INAR 3072 PERCEPTION IN INTERIORS

ASSOC. PROF. (PhD) ÇİĞDEM ÇETİN

TO SENSE TO PERCEIVE
SENSE, defines the basic and simple PERCEPTION defines a complex process in which
information that are received by our these simple information mixed with past
senses. experiences and learnings.

Also,
Socio-cultural values
Past activities etc.

In summary;
Readiness of human are evaluated by
perception.

Sensations can be defined as the passive process of bringing information from the outside world into
the body and to the brain. The process is passive in the sense that we do not have to be consciously
engaging in a "sensing" process. Perception can be defined as the active process of selecting,
organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses. So, in perception
signals turn into meaningful experiences.
Perception and understanding
• The process by which people understand
and make sense of the environment around objectives
them is referred to as human perception. It
is impacted by our objectives, the situation
we are in right now, and our prior
experiences, which might cause biases in our
perception. In addition, attentional Prior
situation
capability limits our perception, and our experiences
emotional state can have an impact.
Designing apps and user interfaces that
complement people's perceptions and
interactions with technology requires an
understanding of human perception.

Attentional
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128182024000015?via%3Dihu Emotional state
b capability
Our perceptions are heavily biased by at least
three factors:
• The past: our experience
• The present: the current context
• The future: our goals

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The past: our experience
1.Perceptual priming
The past: our experience
2.Familiar perceptual patterns or frames
The past: our experience
3. Habituation 4. Attentional Blink
• A third way in which experience biases • Another low-level biasing of perception by
perception is called habituation. Repeated past experience occurs just after we spot or
exposure to the same (or highly similar) hear something important. For a very brief
perceptions dulls our perceptual system’s period following the recognition— between
sensitivity to them. 0.15 and 0.45 second—we are nearly deaf
and blind to other visual stimuli, even though
our ears and eyes stay functional.
PERCEPTION BIASED BY CURRENT CONTEXT
• To take reading as an example, you might assume that our visual system first recognizes shapes as
letters and then combines letters into words, words into sentences, and so on.
• But visual perception is not strictly a bottom-up process. It includes top-down influences too.
PERCEPTION BIASED BY GOALS
• In addition to being biased by our past experience and the present context, our perception is
influenced by our goals and plans for the future. Specifically, our goals:
Guide our perceptual apparatus, so we sample what we need from the World around us;
Filter our perceptions—things unrelated to our goals tend to be filtered our preconsciously, never
registering in our conscious minds.
What is the mechanism by which our current
goals bias our perception?
• There are two: Influencing where we look. Perception is active, not
passive. Think of your perceptual senses not as simply filtering what
comes to you but rather as reaching out into the world and pulling in
what you need to perceive.
• Sensitizing our perceptual system to certain features. When you are
looking for something, your brain can prime your perception to be
especially sensitive to features of what you are looking for (Ware,
2008).
 HOW DO THEY WORK
TOGETHER IN HUMAN-BEING?

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HOW DO THEY WORK IN HUMAN?
1) Sensation occurs:

a) sensory organs absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment.

b) sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the
brain.

2) Perception follows:

a) the brain organizes the information and translates it into something meaningful.
But what does "meaningful" mean? How do we know what information
is important and should be focused on?
SELECTIVENESS IN
PERCEPTION
Selective Attention Perceptual Expectancy
process of discriminating between what how we perceive the world is a function
is important & is irrelevant (Seems of our past experiences, culture, and
redundant: selective-attention?), and is biological makeup.
influenced by motivation.
For example - you may look at a painting
For example - students in class should and not really understand the message
focus on what the teachers are saying the artist is trying to convey. But, if
and the overheads being presented. someone tells you about it, you might
Students walking by the classroom may begin to see things in the painting that
focus on people in the room, who is the you were unable to see before.
teacher, etc., and not the same thing
the students in the class.

