IoT – Internet of Things

Unit – II

K . P. MAHESWARI MCA., M. PHIL., NET.,(PH.D)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS(UG),
FATIMA COLLEGE.
 Applications of IoT

1. Home Automation 6. Logistics

2. Cities 7. Agriculture
3. Environment 8. Industry
4. Energy 9. Health & Lifestyle
5. Retail
 1.Home Automation

- Smart Lighting
- Smart Appliances
- Intrusion Detection
- Smoke / Gas Detector
Smart Lighting:

- It helps in saving energy by adopting the lighting to the ambient conditions,

and switching ON/ OFF or dimming the lights whenever needed .
- Technology used : Solid state lighting ( LED lights) and IP- enabled
lighting.
- For solid state , spectral and temporal characteristics can be configured.
- Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely
from IoT applications such as mobile or web applications
Smart Appliances:
- Modern homes have number of smart appliances such as TVs, Refrigerators, Music Systems, etc
- Controlling all such devices needs its own remote control or own controls
- Ex: Smart washer / dryers can control remotely and notify when the cycle is completed
- Smart thermostats allow controlling the temperature remotely and can learn the users preferences.
- Smart refrigerator can keep track of items stored using RFID tags and updates to the user when the
item is low on stock.
- Smart TV allows the users to search and stream videos from internet on a local storage device.
- OpenRemote is open source automated platforms for homes and buildings.
- with OpenRemote, users can control various smart appliances using mobile or web application
- OpenRemote consists of 3 components :
1. Controller –Manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices
2. Designer – Allows to create both configuration for controller and user interface.
3. Control Panel – allows to interact with devices and control them
Intrusion Detection :
- Home Intrusion detection system uses Cameras and sensors (PIR sensors & door sensors) to
detect intrusions and raise alerts.
- Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to the users.
- Advanced system can even send the detailed alerts such as an image grab or short video
clips along with the email
- A cloud controlled Intrusion detection system uses location aware services, where geolocation
of each system is detected independently and stored in cloud
- The cloud services alert the accurate neighbours or local police.
- UPnP technology is used in intrusion detection system
- This system uses image processing to recognize the intrusion and extract the intrusion
subject and generate Universal Plug and Play instant message for alerting system.
Smoke / Gas Detector

- Smoke / Gas detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke, that is typically
early sign of fire.

- Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or air sampling techniques to detect smoke

- Alerts raised by smoke detectors are in the form of signals to the fire alarm system

- Gas detectors can detect harmful gases such as Carbon monoxide(CO), Liquid Petroleum Gas
(LPG)

- Gas detectors can raise alarm in form of human voice, describing where the problem is and
send sms or email to the user or Fire service department and provide visual feedback on its
status .
 2. Cities
- Smart Parking
- Smart Lighting
- Smart Roads
- Structural health Monitoring
- Surveillance
- Emergency response
Smart Parking:
- Finding parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time consuming and
frustrating
- Drivers blindly searching for parking space and create additional traffic congestion
- Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers
- smart parking Is powered by IoT systems, that detect the number of empty parking space and
send the information over the internet to smart parking application back-ends
- These applications are accessed by the drivers from smart phone, tablets or in-car navigation
system
- Sensors also used to detect the empty slots
- Design and implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on wireless sensor
network technology with features like remote parking monitoring, automated guidance
Smart Lightings:
- Smart lightings for roads, parks, and buildings can help in saving energy
- Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the
ambient conditions
-Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting
schedules and intensity
- Custom lighting configuration can be set for different situations such as foggy day, a
festival etc.
- Smart lightings equipped with sensors can communicate with other lights and exchange
information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt the lighting.
Smart Roads:
- Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions,
travel time estimation and alerts poor traffic condition , congestion, accidents etc.
- such information can help to keep the road safer and reduce traffic jamming.
- Sensed information from the road is communicated to the driver through internet
through cloud based applications and social media.
Structural health Monitoring:
- It uses network of monitoring sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the buildings and
bridges.
- The data collected through this sensor is analysed to assess the health of the structures.
- By analysing, it is possible to detect the cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the
damages to the structure and also calculate the remaining lifetime
- Advanced warnings can be given in the case of imminent failure of the structure
- Structural health monitoring system uses large number of wireless sensors nodes
powered by traditional batteries
Surveillance:
- It is required for safety and security
- City wide surveillance infrastructure can be created using large number of
distributed and internet connected cameras.
- The video feeds from the camera is stored in the cloud storage.
- Cloud based video analytics applications can be developed to search the
patterns or specific events from the videos.
Emergency Response:
- IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in the cities such as
buildings, gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substations.
- It generate alert to minimize the effect in critical infrastructure.
- Using cloud based architecture, multimodal information such as sensor data, audio, video
feeds can ne analysed.
- Response to alert generated by such system can be in the form of alerts send to the public,
re-routing of traffic, evacuations of the affected area, etc.
 3. Environment

