ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

Monday, 16 December 2024 12:19 am

Fundamental Counting Principle - Mn Rule VENN Diagram PROBABILITY

Students from the PICE BulSU SC were surveyed about their favorite subjects. They P = NUMBER OF FAVORABLE OUTCOMES / NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
1. At a restaurant, you can choose 3 types of appetizers, 4 main dishes, and 2 desserts. How were asked if they liked Differential Equation (D), Fundamentals of Surveying (S),
many different meal combinations are there? Statics of Rigid Bodies (R), or Engineering Data Analysis (E). Some students did not like Basic Probability Questions
any of these subjects. The following data was collected:
3 * 4 * 2 = 24 1. A fair coin is tossed twice. What is the probability of getting exactly one head?
38 students liked Differential Equation.
2. A password consists of 2 letters followed by 3 digits. How many possible passwords are 35 students liked Fundamentals of Surveying. HH, HT, TH, TT
there if repetition is allowed? 42 students liked Statics of Rigid Bodies.
30 students liked Engineering Data Analysis. 2/4 = 0.5
26 * 26 *10 *10 *10 = 676,000
20 students liked both Differential Equation and Fundamentals of Surveying. 0.5*100 = 50%
3. You can choose between 6 shirts, 4 pants, and 3 pairs of shoes. How many different outfits 18 students liked both Differential Equation and Statics of Rigid Bodies.
can you create? 15 students liked both Differential Equation and Engineering Data Analysis.
16 students liked both Fundamentals of Surveying and Statics of Rigid Bodies. 2. A die is rolled once. What is the probability of rolling an even number?
6 * 4 * 3 = 72 14 students liked both Fundamentals of Surveying and Engineering Data Analysis.
17 students liked both Statics of Rigid Bodies and Engineering Data Analysis. 2, 4, 6
4. A car model comes in 5 colors, with 3 types of interiors and 2 types of engines. How many 6
variations of this car are possible? 10 students liked all three: Differential Equation, Fundamentals of Surveying, and
Statics of Rigid Bodies. 3/6 = 0.5
5 * 3 * 2 = 30 9 students liked all three: Differential Equation, Fundamentals of Surveying, and
Engineering Data Analysis. 3. Two coins are flipped. What is the probability of observing at least one tail?
5. A student must answer 2 multiple-choice questions. The first question has 4 choices, and 8 students liked all three: Differential Equation, Statics of Rigid Bodies, and
the second has 3. How many ways can the student answer the questions? Engineering Data Analysis. HH, HT, TH, TT
7 students liked all three: Fundamentals of Surveying, Statics of Rigid Bodies, and
4 * 3 = 12 Engineering Data Analysis. 3/4 = 0.75

Extended Fundamental Counting Principle 5 students liked all four subjects. 4. A single die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 4?

