Comparing volume and capacity:
• 1 mL  1 cm3
• 1 L  1000 cm3
M
• Use a capital letter L for litres.

Example 20
SA

Find the capacity of this cuboid: 8m

3m
2.5 cm
Solution Explanation

Volume  area of base  height Find volume of shape.

V  2.5  8  h This is the formula for volume of a cuboid.
 20  3 Substitute values to find base area and substitute
 60 cm3 value for height.
Complete the calculation.
Capacity  60 mL As 1 cm3  1 mL, 60 cm3 is the same as
60 mL.

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Exercise 4I
Example 20 1 How many litres of water would each container hold?
a b c
2 cm
7 cm
7 cm 4.2 cm 1.7 cm
40 cm
120 cm
2 cm
5 cm

E
2 A rectangular spa bath has the dimensions shown. 1.2 m
How many litres will the bath hold if it is 0.6 m
half full? 1.8 m

4
PL What amount of water, in litres, is needed to fill this
fish tank to 3 cm below the top edge?

120 cm
The petrol tank of a car has a capacity of 50 litres. If the car can travel 50 km on
6 litres, how far can it travel on a full tank?
50 cm

30 cm
M
Enrichment: Dripping tap
5 You will need the following equipment:
a 100 cm3 measuring cylinder
SA

access to a water tap aw0426

a pencil and paper to record your results
a Turn on the tap until the water comes out one drop at a time.
b Count the number of drops until you have exactly 20 cm3 or 20 mL of water in
your measuring cylinder.
c Use your results to find the volume of one drop of water.

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4-10 Mass
The mass of an object is the amount of matter it contains. The
basic unit of mass is the gram (g). Many drugs in medicines
are measured in milligrams (mg) because of the minute mass
used. The mass of a packet of potato crisps is measured in
grams. Objects with a large mass such as a bag of potatoes
would be measured in kilograms (kg). Objects with a very
large mass, for example a ship, are measured in tonnes (t).

E
Key ideas

PL
1000 mg  1 g

1000 g  1 kg
1000 kg  1 t
Grams and milligrams are used to accurately measure very minute
quantities.
Kilograms are usually used for the mass of foods and animals.
Tonnes are used for the mass of large and heavy objects.
M
Example 21

Sione’s backpack contains his gear for rugby. It has a mass of 13.6 kg. He adds his lunch
(1200 g) and another pair of boots (mass 0.85 kg).
i Find the total mass of his backpack.
SA

ii He removes all the dirty socks (620 g). What is the mass of the backpack now?

Solution Explanation
1200 g  1.2 kg and 620 g  0.62 kg Change all measurements to the same unit.
i Total mass  13.6  1.2  0.85 Add mass of contents.
 15.65 kg
ii Final mass  15.65  0.62 kg Subtract mass of socks.
 15.03 kg

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Example 22

20 cent coins all weigh the same. The mass of 45 of them is 230 g. A fundraising
committee need $60 worth of 20 cent coins in change. Find the mass of $60 in 20 cent
pieces. Is this more than a kilogram? Explain.

Solution Explanation

230 Find the mass of 1 coin by dividing the mass of

Mass of 1 coin 
45 45 coins by 45.

E
 5.11 g (2 d.p.)
No. of 20c coins in $60 Find the number of coins needed to make up
 60  5 $60, as there are five 20c coins in each $.
 300
Mass of 300 coins  300  5.11 No. of coins  mass of one coin
1000 to

PL
1533
1000
 1.533 kg
 1533 g

Mass of 300 coins is greater than 1 kg.

Exercise 4J
change to kg.
M
Example 21 1 If the mass of one box is 32.6 kg and the mass of another is 32 624 g, which box is
heavier?
2 If the mass of one container is 12.7 kg and the mass of another is 12 750 g, which
container is heavier?
SA

3 How many kilograms of cheese are there on both

the scales combined?

