Construction Materials

Chapter one: Introduction

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 Lecture Outline

 Classification of Construction Materials

 Properties of Materials
 Behavior of materials under load

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 Classification of Construction Materials
 Construction materials can be
classified into:
I. Metallic and Non-metallic
A. Non-metallic
 Cementing materials
 Concrete
 Timber
 Stone
 Plastics
 Ceramics
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 Classification of Construction Materials
A.Metallic
1. Ferrous
 Wrought iron
 Cast iron
 Steel
2. Non Ferrous
 Aluminum
 Copper
 Lead
 Zinc
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 Classification of Construction Materials
II. Based on their physical Nature:
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gaseous:
III. Based on their mode of manufacture
A. Naturally occurring materials: stone, timber
B. Industrially produced materials: cement, glass
C. Materials produced at construction site:
concrete, mortar

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What are the properties required for Construction Materials?

For a material to be considered for Construction

purposes,
it should have the following properties:
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Chemical Properties
Electrical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Thermal Properties

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 Properties of Materials
Physical properties: properties required to estimate the quality
and condition of the material without any external force.
 Bulk density  Spalling resistance
 Porosity  Water absorption
 Durability  Water permeability
 Density
 Density index
 Specific gravity
 Fire resistance
 Frost resistance
 Weathering resistance

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B. Chemical properties The properties of materials against the
chemical actions or chemical combinations are termed as
chemical properties. Corrosion
 Corrosion
 Combustibility,
 Toxicity
 Decay Resistance

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 Properties of Materials
C. Mechanical Properties
 When forces are applied to a solid body,
two results are produced:
 Internal resisting forces
 Deformation
 The internal forces and deformations are
called stresses and strains respectively.

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The mechanical properties are:
 Strength: The capacity of a material to resist failure caused by loads
acting on it is
 Hardness: The property of a materials to resist scratching by a harder
body.
 Elasticity
 Plasticity
 Brittleness: When the material is subjected to load, if it fails
suddenly without causing any deformation
 Fatigue: If a material is subjected to repeated loads, then the failure
occurs at some point which is lower than the failure point caused by
steady loads. This behavior is known as fatigue.
 Impact strength
 Abrasion resistance: The loss of material due to rubbing of
particles while working is called
 Creep: the deformation caused by constant loads for long periods. It is
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time dependent and occurs at very slow rate.
 Properties of Materials
 Depending up on the arrangement and
direction of the external forces, the stress
produced may be:
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Shearing stress
Bending stress
Torsional stress
Combinations of the above stresses

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 Behavior of materials under load
Behavior of materials under load
 Application of external force on solid body
in equilibrium results in:
 Internal resisting forces are developed
in the body which balances the
externally applied force.
 The body is deformed to varying
degree
 The intensity of internal force is stress
and the deformation per unit is strain.

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Deformation:
 Elastic if it recovers when the external force is
released
 Plastic if it fails to recover when the external
force is released
 If a material is capable to carry its own weight and
any applied load, it is assumed to be strong material.
 This way is that the strength of the material is
determined.

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 Behavior of materials under load

 When a material is said to be strong it

is its strength in tension or
compression that is usually referred to,
but it is often necessary to know its
strength in shear and torsion as well.

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Tests for Mechanical Properties
 Selection of material for a particular
structural application depends on its
mechanical properties.
 There are standard mechanical tests to
measure the properties.
 Mechanical tests are used to examine the
performance of materials under the action
of external forces.
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 Behavior of materials under load
 Classification of Mechanical Tests
 With reference to the direction of the
external forces:

a) Tension test
b) Bending test
c) Compression test
d) Torsion test
e) Shear test
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 Behavior of materials under load
 Tension Test
 Specimen under tension test is
subjected to an axial tensile
force
 Tensile stress is developed on
cross-sectional area
perpendicular to the line of
action of the force.
 The specimen increase in
length.

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 Behavior of materials under load

 Compression Test
 Specimen is subjected to an
axial compressive force
 Compressive stress is produced.
 The specimen decrease in
length.

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Shear test
 In this test, shearing stress is determined on
the x-sectional area parallel to the line
of action of the external forces.
 Bending Test.
 Specimen is subjected to forces that give
rise to bending moments
 The resulting stresses are compressive on
one side of the neutral axis & tensile on the
other side.
 Shear stress exist throughout the beam.
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 Behavior of materials under load
 Classification of Mechanical Tests
 With reference to the rate and duration of the load
application:
a) Static Tests: these are made with gradually increasing
load, such as ordinary tests in tension, compression etc.
b) Dynamic test: these are made with suddenly applied
loads, as by falling weight
c) Wear tests: these are made to determine resistance to
abrasion and impact, as in the case of paving materials
d) Long-time tests: there are made with loads applied to
the object under test for a long period of time. They are
used for materials such as concrete.
e) Fatigue test: these are made with fluctuating stresses
repeated a large number of times
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 Behavior of materials under load
 Classification of Mechanical Tests
 With reference to the effect of the test on the
specimen
a) Destructive tests: Under these test methods,
the specimens are either crushed or ruptured
and made useless at the end of the tests
 Tests conducted on the following materials are
best examples: Ultimate strength of steel &
Compressive strength of concrete
a) Non-destructive tests: These are usually used
to test the strength of members of existing
structures without affecting their performance.
Example: hammer test
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 Behavior of materials under load
Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension
Test
 In standard conventional tension test,
specimen is subjected to a gradually increasing
axial tensile force ‘P’ by means of testing
machine.
 At various increments of load, the change in
length ∆L of the specimen is measured.

