Circuit Elements

Assessment Problems

AP 2.1 [a] Because both current sources are in the same branch of the circuit, their
values must be the same. Therefore,
v1
= 0.4 → v1 = 0.4(50) = 20 V.
50
[b] p = v1 (0.4) = (20)(0.4) = 8 W (absorbed).

AP 2.2 [a] The voltage drop from the top node to the bottom node in this circuit
must be the same for every path from the top to the bottom. Therefore,
the voltages of the two voltage sources are equal:
−αi∆ = 6.
Also, the current i∆ is in the same branch as the 15 mA current source,
but in the opposite direction, so
i∆ = −0.015A.
Substituting,
6
−α(−0.015) = 6 → α= = 400.
0.015
The interconnection is valid if α = 400 V/A.
[b] The voltage across the current source must equal the voltage across the 6
V source, since both are connected between the top and bottom nodes.
Using the passive sign convention,
p = vi = (6)(0.015) = 0.09 = 90 mW.
[c] Since the power is positive, the current source is absorbing power.

2–1
 2–2 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

AP 2.3

[a] The resistor and the voltage source are in parallel and the resistor voltage
and the voltage source have the same polarities. Therefore these two
voltages are the same:
vR = vg = 100 V.
Note from the circuit that the current through the resistor is ig = 2 A.
Use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of the resistor:
vR 100 V
R= = = 50 Ω.
ig 2A
Using the passive sign convention to calculate the power in the resistor,
pR = (vR )(ig ) = (100 V)(2 A) = 200 W.
The resistor is dissipating 200 W of power.
[b] Note from part (a) the vR = vg and iR = ig . The power delivered by the
source is thus
psource −125 W
psource = −vg ig so vg = − =− = 500 V.
ig 250 mA
Since we now have the value of both the voltage and the current for the
resistor, we can use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistor value:
vg 500 V
R= = = 2 kΩ.
ig 250 mA
The power absorbed by the resistor must equal the power generated by
the source. Thus,
pR = −psource = −(−125 W) = 125 W.
[c] Again, note the iR = ig . The power dissipated by the resistor can be
determined from the resistor’s current:
pR = R(iR )2 = R(ig )2 .
Solving for ig ,
pr 20 mW √
i2g = = = 25 × 10−6 so ig = 25 × 10−6 = 5 × 10−3 A = 5 mA.
R 800 Ω
 Problems 2–3

Then, since vR = vg
vR = RiR = Rig = (800 Ω)(5 mA) = 4 V so vg = 4 V.

AP 2.4

[a] Note from the circuit that the current through the conductance G is ig ,
flowing from top to bottom, because the current source and the
conductance are in the same branch of the circuit so must have the same
current. The voltage drop across the current source is vg , positive at the
top, because the current source and the conductance are also in parallel
so must have the same voltage. From a version of Ohm’s law,
ig 20 mA
vg = = = 4 V.
G 5 mS
Now that we know the voltage drop across the current source, we can
find the power delivered by this source:
psource = −vg ig = −(4)(0.02) = −80 mW.
Thus the current source delivers 80 mW to the circuit.
[b] We can find the value of the conductance using the power, and the value
of the current using Ohm’s law and the conductance value:
pg 400
pg = Gvg2 so G= 2
= 2 = 0.16 S = 160 mS;
vg 50

ig = Gvg = (160 mS)(50 V) = 8 A.

[c] We can find the voltage from the power and the conductance, and then
use the voltage value in Ohm’s law to find the current:
pg 50 mW
pg = Gvg2 so vg2 = = = 2500.
G 20 µS
√
Thus vg = 2500 = 50 V;

ig = Gvg = (20 µS)(50 V) = 0.001 A = 1 mA.

 2–4 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

AP 2.5 [a] Redraw the circuit with all of the voltages and currents labeled for every
circuit element.

Write a KVL equation clockwise around the circuit, starting below the
voltage source:
−180 V + v2 + v3 − v1 = 0.
Next, use Ohm’s law to find the three unknown voltages in terms of the
three currents:
v2 = 15i2 ; v3 = 20i3 ; v1 = 25i1 .
A KCL equation at the lower right node gives i3 = −i1 ; a KCL equation
at the upper right node gives i2 = i3 ; a KCL equation at the lower left
node gives is = i1 . Now replace the currents i2 and i3 in the Ohm’s law
equations with −i1 :
v2 = 15i2 = −15i1 ; v3 = 20i3 = −20i1 ; v1 = 25i1 .
Now substitute these expressions for the three voltages into the first
equation:
180 = v2 + v3 − v1 = −15i1 − 20i1 − 25i1 = −60i1 .
Therefore i1 = 180/(−60) = −3 A.
[b] v1 = 25i1 = 25(−3) = −75 V.
[c] v2 = −15i1 = −15(−3) = 45 V.
[d] v3 = −20i1 = −20(−3) = 60 V.
[e] Since is = i1 , is = −3 A. We can now compute the power associated with
the voltage source:
p180 = (180)is = (180)(−3) = −540 W.
Therefore 180 V source is delivering 540 W.
AP 2.6

i1 = 100/40 = 2.5 A (Ohm’s Law);

 Problems 2–5

3 = i1 + i2 so i2 = 3 − i1 = 3 − 2.5 = 0.5 A (KCL middle top) ;

i2 = i3 (KCL right) ;

−100 + v2 + v3 = 0 so v2 + v3 = 100 (KVL right) ;

v2 = 80i2 = 80(0.5) = 40 V (Ohm’s Law);

v3 = Ri3 = Ri2 = 0.5i2 (Ohm’s Law).