- Weather Monitoring
- Air Pollution Monitoring
- Noise Pollution Monitoring
- Forest Fire Detection
- River Flood Detection
Weather Monitoring:

- IoT based weather monitoring system, use sensors and the sensed data are stored in the
cloud.

- It can be analysed and visualized by cloud applications.

- Weather alerts can be send to the subscribed users

- AirPi is weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading the
information about the temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, Carbon
monoxide, nitrogen di oxide and smoke level.
Air Pollution Monitoring:

- IoT based Air Pollution Monitoring systems can monitor the emission of harmful gases
by automobiles and factories using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
- The collected data can be analysed to make informed decisions on pollution control
approaches.
- In real time air quality monitoring system comprises of distributed monitoring stations
that communicate via wireless with the backend server using Machine –to – machine
communication.
- It integrates the single chip microcontroller, several air pollution sensors, GPRS Modem,
and GPS module.
Noise pollution Monitoring :

- Noise pollution can cause health hazards for humans due to sleep disruption and stress.
- Noise Pollution monitoring helps in generating Noise maps in cities
- The noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning and making policies to
control noise levels near residential areas, schools and parks.
- The data on noise levels from the stations is collected in servers or cloud.
- The collected data is aggregated in to generate the noise map.
Forest Fire Detection:
- Forest fires can create damage to natural resources, property and human life.
- Early detection of forest fire results in less damage.
- IoT based Fire detection systems uses number of monitoring nodes deployed at different
locations in a forest.
- Each node collects measurements on temperature, humidity, light levels etc.
- It uses wireless sensor networks
- The system uses multi- criteria detection which is implemented by ANN (Artificial neural
Networks)
- The ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to multiple attributes of forest fires to detect.
River Flood Detection

- River floods occurs due to continuous rainfall, which causes the river levels to rise and
flow rates to increase rapidly.
-Early warnings of flood can be done by monitoring the water level and flow rate.
- IoT based River Flood detection uses number of sensor nodes that monitor the water
level (using ultrasonic sensors) and flow rate (using flow velocity sensor).
- Data from the sensors are aggregated in to server or in cloud.
- The system includes modules such as water level monitoring, network video recorder,
data processing that provides flood information in he form of raw data, predicted data and
video flow.
 4. Energy

- Smart Grids
- Renewable Energy Systems
- Prognostics
Smart Grids:

- Smart grids is data communications network integrated with the electrical grid that collects
and analyses data captured in real time about power transmission, distribution and
consumptions

- Smart grid technology provides predictive information and recommendations to utilities ,

their suppliers, and their customers on how best to mange power.

- Smart grid collects data regarding electricity generation(centralized or distributed),

consumption(instantaneous or predictive) , storage(conversion of energy in to other forms),
distribution
- Smart grid use high speed, fully integrated, two way communication technologies for real
time information and power exchange.

- Smart meters can capture atmost real time consumption , remotely control the
consumption of electricity and remotely switch off supply when needed.

- power theft can be prevented using smart metering.

- cloud based monitoring of smart grids can improve energy usage level.

- Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission system can
help in detecting faults predicting outages.
Renewable Energy Systems:

- Due to variability in the output from renewable energy sources (Solar & wind) ,
integrating them in to the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problem.

- Variable output produces local voltage swings that can impact power quality.

- Existing systems are designed to handle power flows from centralized generation sources
to the loads through transmission and distribution lines.

- IoT based system integrated with the transformers at the point of interconnection measure
the electrical variables and how much power is fed in to the grid.
Prognostics:
- Energy systems ( smart grids, power plants, ) have a large number of critical
components , that must function correctly so that the system can perform correctly.
- Incorrect operation of Critical components leads to failure.
- In power grids, the real time information is collected using specialized electrical
sensor called PMU (Phasor Measurement Units) at the substation
- The information received from the PMU must be monitored in real time for
estimating the state of the system and for predicting the failure.
 5. Retail

- Inventory Management
- Smart Payments
- Smart Vending Machines
Inventory management:

- Over stocking of products results in additional storage expenses and risk, under stocking
leads to loss of revenue.

- IoT systems uses RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags to manage inventory .

- RFID tags attached to the products and allow them to be tracked in real time, so that
inventory levels can be determined accurately and product in low stock can be replenished.

- Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or warehouse.
Smart Vending Machines :
- Smart vending machine connected to the internet allow remote monitoring of inventory levels, elastic pricing
of products, promotions and contact-less payment using NFC.
- Smartphone application that communicate with smart vending machines allows user preferences to be
remembered and learned with time
- When a user moves from one vending machine to the other and pairs the smart phone with the vending
machine, a user specific interface is presented.
- Users can save their preferences and favourite products.
- Sensors in the smart vending machines monitor its operations and send the data to the cloud, which can be
used for predictive maintenance.
- Smart vending machines can communicate with other vending machines and share their inventory level.
- So that the customers can be routed to the nearest machine in case of product goes out of stock in a machine
- For perishable items, Smart vending machines can reduce the price as the expiry date nears.
- New products can be recommended to the customers based on the purchase history and preferences.
 6. Logistics

- Route Generation & Scheduling

- Fleet Tracking
- Shipment Monitoring
- Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
Route Generation & Scheduling:

- Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple sources which is
processed to provide new services to the stakeholders.

- Those data are processed in to useful information, advance route guidance, dynamic vehicle
routing, anticipating customer demands for pick up and delivery problem.

- It generates end –to-end routes using combination of route patterns and transportation modes and
feasible schedules based on the availability of vehicles.

-As the transportation networks increases the complexity in number of possible route combinations
increases exponentially.

- IoT based system backed by the cloud can provide fast response to the route generation queries.
Fleet Tracking :

- Vehicle fleet tracking system uses GPS technology to track the location of the vehicle in
real time.

- Cloud-based Fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number of
vehicles.

- Alerts can be generated in the case of deviation in the planned route.