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Selectiveness in Perception

• The tendency of people to perceive events and objects, shortly is defined as

selectiveness in perception.
Exterior effects for selectiveness of perception

There are some reasons for selecting perceptual objects. Some are
sourced from personal background. Besides of personal selection also,
choose of;
Color
Form
Orientation
Background
Size etc.
are affected on the selectiveness of perception.
It is called as INTENTIONAL PERCEPTION CLUES!!!!
WHAT DO YOU SEE AT FIRST SIGHT?
CARAVAGGIO
TATE MODERN
TADAO ANDO
FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF PERCEPTION

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1. NEEDS AN ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
THRESHOLDS
• ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD • DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD
The minimum amount of stimulus
The minimum level of stimuli that intensity change needed to
human detect 50% of second produce a noticeable change.
when no other stimuli present
 2. Perception can be changed according to the human characteristics

• Physiological (biological, neurological) Influences

• Senses, age, health, fatigue, hunger, biological cycles
• Social Influences
• Cultural Differences
• Nonverbal (sözel olmayan) behaviors, odors, speech, silence
• Social Roles
• Sex roles, gender roles, occupational(mesleki) roles
• Self-Concept
• Self-esteem, locus of control, attribution
3. Experience play an important role

• Individual experiences,
• Prejudices,
• Consciousness and
• Unconsciousness acceptances
4. Aim of the observer has an important role on perception. Person
receive information according to his aim.
5. Perception directs the behaviour, also is a stimulus for activity.
In summary,
perception can be effected by;
 PERCEPTION CAN BE SOURCED FROM THESE ITEMS

SITUATION PERSONAL TARGET

 TIME
FACTORS IN THE
SITUTATION WORK SETTING

SOCIAL SETTING
ATTITUDES
MOTIVES

PERCEPTION
FACTORS IN
THE INTERESTS
PERCEIVER
EXPERIENCES
EXPECTATIONS
NOVELTY
SOUND
MOTION
FACTORS IN
THE TARGET SIZE

BACKGROUND
PROXIMITY
SIMILARITY
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THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
1. to sense
Detect stimuli
2. selection
Eliminate stimuli
3. organization
The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a
framework for storage
4. translation
The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are
interpreted and given meaning.
5. retention and memory
 2. SELECTION
1. to sense
Factors That Influence Our Selection
Detect stimuli
A. Interest (College Basketball, Movies, Music)
2. selection B. Need (lectures, traffic lights, buying 1st car)
Eliminate stimuli C. Aesthetics (noise, movement, color)
3. organization
What advertisers, marketers, & designers do
D. Biology (sensation seeking, circadian rhythms-
The process of placing selected perceptual routine, daily rhythm)
stimuli into a framework for storage
4. translation
The stage of the perceptual process at
which stimuli are interpreted and given
meaning.
5. retention and memory
 3. ORGANIZATION
1. to sense
Detect stimuli Three Principles of Organization:
2. selection A) Binary Opposition (all things in pairs)
Eliminate stimuli male/female, short/tall, white/black, good/bad
3. organization B) Already formed social categories
The process of placing selected perceptual 101 students, UK basketball players, Italians
stimuli into a framework for storage
C) We also organize by similarities
4. translation
size (big buildings), color (things that are purple), space (things
The stage of the perceptual process at from Hawaii), smell (things that make us hungry), function
which stimuli are interpreted and given (computer, phone, TV, DVD, CD player)
meaning.
5. retention and memory
Spatial Organization of Perception

• In some cases, designers, delibaretly group stimuli for having

recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
• Some significant factors contribute to organize, categorize for
understanding the environment . These are;
• Figure ground relation
• Grouping stimuli
Figure ground
Figure ground
 Grouping