Substitute the equations for v2 and v3 into the KVL equation and solving for
R,

100 − 40
40 + 0.5R = 100 so R= = 120 Ω.
0.5

AP 2.7 [a] Plotting a graph of vt versus it gives

Note that when it = 0, vt = 40 V; therefore the voltage source must be

40 V. Since the plot is a straight line, its slope can be used to calculate
the value of resistance:
∆v 40 − 0 40
R= = = = 800 Ω.
∆i 0.05 − 0 0.05
A circuit model having the same v − i characteristic is a 40 V source in
series with a 800Ω resistor, as shown below:

[b] Draw the circuit model from part (a) and attach a 200 Ω resistor:
 2–6 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

To find the power delivered to the 200 Ω resistor we must calculate the
current through the 200 Ω resistor. Do this by first using KCL to
recognize that the current in each of the components is it , flowing in a
clockwise direction. Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction,
starting below the voltage source, and using Ohm’s law to express the
voltage drop across the resistors in the direction of the current it flowing
through the resistors:
40
−40 V + 800it + 200it = 0 so 1000it = 40 so it = = 40 mA.
1000
Thus, the power delivered to the 200 Ω resistor is
p200 = (200)i2t = (200)(0.04)2 = 320 mW.

AP 2.8 [a] From the graph in Assessment Problem 2.7(a), we see that when vt = 0,
it = 50 mA. Therefore the current source must be 50 mA. Since the plot
is a straight line, its slope can be used to calculate the value of resistance:
∆v 40 − 0 40
R= = = = 800 Ω.
∆i 0.05 − 0 0.05
A circuit model having the same v − i characteristic is a 50 mA current
source in parallel with a 800Ω resistor, as shown below:

[b] Draw the circuit model from part (a) and attach a 200 Ω resistor:

Note that by writing a KVL equation around the right loop we see that
the voltage drop across both resistors is vt . Write a KCL equation at the
top center node, summing the currents leaving the node. Use Ohm’s law
to specify the currents through the resistors in terms of the voltage drop
across the resistors and the value of the resistors.
vt vt
−0.05 + + = 0, so 5vt = 40, thus vt = 8 V;
800 200
vt2
p200 = = 320 mW.
200
 Problems 2–7

AP 2.9 Label unknown current:

−20 + 450i + 150i = 0 (KVL and Ohm’s law);

so 600i = 20 → i = 33.33 mA.

vx = 150i = 150(0.0333) = 5 V (Ohm’s law);

vx
 
vo = 300 = 300(5/100) = 15 V (Ohm’s law).
100

Calculate the power for all components:

p20V = −20i = −20(0.0333) = −0.667 W;

vx
 
pd.s. = −vo = −(15)(5/100) = −0.75 W;
100

p450 = 450i2 = 450(0.033)2 = 0.5 W;

p150 = 150i2 = 150(0.033)2 = 0.1667 W;

vo2 152
p300 = = = 0.75 W.
300 300

Thus the total power absorbed is

pabs = 0.5 + 0.1667 + 0.75 = 1.4167 W.

AP 2.10 [a] io = 0 because no current can exist in a single conductor connecting two
parts of a circuit.
[b]
2–8 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

−200 + 8000ig + 12,000ig = 0 so ig = 200/20,000 = 10 mA;

v∆ = (12 × 103 )(10 × 10−3 ) = 120 V;
5 × 10−3 v∆ = 0.6 A;
9000i1 = 3000i2 so i2 = 3i1 ;
0.6 + i1 + i2 = 0 so 0.6 + i1 + 3i1 = 0 thus i1 = −0.15 A.
[c] i2 = 3i1 = −0.45 A.
[d] pv.s. = −200ig = −200(0.01) = −2 W.
v1 = 9000i1 = 9000(−0.15) = −1350 V.
pc.s. = 5 × 10−3 v∆ v1 = 5 × 10−3 (120)(−1350) = −810 W.
pT = −2 − 810 = −812 W.
 Problems 2–9

Problems

P 2.1 [a] Yes, independent voltage sources can carry the 8 A current required by the
connection; independent current source can support any voltage required
by the connection, in this case 20 V, positive at the top.
[b] 30 V source: absorbing;
10 V source: delivering;
8 A source: delivering.

[c] P30V = (30)(8) = 240 W (abs);

P10V = −(10)(8) = −80 W (del);
P8A = −(20)(8) = −160 W (del).
X X
Pabs = Pdel = 240 W.
[d] The interconnection is valid, but in this circuit the voltage drop across the
8 A current source is 40 V, positive at the top; 30 V source is absorbing,
the 10 V source is absorbing, and the 8 A source is delivering.
P30V = (30)(8) = 240 W (abs);
P10V = (10)(8) = 80 W (abs);
P8A = −(40)(8) = −320 W (del).
X X
Pabs = Pdel = 320 W.

P 2.2 The interconnect is valid since the voltage sources can all carry the 50 mA
current supplied by the current source, and the current source can carry the
voltage drop required by the interconnection. Note that the voltage drop
across the branch with the current source must be the same as the voltage
drop across the branch with the three voltage sources. This voltage drop, from
left to right, is 12 + 8 − 30 = −10 V. The voltages and currents are
summarized in the circuit below:
 2–10 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

P12V = (12)(0.05) = 0.6 W (abs);

P8V = (8)(0.05) = 0.4 W (abs);
P30V = −(30)(0.05) = −1.5 W (dev);
P50mA = −(−10)(0.05) = 0.5 W (abs).
X
Pdev = 1.5 W.
P 2.3

Note that v5 , v20 , and v25 are not specified. The current sources can carry any
amount of current and the voltage sources can carry the 5 A of current. Thus,
the interconnection is valid.
We can now calculate the power developed by the two voltage sources:

pv−sources = p60 + p100 = −(60)(5) + (100)(5) = 200 W.