- The vehicle location and routes can be aggregated and analysed for detecting the
bottlenecks in the supply chain such as traffic congestion on routes, assignments and
generation of alternative routes and supply chain optimization.
Shipment Monitoring :
- It provides solution for transportation systems allowing monitoring conditions inside
container.
- Ex: containers carrying fresh fish produce can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food.
- It uses sensors for temperature, humidity, pressure to monitor the internal condition of the
container and send the data to the cloud, where it can be analysed to detect spoilage
- The analysis and interpretation of data on the environmental conditions in the container and
food truck positioning can enable more effective routing decisions in real time
- Therefore it is possible to take immediate measures –such as The food that has limited time
budget before it gets rotten can be re-router to the closer destination, alerts can be raised to
the driver and the distributor
- Cloud based framework is developed
- For fragile products, the vibration levels during shipment can be tracked using
accelerometer and gyroscope sensors attached to the IoT device
Remote Vehicle Diagnostics:
-It can detect the faults in the vehicle or warn of impending faults.
-It uses on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operations( Speed, engine RPM,
coolent temperature, fault code number) and status of various vehicle sub systems.
- Such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT devices
using protocol such as CAN bus.
-Modern commercial vehicles supports OBD –on-Board Diagnostic standard
- OBD provide the real time data on the status of vehicle sub-systems and diagnostic trouble
codes, which allow rapidly identifying the fault in the vehicle.
- IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to the centralized server or
cloud, where it is analysed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions
 7. Agriculture
- Smart Irrigation
- Greenhouse Control
Smart Irrigation :
- Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water.
- Smart Irrigation system uses IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to
determine the amount of moisture in the soil and release the flow of water
through the irrigation pipes only when the moisture level go below a
predefined threshold.
- It also collect moisture level measurements on the server or cloud where the
collected data can be analysed to plan water scheduling.
- CultiVar’s RainCloud is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves,
soil sensors, and a WiFi enabled programmable computer.
Greenhouse Control:
- Greenhouse are the structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive environment
for growth of plants.
- The climatological conditions inside a green house can be monitored and controlled to
provide the best conditions fro the growth of the plant.
- The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon-di-oxide levels are monitored
using sensors and climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation
devices (valves fro releasing water , switches for controlling fans)
- The data collected from various sensor is stored on centralized server or in cloud , where the
analysis is performed.
- The system uses wireless sensors network to monitor and control the agriculture parameters
like temperature and humidity in real time for better management and maintenance of
agricultural production.
 8. Industry

- Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis

- Indoor Air Quality monitoring
Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis:
- Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analysing the data on the current
operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal operating condition.
- Machine diagnosis refers to the cause of a machine fault.
- IoT plays a major role in both diagnosis and prognosis of industrial machines.
- Industrial machines have large number of components that must function correctly for the machine to perform
its operation.
- Sensors in machine can monito the operating conditions (temperature & vibration levels)
- The sensor data measurements are done on timescales of few milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to
massive amount of data.
- IoT based system integrated with cloud helps in handling the large amount of data
- CBR – Case Based Reasoning is a commonly used method that finds solution to new problems based on the
past experience.
- This past experience is organized and represented as cases in case base
- CBR is an effective technique for problem solving in the fields in which it is hard to establish a quantitative
mathematical model, such as diagnosis and prognosis.
Indoor Air Quality monitoring:

-Monitoring indoor in factories is important for health and safety of the workers.

- Harmful and toxic gases such as Carbondioxide (CO), Nirogen Oxide(NO) ,

Nitrogen Monoxide(NO2) can cause serious health problem

- IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality
using various gas sensors.

-Indoor air quality can vary for different locations.

- Wireless sensor network based IoT devices can identify the hazard zones, so that
the corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation.
 9. Health & Lifestyle
Health & Fitness Monitoring:
- Wearable IoT devices that allow non-invasive and continuous monitoring of psychological
parameters can help in health and fitness monitoring.
- These wearable devices can be in various form such as belts , wrist bands
- The wearable devices form a wireless sensor network called body area networks in which
the measurement from the number of wearable devices are continuous send to master node
(smart phone ) , which then sends the data to the server or cloud based backend for analysis.
- health care providers can analyse the collected heath care data to determine any health
conditions or anomalies.
- Commonly uses body sensors such as body temperature, heart rate, pulse oximeter oxygen
saturation (SPo2), blood pressure, electro cardiogram (ECG) ,
- Fitbit wristband is a wearable device that tracks steps, distance and calories burned during
the day and sleep quality at night.
 Wearable Electronics:

- Wearable Electronics such as wearable gadgets ( smart watches, smart glasses, wristbands, etc) and fashion
electronics (with electronics integrated in clothing and accessories (ex: google glass or moto 360 smart watch))
provides various functions and features to assists in daily activities.

-Smart watches that run in android operating system provide enhanced functionality just time keeping

- With smart watches, the users can search internet, play audio / video files, make calls, play games and various
mobile applications

- Smart glasses allows users to take photos and record videos, get map direction, check flight status, search
internet using voice commands.

- Smart shoes monitoring the walking speed or running speed and jumps with the help of embedded sensors and
be paired with smart phones to visualize the data
-Smart wristbands can track the daily exercise and calories burnt.