• Human has a tendency to group some events or objects,

generally stimuli into meaningful and recognizable unit.
• These groups are;
• CONTINUITY
• PROXIMITY
• SIMILARITY ETC.
Divino Wine Bar by studio interior architects Budapest
 4. TRANSLATION
1. to sense (INTERPRETATION)
Detect stimuli
2. selection
Eliminate stimuli Next, we have to Evaluate the data in our folders
3. organization • Larger files (more complete and accurate)
The process of placing selected perceptual • Smaller files (simplistic and underdeveloped)
stimuli into a framework for storage
• Our Comfort Zone:
4. translation • Not Comfortable with New or Small Folders
The stage of the perceptual process at • We like our old, Big Folders (Basketball) and
which stimuli are interpreted and given avoid our small, underdeveloped folders (Sra
meaning. Lanka)
5. retention and memory
• Researchers now think that this is the reason
for racism and prejudice
• All that we know about Italians we have
learned from Mafia Movies…
1. to sense
5. RETENTION AND MEMORY
Detect stimuli
2. selection
Eliminate stimuli • We Don’t Retain All We Select!
3. organization Photographic Memory & Hypnosis (still not perfect)
The process of placing selected perceptual • Factors That Influence Long-term Memory
stimuli into a framework for storage
A) Recency of Time (today vs. 10 years from now)
4. translation B) Frequency of Use (628-2254, names, TV channels)
The stage of the perceptual process at C) Importance (test information, PIN number, anniversary)
which stimuli are interpreted and given
meaning. D) Emotional Connection (1st kiss,, wedding)
E) Weirdness/Uniqueness (sumo wrestlers, Tool Videos)
5. retention and memory
EXISTING THEORIES ON
PERCEPTION
PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES

Idealism: Ideal one is significant for this approach, it does not care
about the real
Direct realism: Realism is independent from ideal, the mind can not
change the real world.
Representative realism: Both concepts (realism and idealism) can not
be distracted from eachother.
 Objectivist view

• Our senses precisely, and accurately, reflect the

physical world. They provide us with a true,
complete, and accurate representation. This point
of view was stated by the psychologist J.J. Gibson.
People believe this view because of the
remarkable perceptual skills that humans have.
We are very successful at interacting with the
physical world.
GESTALT APPROACH x ASSOCIONIST APPROACH

According to gestalt, relation between parts; gives meaning to whole.

Whole is important than the parts. Response of human differentiate
by the form of the perception. Togetherness of line, color, texture,
form, and the perceptibility of them in a whole give the gestalt.

In contrast, according to associonist view, which was developed

by David Hume, human firstly perceive the parts and then see
the whole.
• First half of 20.century in Germany
• WERTHEIMER, KÖHLER AND KOFKA
• «WHOLE IS DIFFERENT FROM ITS PARTS»
• For example, a set of pictures shown in immobile and sequencly
will have a «mobile» effect on human. In adverse, it would not be
realised if it is shown in one by one.
PRINCIPLES OF GESTALT
THERE ARE GREAT AMOUNT OF PRINCIPLES ON PERCEPTION
• FIGURE- GROUND, PROXIMITY, SIMILARITY, CLOSURE, SIMPLICITY
AND PRAGNAZ RULES.
• PRAGNAZ RULE: Every psychological action have a tendency to be
meaningful, simple and finished (integrity) for the brain.
FIGURE GROUND- CERVELLINI
FIGURE GROUND- CERVELLINI
PROXIMITY
REPETITION
CONTINUATION
CHAOS AND CONTROL
CLOSURE
SIMILARITY
 PROBABILISTIC THEORY OF PERCEPTION
• This theory does not focus on human’ s emotions or experiences.
It measures perception by using mathematical datas, formulas.
If the walls are asymmetric
If the walls are symmetric
Perception is the process of analyzing and
understanding a stimulus as it is. But it may not
always be possible to perceive the stimuli as they are.
Knowingly or unknowingly, we mistake the stimulus
and perceive it wrongly.
Many times the prejudices in the individual, time of
perception, unfavorable background, lack of clarity of
stimulus, confusion, conflict in mind, and other
factors are responsible for errors in perception.

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SOCIAL PERCEPTION
FACTORS STEREOTYPING
• A tendency to perceive another person as
AFFECTING belonging to a single group and category
SOCIAL THE HALO EFFECT
• Drawing a general impression about an individual
PERCEPTION on the basis of a single characteristics.
PROJECTION
• Attributing someone’s character to everyone of the
group
CONTRAST EFFECT
• Evaluating someone’s character with compare with
other people and rank with them.