Since the power is positive, the sources are absorbing 200 W of power, or
developing −200 W of power.
P 2.4 The voltage from the top node to the bottom node is 50 V, established by the
50 V source. The voltage from the top node to the bottom node using the
right hand branch must also be 50 V, so the voltage drop across the 5 A
source must be 20 V.

Now we can calculate the power developed by the current sources.

p15A = −(15)(50) = −750 W;

p5A = −(5)(20) = −100 W.

X
Pdev = 850 W.
 Problems 2–11

P 2.5 The interconnection is valid, since the voltage sources can carry the 10 A
current supplied by the current source, and the current sources can carry
whatever voltage drop is required by the interconnection. In particular, note
the the voltage drop across the three sources in the right hand branch must be
the same as the voltage drop across the 20 A current source in the middle
branch, since the middle and right hand branch are connected between the
same two terminals. In particular, this means that

v1 (the voltage drop across the middle branch)

= 100V − 50V − v2 (the voltage drop across the right hand branch).

Hence any combination of v1 and v2 such that v1 + v2 = 50 V is a valid

solution.
P 2.6

[a] Note from the circuit that vx = −25 V. To find α note that the two
current sources are in the same branch of the circuit but their currents
flow in opposite directions. Therefore
αvx = −15 A.
Solve the above equation for α and substitute for vx ,
−15 A −15 A
α= = = 0.6 A/V.
vx −25 V
[b] To find the power associated with the voltage source we need to know the
current, ix . Note that this current is in the same branch of the circuit as
the dependent current source and these two currents have the same
direction. Therefore, the current ix is the same as the current of the
dependent source:
ix = αvx = (0.6)(−25) = −15 A.
Using the passive sign convention,
ps = −(ix )(25 V) = −(−15 A)(25 V) = 375 W.
Thus the voltage source dissipates 375 W.
 2–12 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

P 2.7

[a] Note that the current ib is in the same circuit branch as the 8 A current
source; however, ib is defined in the opposite direction of the current
source. Therefore,
ib = −8 A.
Next, note that the dependent voltage source and the independent
voltage source are connected between the same two nodes and have the
same polarity. Therefore, their voltages are equal, and
ib −8
vg = = = −2 V.
4 4
[b] To find the power associated with the 8 A source, we need to find the
voltage drop across the source, vi . Note that the two independent sources
are connected between the same two nodes, and that the voltages vg and
vi have the same polarities, so these voltages are equal:
vi = vg = −2 V.
Using the passive sign convention,
ps = (8 A)(vi ) = (8 A)(−2 V) = −16 W.
Thus the current source generates 16 W of power.

P 2.8 The interconnection is invalid. In the middle branch, the value of the current
i∆ must be −25 A, since the 25 A current source supplies current in this
branch in the direction opposite the direction of the current i∆ . Therefore, the
voltage supplied by the dependent voltage source in the left hand branch is
6(−25) = −150 V. This gives a voltage drop from the top terminal to the
bottom terminal in the left hand branch of 50 − (−150) = 200 V. But the
voltage drop between these same terminals in the right hand branch is 250 V,
due to the voltage source in that branch. Therefore, the interconnection is
invalid.
 Problems 2–13

P 2.9

We assume the interconnection is valid, and therefore the total power in the
circuit balances. Note that the voltage drop from the top node to the bottom
node must be the same in each branch, so

v∆ = 50 + v75 so v75 = v∆ − 50

and

v∆ = vdep − 20 so vdep = v∆ + 20.

The total power in the circuit is

vtotal = 50(75) + 75v75 − 5v∆ vdep + 5v∆ (20) − 25v∆

= 50(75) + 75(v∆ − 50) − 5v∆ (v∆ + 20) + 5v∆ (20) − 25v∆ = 0.

Solving for v∆ gives us 10 V, so v75 = −40 V and vdep = 30 V. Use the values
for v∆ , v75 , and vdep to calculate the power associated with each source:

p50V = (75)(50) = 3750 W p75A = (75)(−40) = −3000 W;

p20V = [5(10)](20) = 1000 W pds = −(50)(30) = −1500 W;

p25A = −(25)(10) = −250 W.

X X
Pdev = 250 + 3000 + 1500 = 4750 W = Pabs .

P 2.10 [a] Yes, each of the voltage sources can carry the current required by the
interconnection, and each of the current sources can carry the voltage
drop required by the interconnection. (Note that i1 = 50 mA.)
 2–14 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

[b] No, because the voltage drop between the top terminal and the bottom
terminal cannot be determined. For example, define v1 , v2 , and v3 as
shown:

The voltage drop across the left branch, the center branch, and the right
branch must be the same, since these branches are connected at the same
two terminals. This requires that
v1 − 20 = v2 = v3 + 30.
But this equation has three unknown voltages, so the individual voltages
cannot be determined, and thus the power of the sources cannot be
determined.

P 2.11 [a] Using the passive sign convention and Ohm’s law,
v 120
i= = = 0.012 = 12 mA.
R 10,000
[b] pv.s. = pR = Ri2 = (10,000)(0.012)2 = 1.44 W.
[c] Using the passive sign convention with the voltage polarity reversed,
v 120
i=− =− = −0.012 = −12 mA;
R 10,000
pv.s. = pR = Ri2 = (10,000)(−0.012)2 = 1.44 W.

P 2.12 [a] Using the passive sign convention and Ohm’s law,
v = −Ri = −(8000)(0.075) = −600 V.
v2 (−600)2
[b] pc.s. = pR = = = 45 W.
R 8000
[c] Using the passive sign convention with the current direction reversed,
v = Ri = (8000)(0.075) = 600 V;

v2 6002
pc.s. = pR = = = 45 W.
R 8000
 Problems 2–15

P 2.13 [a]

[b] Vbb = no-load voltage of battery;

Rbb = internal resistance of battery;
Rx = resistance of wire between battery and switch;
Ry = resistance of wire between switch and lamp A;
Ra = resistance of lamp A;
Rb = resistance of lamp B;
Rw = resistance of wire between lamp A and lamp B;
Rg1 = resistance of frame between battery and lamp A;
Rg2 = resistance of frame between lamp A and lamp B;
S = switch.