Example 22 4 Kristy’s mass at birth was 2700 g. During the next 12 weeks she put on an average of
20 g per week. What was her mass at the end of the 12 weeks?
5 A piece of cardboard has a mass of 350 mg. What is the mass (in grams) of:
a 20 pieces? b 100 pieces?

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6 Use this shopping list to help you answer the questions.

Shopping list
500 g biscuits $3.49
1 kg flour $1.59
300 g peanuts $2.50
250 g breakfast cereal $2.95

a What is the mass, in kg, of seven packets of flour?

b How many packets of breakfast cereal weigh 1 kg?

E
c How many packets of biscuits make up 2 kg?
d How many packets of peanuts weigh 1.8 kg? What will the cost be?
e Panayiota bought 112 kg of peanuts. Her grandchildren ate 300 g of them. How
much was left?

PL
7
f
g
What is the cost of 1 kg of biscuits?
Flour comes in cartons of 20 packets, biscuits come in cartons of 15 packets and
peanuts come in cartons of 50 packets. What is the mass, in kilograms, of each
carton (excluding packaging)? Which carton is the heaviest?

Enrichment
A transport truck is permitted to carry a load of 12 tonnes. It needs to carry 20
pallets of concrete building blocks to a building site. One concrete block has a mass
M
of 4.5 kg. A pallet (without blocks) has a mass of 18
kg. Each pallet has 6 layers of blocks and there are 16
blocks in each layer. FPO
a What is the mass of each pallet of blocks?
b How many trips does the truck needs to make?
SA

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W O R K I N G Mathematically
Measurement applications
1 Volume and capacity
We can carry out experiments to find a relationship between volume and capacity. This will
help us to find a way of finding the volume of an irregular solid such as a pebble or a pen.
For this investigation, you will need:
three small, different-sized rectangular solids (for example, an eraser, a die)
a container and a tray (the container must fit into the tray)
a measuring jug that can measure millilitres.

E
You will need to work in a group as directed by the teacher.

Estimating and measuring the volume of rectangular solids

a i Estimate the volume of each rectangular solid.
ii List the rectangular objects and their volumes in order, from largest to smallest.

PL
b

c
Measure the length, width and height of each rectangular object and determine their
actual volume.
Were your estimates close to the actual volumes?

Calculating water displacement

a Place the container in the tray and fill the container to the
brim with water. Carefully lower one of the rectangular
objects into the water (be careful not to put your fingers in
the water). Collect the water that spills over and pour it into
M
the measuring jug.
b Record how many millilitres of water were displaced by
the object.
c Repeat parts a and b for the other two rectangular
objects.

Reflecting
SA

Compare the water displaced by each rectangular object with

the volumes you calculated above. Write a paragraph
explaining what you notice.

2 Patterns from square metres

In this investigation we will be exploring how to draw
rectangles with the same area but different dimensions.

Finding areas
1 The diagram below shows a square of area 1 square metre. Draw two other rectangles
that have an area of 1 square metre.

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2 a Find the area of each of the following rectangles:

4m
1
m
4

1m
2m
1m

E
3m
1 4m
m
2
1
m
3
3m
1

PL
3
4

a
1
2
m
2m

b Record their dimensions and area in a table.

What do you notice about the area of each shape?
Is 1 square metre different from 1 metre squared?

Drawing a graph of the areas

Draw a set of axes like the one shown. Draw each
1m
1
4
m

4
3
m
M
Width of rectangle

rectangle carefully on the set of axes. Two of the

shapes have been drawn for you. Join the 3
right-hand top corner of each rectangle to the top
2
right-hand corner of the shape next to it.
b Describe the shape of the graph you have drawn. 1
c If a rectangle with an area of 1 square metre has a
SA

length of 112 metres, what will its width be? 1 2 3 4

Extension Length of rectangle
a Draw at least seven different rectangles that have an area of 4 square metres.
b Draw up a set of axes similar to the one above and draw your rectangles carefully on
the graph.
c Compare it to your earlier graph. Ask your teacher what kind of curve these
graphs show.