1. In a coding competition, a team must assign 3 roles: leader, developer, and tester. If there Question: 5, 6
are 10 team members, in how many ways can these roles be assigned?
a. How many students liked at least one of the four subjects? 2/6 = 0.3333
10 * 9 * 8 = 720 b. How many students did not like any of the four subjects?
5. If a box contains 5 red balls and 3 green balls, what is the probability of randomly selecting a red
2. A locker has a combination lock with 3 dials, each numbered 1 to 5. How many possible ball?
combinations are there? SOLUTION:
5/8 = 0.625
5^3 = 125 D = STUDENTS WHO LIKED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
5 * 5 *5 = 125 S = STUDENTS WHO LIKED FUNDAMENTAL OF SURVEYING 6. A class has 20 students (12 boys and 8 girls). What is the probability of randomly selecting a girl?
R = STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
3. A library has 5 rows of books. Each row has 8 shelves, and each shelf has 10 books. How E = ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS 8/20 = 0.4
many total books are there in the library?
D = 38 Sample Space and Complement Questions
5 *8 * 10 = 400 S = 35
R = 42 1. If the probability of an A event to happen is 0.7, what is the probability of its complement A'
4. In a class of 25 students, a teacher picks 4 students to clean the classroom, assign the E = 30
board duty, and lead a group project. How many arrangements are possible? 1 - 0.7 = 0.3
D ∩ S = 20
25 *24 *23 * 22 = 303,600 D ∩ R = 18 2. A six-sided die is rolled. List the sample space for the event of rolling an odd number.
25!/(25-4)! = 303,600 D ∩ E = 15
S ∩ R = 16 1, 3, 5
5. There are 4 highways and 5 streets leading to a city. How many different routes can a S ∩ E = 14
driver take? R ∩ E = 17 3. A deck of 52 cards is shuffled, and one card is drawn. What is the sample space for this
experiment?
4 * 5 = 20 D ∩ S ∩ R = 10
D∩S∩E=9 1, 2, … 52
Permutations D∩R∩E=8
S∩R∩E=7 4. What is the probability of not getting a 6 when rolling a six-sided die?
1. How many ways can the letters in the word
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis be arranged? D∩S∩R∩E=5 1 - 5/6 = 0.1667
A = 2, c = 6, e = 1, I = 6, L = 3, m = 2,
D ∪ S ∪ R ∪ E = D + S + R + E - (D ∩ S + D ∩ R + D ∩ E + S ∩ R + S ∩ E + R ∩ E) + (D Union and Intersection of Events
45!/2!6! ∩ S ∩ R + D ∩ S ∩ E + D ∩ R ∩ E + S ∩ R ∩ E) - (D ∩ S ∩ R ∩ E)
1. A die is rolled. Event A: rolling an odd number. Event B: rolling a number less than 4. Find A∪B and
Engine D ∪ S ∪ R ∪ E = 38 + 35 + 42 + 30 - (20 + 18 + 15 +16 + 14 + 17) + (10 + 9 + 8 + 7) - (5) its probability.

6!/2! = 360 D ∪ S ∪ R ∪ E = 74 1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3
2. A committee of 3 people is to be formed from 10 candidates, but the roles are President, N(NO SUBJECT) = N - (74)
Vice President, and Secretary. How many ways can these roles be filled? 1235
N = (74) + N(NO SUBJECT)
10!/(10-3)! = 720 4/6 = 0.6667
N(NO SUBJECT) = ((74) + N(NO SUBJECT)) - (74)
1. How many 4-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 if repetition is 2. Using the same events, A and B from question 1, find A intersection B and its probability.
not allowed? LET X = N(NO SUBJECT)
13
5!/(5-4)! = 120 X = ((74) + X) - (74)
X = 21 2/6 = 0.3333
2. In how many ways can 5 runners be ranked 1st, 2nd, and 3rd in a race?
N = (74) + 21 3. Two coins are tossed, Event A, getting at least one head. Event B, getting a tail on the first coin.
5!/(5-3)! = 60 Find P (a UNION b)
N = 95
1. A bookshelf has 6 different books. How many ways can the books be arranged? A = HH, HT, TH
B = TH, TT
6! = 720
HH, HT, TH, TT
Permutations with Repetition
P (a UNION b) = 4 / 4 = 1
1. A 4-character password is created using the letters A, B, and C. How many possible passwords
are there if letters can repeat? 4. From a standard deck of cards, find the probability of drawing a heart or a face card.

3 * 3 * 3 * 3 = 81 HEART = 13
FACE CARD = 12
2. A student rolls two six-sided dice. How many outcomes are possible? OVER LAP = 3