P 2.14 Since we know the device is a resistor, we can use the power equation. From
Fig. P2.14(a),

v2 v2
p = vi = so R= .
R p

Using the values in the table of Fig. P2.14(b)

(5)2 (10)2 (15)2 (20)2

R= = = =
16.67 × 10−3 66.67 × 10−3 150 × 10−3 266.67 × 10−3

(25)2 (30)2
= = = 1.5 kΩ.
416.67 × 10−3 600 × 10−3

Note that this value is found in Appendix H.

P 2.15 Since we know the device is a resistor, we can use Ohm’s law to calculate the
resistance. From Fig. P2.15(a),

v
v = Ri so R= .
i
 2–16 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

Using the values in the table of Fig. P2.15(b),

−22.4 −11.2 11.2 22.4 33.6

R= = = = = = 560 Ω.
−0.04 −0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06

Note that this value is found in Appendix H.

P 2.16 The resistor value is the ratio of the power to the square of the current:
p
R = 2 . Using the values for power and current in Fig. P2.16(b),
i

0.018 0.072 0.162 0.288

2
= 2
= 2
=
(0.001) (0.002) (0.003) (0.004)2

0.45 0.648
= 2
= = 18 kΩ.
(0.005) (0.006)2

Note that this is a value from Appendix H.

P 2.17

[a] Write a KVL equation clockwise aroud the right loop, starting below the
vertical 10 Ω resistor:
−va + vb = 0 so va = vb .
Using Ohm’s law,
va = 10ia and vb = 15ib .
Substituting,
2
10ia = 15ib so ib = ia .
3
Write a KCL equation at the top middle node, summing the currents
leaving:
2 5
−ix + ia + ib = 0 so
ix = ia + ib = ia + ia = ia .
3 3
Write a KVL equation clockwise around the left loop, starting below the
voltage source:
−80 V + vx + va = 0.
 Problems 2–17

From Ohm’s law,

vx = 10ix and va = 10ia .
Substituting,
−80 V + 10ix + 10ia = 0
Substituting for ix :
5 50 80
 
−80 V + 10 ia + 10ia = −80 V + ia + 10ia = −80 V + ia = 0.
3 3 3
Thus,
80 80 V
ia = 80 V so ia = = 3 A.
3 80/3
[b] From part (a), ib = 32 ia = 23 (3 A) = 2 A.
[c] From the circuit, vb = 15 Ω(ib ) = 15 Ω(2 A) = 30 V.
[d] Use the formula pR = Ri2R to calculate the power absorbed by each
resistor:
2 2
5 5
 
p10Ω(top) = i2x (10 Ω) = ia (10 Ω) = (3) (10 Ω) = (5)2 (10 Ω) = 250 W;
3 3
p10Ω(mid) = i2a (10 Ω) = (3)2 (10 Ω) = 90 W;

p15Ω = i2b (15 Ω) = (2)2 (15 Ω) = 60 W.

[e] Using the passive sign convention,

5 5
   
psource = −(80 V)ix = −(80 V) ia = −(80 V) (3 A)
3 3
= −(80 V)(5 A) = −400 W.

Thus the voltage source delivers 400 W of power to the circuit. Check:
X
Pdis = 250 + 90 + 60 = 400 W;
X
Pdel = 400 W.

P 2.18 Label the unknown resistor voltages and currents:

 2–18 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

25
[a] ib = = 0.005 A (Ohm’s law);
5000
i1 = 0.025 − ib = 0.025 − 0.005 = 0.02 A (KCL).
[b] v1 = 250i1 = 250(0.02) = 5 V (Ohm’s law);
[c] va = 0.025(2000) = 50 V (Ohm’s law);
−vg + va + 25 V = 0 so vg = va + 25 = 50 + 25 = 75 V (KVL).
[d] pg = −vg (0.025) = −75(0.025) = −1.875 W so 1.875 W delivered.

P 2.19

[a] Write a KCL equation at the top node:

−4 + i1 + i2 = 0 so i1 + i2 = 4.
Write a KVL equation around the right loop:
−v80 + v30 + v90 = 0.
From Ohm’s law,
v80 = 80i1 , v30 = 30i2 , v90 = 90i2 .
Substituting,
−80i1 + 30i2 + 90i2 = 0 so − 80i1 + 120i2 = 0.
Solving the two equations for i1 and i2 simultaneously,
i1 = 2.4 A and i2 = 1.6 A.
[b] Write a KVL equation clockwise around the left loop:
−vo + v80 = 0 but v80 = 80i1 = 80(2.4) = 192 A.
So vo = v80 = 192 V.
[c] Calculate power using p = vi for the source and p = Ri2 for the resistors:
psource = −vo (4) = −(192)(4) = −768 W;
p80Ω = 2.42 (80) = 460.8 W;
p30Ω = 1.62 (30) = 76.8 W;
p90Ω = 1.62 (90) = 230.4 W;
X X
Pdev = 768 W Pabs = 460.8 + 76.8 + 230.4 = 768 W.
 Problems 2–19

P 2.20 [a] Use KVL for the right loop to calculate the voltage drop across the
right-hand branch vo . This is also the voltage drop across the middle
branch, so once vo is known, use Ohm’s law to calculate io :
vo = 1000ia + 4000ia + 3000ia = 8000ia = 8000(0.002) = 16 V;
16 = 2000io ;
16
io = = 8 mA.
2000
[b] KCL at the top node: ig = ia + io = 0.002 + 0.008 = 0.010 A = 10 mA.
[c] The voltage drop across the source is vo , seen by writing a KVL equation
for the left loop. Thus,
pg = −vo ig = −(16)(0.01) = −0.160 W = −160 mW.
Thus the source delivers 160 mW.