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Stress-Strain …Tension Test
 It is assumed that the stress is uniformly
distributed for all points on each x-section.
This stress is computed as follow;

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Stress-Strain …Tension Test
 The uniform stress will produce a uniform
elongation ∆L.
 The elongation per unit length is strain &
expressed as:

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Stress-Strain …Tension Test
 with the values of strain & stress known for
various tensile loads, a diagram showing the
relation between stress & strain, called stress-
strain diagram can be plotted.

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Stress-Strain …Tension Test

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 Behavior of materials under load

 Properties in the elastic range

 The parameters which are used to describe
the mechanical properties of a material in the
elastic range are:
 proportional limit,
 elastic limit,
 modulus of elasticity, stiffness etc.
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 Behavior of materials under load
 Properties in the elastic range
 Proportional Limit: is the greatest stress
which a material is capable of withstanding
without deviation from the law of
proportionality of stress to strain. (point a of
fig 1)

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Properties in the elastic range
 Elastic Limit: is the greatest stress which a
material is capable of withstanding without a
permanent deformation remaining up on the
release of stress. (point b of fig 1)

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Properties in the elastic range
 Yield Point: is the stress at which there
occurs a considerable increase in strain
without an increase in stress.
 Only ductile materials have both lower &
upper yield points. (point c of fig 1)

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Modulus of Elasticity (young’s modulus)
 is the slope of the initial linear part of
stress-strain diagram.
 The greater the modulus of elasticity, the
smaller the elastic strain resulting from the
application of a given values.
 Methods of determining modulus of elasticity,
E: for ductile materials, with linear stress –
strain portion,
E= ∆ σt ∕ ∆ ε

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Modulus of Elasticity(young’s modulus)
 The slope of the stress- strain curve varies and the
modulus of elasticity cannot be readily determined.
 The following three methods are employed to
define E:
1. Initial-Tangent modulus: The slope of the
stress –strain curve at the origin which has a
value of:
E1 = tanф1

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Modulus of Elasticity(young’s modulus)
 Secant modulus: the slope of the line
joining the origin and the selected point on
the stress-strain curve with the value of
E2 = tanф2

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Modulus of Elasticity(young’s modulus)
 Tangent modulus: The slope of the tangent
to the stress –strain curve at the selected
point with the value of E3 = tanф3

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Stiffness
 is the measure of the ability of material to
resist deformation.
 The higher the modulus of elasticity, the
stiffer the material.
 A material has a higher stiffness value when
its deformation in the elastic range is
relatively small.
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 Behavior of materials under load

Stiffness
 Comparing steel alloys with E = 210Gpa and
aluminum alloys with E = 70Gpa, the steel
alloys are about three times as stiff as the
aluminum alloys i.e steel alloys will deform
about one-third as much as aluminum alloys
for the same stress.

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 Behavior of materials under load
Poisson’s Ratio
 Is the ratio of the unit deformations or
strains in transverse direction to the
longitudinal direction within proportional
limit.
µ= ε’∕ ε
where ε’ = transverse strain,
ε =longitudinal strain
 Poisson’s ratio is a measure of the stiffness of
the material in the direction at right angle
to applied load.
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 Behavior of materials under load
Properties for the plastic range
 The characteristic at the plastic range is that
there is a permanent deformation in the
stressed body after complete removal of
the load.
 The parameters which are used to describe
the mechanical properties for the plastic
range are; ultimate strength, ductility and
toughness.

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 Behavior of materials under load
 Properties for the plastic range
 Ultimate Strength:- is the maximum
strength a material can possibly resist before
failure.
 Depending on the stress-strain relationship of
a particular material, the plastic strength will
correspond to the ultimate strength or to the
fracture (rupture) strength.
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 Behavior of materials under load
 Properties for the plastic range

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 Behavior of materials under load
Ductility:-
 represents its ability to deform in the plastic
range.
 Ductile materials show relatively higher
plastic deformation, i.e they are capable of
being drawn-out, before rupture occurs.
 Ductility is measured by the percentage
elongation or percentage reduction in area.

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 Behavior of materials under load
Toughness
 Is the ability of material to absorb energy in
the plastic range.
 A material with high toughness can absorb
high values of strain energy in the plastic
range.

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 Thank you

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