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Artificial Intelligence Answer Key

The document outlines key concepts in Artificial Intelligence, including definitions, PEAS specifications for systems like biometric authentication and automated taxi drivers, and various problem-solving techniques. It discusses search algorithms such as BFS, DFS, and A*, along with knowledge-based agents and logical reasoning methods like forward and backward chaining. Additionally, it covers the knowledge engineering process and approaches to planning in AI.

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26 views

Artificial Intelligence Answer Key

The document outlines key concepts in Artificial Intelligence, including definitions, PEAS specifications for systems like biometric authentication and automated taxi drivers, and various problem-solving techniques. It discusses search algorithms such as BFS, DFS, and A*, along with knowledge-based agents and logical reasoning methods like forward and backward chaining. Additionally, it covers the knowledge engineering process and approaches to planning in AI.

Uploaded by

khuzaif319
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence - Answer Key

Module 1

1a. Define Artificial Intelligence and its Foundations:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines capable of

performing tasks that require human intelligence. Foundations of AI include disciplines like

philosophy, mathematics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, and linguistics.

1b. PEAS Specification for Biometric Authentication System:

- Performance: High accuracy in identifying individuals.

- Environment: Secure areas requiring authentication.

- Actuators: Systems granting or denying access.

- Sensors: Biometric sensors like fingerprint scanners or cameras.

2a. Comparisons:

i. Fully Observable vs Partially Observable: Complete vs limited environment information.

ii. Single Agent vs Multi-Agent: Individual vs multiple interacting agents.

iii. Deterministic vs Stochastic: Predictable outcomes vs probabilistic outcomes.

iv. Static vs Dynamic: Unchanging vs evolving environment.

2b. PEAS Specification for Automated Taxi Driver:

- Performance: Timely and safe transportation.

- Environment: City roads with traffic rules.

- Actuators: Steering, brakes, accelerator.

- Sensors: Cameras, GPS, LIDAR.


Module 2

3a. Problem-Solving Agent:

A problem-solving agent formulates goals, designs actions, and executes plans to achieve them.

Example: Solving the 8-puzzle problem involves defining states, operators, and a goal test.

3b. State Space for Vacuum World:

The state space is defined by the agent's location and the cleanliness of rooms. Actions include

moving left/right or cleaning (suck). Transitions are represented as edges in the state graph.

4a. BFS and DFS Algorithms:

Breadth-First Search (BFS): Explores all nodes at the current depth before moving deeper.

Depth-First Search (DFS): Explores as far as possible along a branch before backtracking.

4b. Depth-Limited Search and Iterative Deepening DFS:

- Depth-Limited: Restricts depth of search.

- Iterative Deepening: Combines depth-limited and breadth-first approaches.


Module 3

5a. Heuristic Function and A* Search Algorithm:

A* uses a heuristic function h(n) and path cost g(n) to find the least-cost path. Example: Use

heuristic values to calculate total costs and select optimal paths.

5b. Knowledge-Based Agents:

Agents using a knowledge base for reasoning and decision-making. TELL adds knowledge, and

ASK queries knowledge.

6a. A* Search for Graph Problems:

Calculate heuristic and path costs to find solutions. Maintain open and closed lists for efficient

search.

6b. Wumpus World:

Use propositional logic to represent facts and infer the Wumpus's location using logical reasoning.
Module 4

7a. Syntax and Semantics of First Order Logic:

First-order logic uses variables, constants, functions, predicates, and quantifiers for representation.

Syntax defines structure; semantics defines meaning.

7b. Knowledge Engineering Process:

Steps include: Identify task, gather knowledge, represent knowledge, implement system, and test.

8a. Forward Chaining:

Uses inference rules to deduce conclusions from known facts. Example: Diagnosing diseases based

on symptoms.

8b. Unification:

Matches variables in logical statements for reasoning. Example: Matching predicates to unify

knowledge.
Module 5

9a. Backward Chaining:

Works from goal to known facts, verifying if conditions are met. Example: Proving a theorem by

verifying premises.

9b. Classical Planning:

Uses state-space search to plan actions. Example: Blocks World involves stacking blocks to match

a goal configuration.

10a. Resolution in AI:

Resolution proves statements by refutation. Uses conjunctive normal form and inference rules.

10b. Approaches to Searching for a Plan:

- State-Space Search: Explore all states to find a solution.

- Plan-Space Search: Focus on partial plans and refine iteratively.

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