P 2.21 Label the unknown resistor currents and voltages:

[a] KCL at the top node: i1 = i2 + 0.0025;

KVL around the left loop: −100 + v1 + vo = 0.
Use Ohm’s law to write the resistor voltages in the previous equation in
terms of the resistor currents:
−100 + 5000i1 + 2000i2 = 0 → 5000i1 + 2000i2 = 100.
Use the KCL equation for i1 to eliminate i1 in the KVL equation:
5000(i2 + 0.0025) + 2000i2 = 100 → 7000i2 = 87.5.
Solving,
87.5
i2 = = 0.0125 = 12.5 mA.
7000
Therefore,
vo = Ri2 = (2000)(0.0125) = 25 V.
[b] i1 = i2 + 0.0025 = 0.0125 + 0.0025 = 0.015 A;

p100V = −(100)i1 = −(100)(0.015) = −1.5 W;

p25mA = (0.0025)vo = (0.0025)(25) = 0.0625 W;

p5k = 5000i21 = 5000(0.015)2 = 1.125 W;

 2–20 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

p2k = 2000i22 = 2000(0.0125)2 = 0.3125 W;

ptotal = p25mA + p100V + p5k + p2k = 0.0625 − 1.5 + 1.125 + 0.3125 = 0.

Thus the power in the circuit balances.

P 2.22 [a]

iCD = 500/15,000 = 33.33 mA;

iBD + iCD = 0.1 so iBD = 0.1 − 0.033 = 66.67 mA;

4000iBC + 500 − 7500iBD = 0 so iBC = (500 − 500)/4000 = 0;

iAC = iCD − iBC = 33.33 − 0 = 33.33 mA;

100 = iAB + iAC so iAB = 100 − 33.33 = 66.67 mA.

Calculate the power dissipated by the resistors using the equation

pR = Ri2R :
p5kΩ = (5000)(0.0667)2 = 22.22 W p7.5kΩ = (7500)(0.0667)2 = 33.33 W;

p10kΩ = (10,000)(0.03333)2 = 11.11 W p15kΩ = (15,000)(0.0333)2 = 16.67 W;

p4kΩ = (4000)(0)2 = 0 W.

[b] Calculate the voltage drop across the current source:

vAD = 5000iAB + 7500iBD = 5000(0.0667) + 7500(0.0667) = 833.33 V.
Now that we have both the voltage and the current for the source, we can
calculate the power supplied by the source:
pg = −833.33(0.1) = −83.33 W thus pg (supplied) = 83.33 W.
X
[c] Pdis = 22.22 + 33.33 + 11.11 + 16.67 + 0 = 83.33 W.
Therefore,
X X
Psupp = Pdis .
 Problems 2–21

P 2.23 [a]

v2 = 150 − 50(1) = 100V;

v2
i2 = = 4A;
25
i3 + 1 = i2 , i3 = 4 − 1 = 3A;

v1 = 10i3 + 25i2 = 10(3) + 25(4) = 130V;

v1 130
i1 = = = 2A.
65 65
Note also that
i4 = i1 + i3 = 2 + 3 = 5 A;

ig = i4 + io = 5 + 1 = 6 A.

[b] p4Ω = 52 (4) = 100 W;

p50Ω = 12 (50) = 50 W;
p65Ω = 22 (65) = 260 W;
p10Ω = 32 (10) = 90 W;
p25Ω = 42 (25) = 400 W.
X
[c] Pdis = 100 + 50 + 260 + 90 + 400 = 900 W;

Pdev = 150ig = 150(6) = 900 W.

P 2.24 [a] Start by calculating the voltage drops due to the currents i1 and i2 . Then
use KVL to calculate the voltage drop across and 100 Ω resistor, and
Ohm’s law to find the current in the 100 Ω resistor. Finally, KCL at each
of the middle three nodes yields the currents in the two sources and the
current in the middle 10 Ω resistor. These calculations are summarized in
the figure below:
 2–22 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

p130 = −(130)(15) = −1950 W;

p460 = −(460)(30) = −13,800 W.
Pdis = (15)2 (2) + (15)2 (10) + (30)2 (2) + (10)2 (25) + (25)2 (10) + (5)2 (100)
X
[b]
= 450 + 2250 + 1800 + 2500 + 6250 + 2500 = 15,750 W.
X
Psup = 1950 + 13,800 = 15,750 W.
X X
Therefore, Pdis = Psup = 15,750 W.
P 2.25 [a]

v2 = 80 + 4(12) = 128 V; v1 = 128 − (8 + 12 + 4)(2) = 80 V;

v1 80
i1 = = = 5 A; i3 = i1 − 2 = 5 − 2 = 3 A;
6 + 10 16
vg = v1 + 24i3 = 80 + 24(3) = 152 V;
i4 = 2 + 4 = 6 A;
ig = −i4 − i3 = −6 − 3 = −9 A.
[b] Calculate power using the formula p = Ri2 :
p8 Ω = (8)(2)2 = 32 W; p12 Ω = (12)(2)2 = 48 W;
p4 Ω(left) = (4)(2)2 = 16 W; p4 Ω(right) = (4)(6)2 = 144 W;
p24 Ω = (24)(3)2 = 216 W; p6 Ω = (6)(5)2 = 150 W;
p10 Ω = (10)(5)2 = 250 W; p12 Ω = (12)(4)2 = 192 W.
 Problems 2–23