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Chapter summary
Review
Scales
When reading scales:
check that the scale starts at zero
find what each small division (graduation) represents
always include units in the answer.

Conversion of metric units

 1000  1000  1000

E
mL L kL ML
 1000 to change mg g kg t
by 1000 to change
to a smaller unit to a larger unit

1000
1000
1000
10 100 1000

PL
sides.
mm

10

Perimeter of a polygon
cm

100

Perimeter (circumference) of a circle:

C  2r
1
or C  D
m

Radius   diameter, e.g. r  2.5 cm, D  5 cm

1000
km

To find the perimeter of any polygon you add the lengths of all the
circumference

D=5
cm
r = 2.5
cm
M
2
Formula Shape Unit
Area of rectangle: A  l  w l mm2, cm2, m2, km2

Area of triangle: A  12  b  h mm2, cm2, m2, km2

SA

h h h

b b b

Volume (cube): V  l3 mm3, cm3, m3, km3

l

l l

Volume (cuboid):
h mm3, cm3, m3, km3
V  base area  height
w
l

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Composite shapes

Review
To find the total area of a composite shape you can divide the shape into smaller rectangles,
then find the areas of each rectangle and add them together.
5m 6m 5m
2m A2
4m
A1 6m
6m
2m

E
Capacity and volume
1 mL  1 cm3
1 L  1000 cm3

Short-answer questions

2
PL
What is the most suitable unit for measuring:
a area of the classroom?
b volume of a tissue box?
c mass of truck?
d capacity of a drink can?
Find the perimeter of this:
a triangle b polygon
M
8 cm

7 cm 6 cm 7 cm
5 cm 6 cm

40 mm 10 cm
SA

3 What is the area of the triangle in Question 2a?

4 What is the area of the polygon in Question 2b?
5 What is the volume of this box? 7 cm

6 cm

4 cm
6 Find the volume of a box with dimensions 2 m  3 m  6 m.
7 Find the mass of the three objects your teacher has provided.
8 a Measure the dimensions of the biscuit box your teacher has provided.
b Calculate the volume of the box.
c Find the capacity of the box.

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9 Find:
Review
a the circumference of the tin your teacher has provided
b the height of the tin.
10 Choose the most suitable unit for measuring:
a the area of a family room
b the area of Auckland
c the area of a postage stamp
d the capacity of an eye dropper
e the capacity of a shipping container

E
f the volume of a shipping container
11 Find the area of each shape:
a b 15 cm
0.9 m 5 cm

PL 2.6 m
12 cm

8 cm

12 What is the side length (correct to two decimal places) of a square tablemat that has an
area of 200 cm2?
13 A 17 m  12 m rectangular park is surrounded by a
bike path that is 1 m wide. Find the area of the path.
M
14 Calculate the area of each triangle:
a b c
SA

3 cm 8 cm 7m

4 cm 4m
3 cm
15 Find the shaded area of each shape:
a 21 cm b

42 cm 12 m 78 m
42 m

4m
98 cm

51 m
85 cm

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16 Find the volume of each of these rectangular prisms:

Review
a b c
12 m
5 cm 3.2 m
13 m
3 cm 2.1 m 28 m
7 cm 4.5 m
3
17 Convert 250 mL to cm .

Extended-response questions

E
1 A rectangular family room is 6 m  4 m. Faye is considering
carpeting the room with either 2 m wide carpet costing $120
per linear metre or carpet tiles costing $65 per square metre.
a What is the area of the room?

2
PL
b What is the cost of using the 2 m wide carpet?
c What is the cost of using the carpet squares?
d Which option is more expensive and by how much?
A rectangular pool is 6 m  7.5 m, and is surrounded by a
path 1 m wide.
a What is the area of the pool?
b What is the area of the path?
c If the pool is 1.5 m deep and is filled with water to
20 cm from the top, how much water is in the pool?
M
d If the pool is filled at the rate of 40 litres per minute,
how long will it take to fill the pool to 20 cm from the top?
SA

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