[c] vg = 152 V.
[d] Sum the power dissipated by the resistors:
X
pdiss = 32 + 48 + 16 + 144 + 216 + 150 + 250 + 192 = 1048 W.
The power associated with the sources is
pvolt−source = (80)(4) = 320 W;
pcurr−source = −vg ig = −(152)(9) = −1368 W.
Thus the total power dissipated is 1048 + 320 = 1368 W and the total
power developed is 1368 W, so the power balances.
P 2.26

id = 60/12 = 5 A; therefore, vcd = 60 + 18(5) = 150 V;

−240 + vac + vcd = 0; therefore, vac = 240 − 150 = 90 V;
ib = vac /45 = 90/45 = 2 A; therefore, ic = id − ib = 5 − 2 = 3 A;
vbd = 10ic + vcd = 10(3) + 150 = 180 V;
therefore, ia = vbd /180 = 180/180 = 1 A.
ie = ia + ic = 1 + 3 = 4 A;
−240 + vab + vbd = 0; therefore, vab = 240 − 180 = 60 V.
R = vab /ie = 60/4 = 15 Ω.
CHECK: ig = ib + ie = 2 + 4 = 6 A;
pdev = (240)(6) = 1440 W;
X
Pdis = 12 (180) + 42 (15) + 32 (10) + 52 (12) + 52 (18) + 22 (45)
= 1440 W (CHECKS).

P 2.27 [a]
 2–24 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

ib = 60 V/30 Ω = 2 A;
va = (30 + 60)(2) = 180 V;
−500 + va + vb = 0; so vb = 500 − va = 500 − 180 = 320 V.
ie = vb /(60 + 36) = 320/96 = (10/3) A;
id = ie − ib = (10/3) − 2 = (4/3) A;
vc = 30id + vb = 40 + 320 = 360 V;
ic = vc /180 = 360/180 = 2 A;
vd = 500 − vc = 500 − 360 = 140 V;
ia = id + ic = 4/3 + 2 = (10/3) A;
R = vd /ia = 140/(10/3) = 42 Ω.
[b] ig = ia + ib = (10/3) + 2 = (16/3) A.
pg (supplied) = (500)(16/3) = 2666.67 W.

P 2.28 [a] Plot the v − i characteristic

From the plot:

∆v (82 − 50)
R= = = 4 Ω.
∆i (8 − 0)
When it = 0, vt = 50 V; therefore the ideal voltage source has a voltage
of 50 V.

[b]

−50
When vt = 0, it = = −12.5A.
4
Note that this result can also be obtained by extrapolating the v − i
characteristic to vt = 0.
 Problems 2–25

P 2.29 [a] Plot the v—i characteristic:

From the plot:

∆v (420 − 100)
R= = = 20 Ω.
∆i (16 − 0)
When it = 0, vt = 100 V; therefore the ideal current source must have a
current of 100/20 = 5 A.

[b] We attach a 5 Ω resistor to the device model developed in part (a):

Write a KCL equation at the top node:

5 + it = i1 .
Write a KVL equation for the right loop, in the direction of the two
currents, using Ohm’s law:
20i1 + 5it = 0.
Combining the two equations and solving,
20(5 + it ) + 5it = 0 so 25it = −100; thus it = −4 A.
Now calculate the power dissipated by the resistor:
p5 Ω = 5i2t = 5(−4)2 = 80 W.
 2–26 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

P 2.30 [a] Begin by constructing a plot of voltage versus current:

[b] Since the plot is linear for 0 ≤ is ≤ 225 mA and since R = ∆v/∆i, we can
calculate R from the plotted values as follows:
∆v 75 − 30 45
R= = = = 200 Ω.
∆i 0.225 − 0 0.225
We can determine the value of the ideal voltage source by considering the
value of vs when is = 0. When there is no current, there is no voltage
drop across the resistor, so all of the voltage drop at the output is due to
the voltage source. Thus the value of the voltage source must be 75 V.
The model, valid for 0 ≤ is ≤ 225 mA, is shown below:

[c] The circuit is shown below:

Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction, starting below the

voltage source. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the
resistors in terms of the current i:
−75 V + 200i + 400i = 0 so 600i = 75 V.
75 V
Thus, i= = 125 mA.
600 Ω
[d] The circuit is shown below:
 Problems 2–27

Write a KVL equation in the clockwise direction, starting below the

voltage source. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the
resistors in terms of the current i:
−75 V + 200i = 0 so 200i = 75 V.
75 V
Thus, i= = 375 mA.
200 Ω
[e] The short circuit current can be found in the table of values (or from the
plot) as the value of the current is when the voltage vs = 0. Thus,
isc = 500 mA (from table).
[f ] The plot of voltage versus current constructed in part (a) is not linear (it
is piecewise linear, but not linear for all values of is ). Since the proposed
circuit model is a linear model, it cannot be used to predict the nonlinear
behavior exhibited by the plotted data.

P 2.31 [a]

∆v
[b] ∆v = 25V; ∆i = 2.5 mA; R= = 10 kΩ.
∆i

[c] 10,000i1 = 2500is , i1 = 0.25is ;

0.02 = i1 + is = 1.25is , is = 16 mA.

[d] vs (open circuit) = (20 × 10−3 )(10 × 103 ) = 200 V.

 2–28 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

[e] The open circuit voltage can be found in the table of values (or from the
plot) as the value of the voltage vs when the current is = 0. Thus,
vs (open circuit) = 140 V (from the table).
[f ] Linear model cannot predict the nonlinear behavior of the practical
current source.

P 2.32 Label unknown voltage and current:

io = ix + 3ix = 4ix (KCL);

−280 + 6ix + 2(4ix ) = 0 (KVL left).

Therefore
280
14ix = 280 so ix = = 20 A.
14

Thus

vo = 2(4ix ) = 8ix = 8(20) = 160 V.

The only two circuit elements that could supply power are the two sources, so
calculate the power for each source:

p280V = −280ix = −280(20) = −5600 W;

pd.s. = −(3ix )vo = −3(20)(160) = −9600 W.

Both sources are supplying power, so the total power supplied is

5600 + 9600 = 15,200 W.

P 2.33 First note that we know the current through all elements in the circuit except
the 6 kΩ resistor (the current in the three elements to the left of the 6 kΩ
resistor is i1 ; the current in the three elements to the right of the 6 kΩ resistor
 Problems 2–29

is 30i1 ). To find the current in the 6 kΩ resistor, write a KCL equation at the
top node:

i1 + 30i1 = i6k = 31i1 .

We can then use Ohm’s law to find the voltages across each resistor in terms
of i1 . The results are shown in the figure below:

[a] To find i1 , write a KVL equation around the left-hand loop, summing
voltages in a clockwise direction starting below the 5 V source:
−5 V + 54,000i1 − 1 V + 186,000i1 = 0.
Solving for i1 ,
54,000i1 + 186,000i1 = 6 V so 240,000i1 = 6 V.
Thus,
6
i1 = = 25 µA.
240,000
[b] Now that we have the value of i1 , we can calculate the voltage for each
component except the dependent source. Then we can write a KVL
equation for the right-hand loop to find the voltage v of the dependent
source. Sum the voltages in the clockwise direction, starting to the left of
the dependent source:
+v − 54,000i1 + 8 V − 186,000i1 = 0.
Thus,
v = 240,000i1 − 8 V = 240,000(25 × 10−6 ) − 8 V = 6 V − 8 V = −2 V.
[c] We now know the values of voltage and current for every circuit element.
 2–30 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

Let’s construct a power table:

Element Current Voltage Power Power
(µA) (V) Equation (µW)
5V 25 5 p = −vi −125
54 kΩ 25 1.35 p = Ri2 33.75
1V 25 1 p = −vi −25
6 kΩ 775 4.65 p = Ri2 3603.75
Dep. source 750 −2 p = −vi 1500
1.8 kΩ 750 1.35 p = Ri2 1012.5
8V 750 8 p = −vi −6000

The total power generated in the circuit is the sum of the negative power
values in the power table:
−125 µW + (−25 µW) + (−6000 µW) = −6150 µW.
Thus, the total power generated in the circuit is 6150 µW.
[d] The total power absorbed in the circuit is the sum of the positive power
values in the power table:
33.75 µW + 3603.75 µW + 1500 µW + 1012.5 µW = 6150 µW.
Thus, the total power absorbed in the circuit is 6150 µW.

P 2.34 [a] The circuit:

v1 = (3)(8) = 24 V (Ohm’s law);

v1
= 12io + 4io = 16io (KVL).
6
Thus,
v1 /6 24/6
io = = = 0.25 = 250 mA.
16 16
 Problems 2–31

[b] Calculate the power for all components:

p8A = −(8)v1 = −(8)(24) = −192 W;
pd.s. = −(v1 /6)io = −(24/6)(0.25) = −1 W;
v12 242
p3 = = = 192 W;
3 3
p12 = 12i2o = 12(0.25)2 = 0.75 W;
p4 = 4i2o = 4(0.25)2 = 0.25 W.
Therefore,
ptotal = −192 − 1 + 192 + 0.75 + 0.25 = 0.
Thus the power in the circuit balances.
P 2.35 Given that iφ = 2 A, we know the current in the dependent source is
2iφ = 4 A. We can write a KCL equation at the left node to find the current in
the 10 Ω resistor. Summing the currents leaving the node,

−5 A + 2 A + 4 A + i10Ω = 0 so i10Ω = 5 A − 2 A − 4 A = −1 A.

Thus, the current in the 10 Ω resistor is 1 A, from right to left, as seen in the
circuit below.

[a] To find vs , write a KVL equation, summing the voltages counter-clockwise

around the lower right loop. Start below the voltage source.
−vs + (1 A)(10 Ω) + (2 A)(30 Ω) = 0 so vs = 10 V + 60 V = 70 V.
[b] The current in the voltage source can be found by writing a KCL equation
at the right-hand node. Sum the currents leaving the node
−4 A + 1 A + iv = 0 so iv = 4 A − 1 A = 3 A.
The current in the voltage source is 3 A, from top to bottom. The power
associated with this source is
p = vi = (70 V)(3 A) = 210 W.
Thus, 210 W are absorbed by the voltage source.
 2–32 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

[c] The voltage drop across the independent current source can be found by
writing a KVL equation around the left loop in a clockwise direction:
−v5A + (2 A)(30 Ω) = 0 so v5A = 60 V.
The power associated with this source is
p = −v5A i = −(60 V)(5 A) = −300 W.
This source thus delivers 300 W of power to the circuit.
[d] The voltage across the controlled current source can be found by writing a
KVL equation around the upper right loop in a clockwise direction:
+v4A + (10 Ω)(1 A) = 0 so v4A = −10 V.
The power associated with this source is
p = v4A i = (−10 V)(4 A) = −40 W.
This source thus delivers 40 W of power to the circuit.
[e] The total power dissipated by the resistors is given by
(i30Ω )2 (30 Ω) + (i10Ω )2 (10 Ω) = (2)2 (30 Ω) + (1)2 (10 Ω) = 120 + 10 = 130 W.

P 2.36 [a] −50 − 20iσ + 18i∆ = 0;

−18i∆ + 5iσ + 40iσ = 0, so 18i∆ = 45iσ .

Therefore, − 50 − 20iσ + 45iσ = 0, so iσ = 2 A.

18i∆ = 45iσ = 90; so i∆ = 5 A;

vo = 40iσ = 80 V.

[b] ig = current out of the positive terminal of the 50 V source;

vd = voltage drop across the 8i∆ source;

ig = i∆ + iσ + 8i∆ = 9i∆ + iσ = 47 A;

vd = 80 − 20 = 60 V.
X
Pgen = 50ig + 20iσ ig = 50(47) + 20(2)(47) = 4230 W;
X
Pdiss = 18i2∆ + 5iσ (ig − i∆ ) + 40i2σ + 8i∆ vd + 8i∆ (20)
= (18)(25) + 10(47 − 5) + 4(40) + 40(60) + 40(20)
= 4230 W; Therefore,
X X
Pgen = Pdiss = 4230 W.
 Problems 2–33

0.250 0.250
P 2.37 50i2 + + = 0; i2 = −0.5 mA;
50 12.5

v1 = 100i2 = −50 mV;

(−0.050)
20i1 + + (−0.0005) = 0; i1 = 125 µA;
25

vg = 10i1 + 40i1 = 50i1 ;

Therefore, vg = 6.25 mV.

P 2.38 iE − iB − iC = 0;

iC = βiB therefore iE = (1 + β)iB ;

i2 = −iB + i1 ;

Vo + iE RE − (i1 − iB )R2 = 0;

VCC + iB R2
−i1 R1 + VCC − (i1 − iB )R2 = 0 or i1 = ;
R1 + R2

VCC + iB R2
Vo + iE RE + iB R2 − R2 = 0.
R1 + R2

Now replace iE by (1 + β)iB and solve for iB . Thus

[VCC R2 /(R1 + R2 )] − Vo
iB = .
(1 + β)RE + R1 R2 /(R1 + R2 )

P 2.39 Here is Equation 2.21:

(VCC R2 )/(R1 + R2 ) − V0
iB = ;
(R1 R2 )/(R1 + R2 ) + (1 + β)RE

VCC R2 (15)(80)
= = 12 V;
R1 + R2 100

R1 R2 (20)(80)
= = 16 kΩ;
R1 + R2 100

12 − 0.2 11.8
iB = = = 0.59 mA;
16 + 40(0.1) 20
 2–34 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

iC = βiB = (39)(0.59) = 23.01 mA;

iE = iC + iB = 23.01 + 0.59 = 23.6 mA;

v3d = (23.6)(0.1) = 2.36 V;

vbd = Vo + v3d = 2.56 V;

vbd 2.56
i2 = = × 10−3 = 32 µA;
R2 80

i1 = i2 + iB = 32 + 590 = 622 µA;

vab = 20(0.622) = 12.44 V;

iCC = iC + i1 = 23.01 + 0.622 = 23.632 mA;

v13 + 23.01(0.5) + 2.36 = 15;

v13 = 1.135 V.

P 2.40 [a]

[b]

P 2.41 Each radiator is modeled as a 48 Ω resistor:

 Problems 2–35

Write a KVL equation for each of the three loops:

240
−240 + 48i1 = 0 → i1 = = 5 A;
48

−48i1 + 48i2 = 0 → i2 = i1 = 5 A;

−48i2 + 48i3 = 0 → i3 = i2 = 5 A.

Therefore, the current through each radiator is 5 A and the power for each
radiator is

prad = Ri2 = 48(5)2 = 1200 W.

There are three radiators, so the total power for this heating system is

ptotal = 3prad = 3(1200) = 3600 W.

P 2.42 Each radiator is modeled as a 48 Ω resistor:

Write a KVL equation for this loop:

240
−240 + 48i + 48i + 48i = 0 → i= = 1.67 A.
3(48)

Calculate the power for each radiator:

prad = 48i2 = 48(1.67)2 = 133.33 W.

Calculate the total power for this heating system:

ptotal = 3prad = 3(133.33) = 400 W.

Each radiator has much less power than the radiators in Fig. P2.41, and the
total power of this configuration is just 1/9th of the total power in Fig. P2.41.
 2–36 CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements

P 2.43 Each radiator is modeled as a 48 Ω resistor:

Write a KVL equation for the left and right loops:

240
−240 + 48i1 = 0 → i1 = = 5 A;
48

i1 5
−48i1 + 48i2 + 48i2 = 0 → i2 = = = 2.5 A.
2 2

The power for the center radiator is

pcen = 48i21 = 48(5)2 = 1200 W.

The power for each of the radiators on the right is

pright = 48i22 = 48(2.5)2 = 300 W.

Thus the total power for this heating system is

ptotal = pcen + 2pright = 1200 + 2(300) = 1800 W.

The center radiator produces 1200 W, just like each of the three radiators in
Problem 2.41. But the other two radiators produce only 300 W each, which is
1/4th of the power of the radiators in Problem 2.41. The total power of this
configuration is 1/2 of the total power in Fig. P2.41.

P 2.44 Each radiator is modeled as a 48 Ω resistor:

Write a KVL equation for the left and right loops:

−240 + 48i1 + 48i2 = 0;

 Problems 2–37

−48i2 + 48i3 = 0 → i2 = i3 .

Write a KCL equation at the top node:

i1 = i2 + i3 → i1 = i2 + i2 = 2i2 .

Substituting into the first KVL equation gives

240
−240 + 48(2i2 ) + 48i2 = 0 → i2 = = 1.67 A.
3(48)

Solve for the currents i1 and i3 :

i3 = i2 = 1.67 A; i1 = 2i2 = 2(1.67) = 3.33 A.

Calculate the power for each radiator using the current for each radiator:

pleft = 48i21 = 48(3.33)2 = 533.33 W;

pmiddle = pright = 48i22 = 48(1.67)2 = 133.33 W.

Thus the total power for this heating system is

ptotal = pleft + pmiddle + pright = 533.33 + 133.33 + 133.33 = 800 W.

All radiators in this configuration have much less power than their
counterparts in Fig. P2.41. The total power for this configuration is only
22.2% of the total power for the heating system in Fig. P2.41.