6*6 =36 P = (13+12-3)/52 = 0.4231

3. How many 5-letter words can be formed from the word HELLO if letters can repeat? 5. A box contains 3 green, 4 red, and 5 blue balls. What is the probability of drawing either a green or
blue ball?
5 * 5 * 5 *5 = 625
P = (5 + 3)/12 = 0.6667
4. A 3-digit PIN code is created using the digits 0–9. How many possible PIN codes are there?
Conditional Probability
10 * 10 *10 = 1,000
1. In a city, 25% of people smoke, and 10% of smokers develop a disease. What is the probability of
5. How many different 4-letter sequences can be made using the letters A, B, and C with developing the disease, given that a person smokes?
repetition?
P ( DISEASE | SMOKER ) = 0.1 / 0.25 = 0.4
3 *3 * 3* 3 = 81
2. A die is rolled. Given that the outcome is less than 4, what is the probability of rolling an odd
number?
Permutations Without Repetition
P(A|B) = (2/6)/(3/6) = 0.6667
6. From a group of 7 friends, how many ways can a team of 3 be selected if the order of selection
matters? 3. In a class of 30 students, 12 play basketball, and 5 of these 12 also play soccer. What is the
probability of playing soccer, given that a student plays basketball?
7 * 6 * 5 = 210
7!/(7-3)! = 210 P (SOCCER | BASKETBALL) = 5/12 = 0.4167

7. In a chess tournament with 10 players, how many ways can gold, silver, and bronze medals be 4. A bag contains 4 red marbles and 6 white marbles. If a red marble is drawn and not replaced, what
awarded? is the probability of drawing another red marble?

10!/(10-3)! = 720 P = (4/10) * (3/9) = 0.1333

8. How many 4-letter words can you create from the word MATH without repeating any letter? 5. From a shuffled deck of cards, given that the card drawn is a face card, what is the probability that
it is a king?
4! = 24
4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 24 4/12 = 0.3333

9. How many ways can 8 people sit in a row if no two people are in the same seat?
Additive Rule of Probability
8! = 40,320
1. In a deck of cards, what is the probability of drawing a red card or a king?
10. From 9 different subjects, how many ways can a student choose 3 subjects to study in a
particular order? 26/52 + 4/52 - 2/52 = 0.5385

9!/(9-3)! = 504 2. A survey shows 60% of students like pizza, 40% like burgers, and 25% like both. What is the
9 * 8 * 7 = 504 probability that a randomly selected student likes either pizza or burgers?

Combinations 0.6 + 0.4 - 0.25 = 0.75

Quick Notes Page 1

10. From 9 different subjects, how many ways can a student choose 3 subjects to study in a
particular order? 26/52 + 4/52 - 2/52 = 0.5385

9!/(9-3)! = 504 2. A survey shows 60% of students like pizza, 40% like burgers, and 25% like both. What is the
9 * 8 * 7 = 504 probability that a randomly selected student likes either pizza or burgers?

Combinations 0.6 + 0.4 - 0.25 = 0.75

11. A teacher wants to select 3 students out of 10 to form a committee. How many ways can the 3. Two dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers is 7 or 11?
teacher choose the students?
6(FOR 7) + 2 (FOR 11) = 8
nCr = n!/r!(n-r)!
8/36 = 0.2222
10C3 = 10!/3!(10 - 3)! = 120
4. In a lottery, 70% of participants are male, 20% are below 18, and 10% are males under 18. What is
12. From a deck of 52 cards, how many ways can 5 cards be selected? the probability that a randomly chosen participant is either male or below 18?

(52 * 51 * 50 * 49 * 48) / (5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1) = 2,598,960 0.7 + 0.2 - 0.1 = 0.8

52C5 = (52!)/(5!(52-5)!) = Multiplicative Rule of Probability

13. A team of 4 players is to be selected from a group of 12 players. How many possible teams can 1. A bag contains 3 red and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn without replacement. What is the
be formed? probability of drawing two red balls?

12C4 = 495 3/5 * 2/4 = 0.3

14. In how many ways can 6 books be selected from a shelf of 10 books? 2. A box has 6 defective and 4 non-defective fuses. Two fuses are drawn without replacement. What
is the probability that both are defective?
10c6 = 210
6/10 * 5/9 = 0.3333
15. From a group of 20 people, how many ways can a subcommittee of 5 people be formed?
3. A coin is tossed and a die is rolled. What is the probability of getting heads on the coin and a 4 on
20c5 = 15504 the die?

1/2 * 1/6 = 0.0833

1/12 = 0.0833

Sample Problems: 4. A class has 10 boys and 8 girls. Two students are chosen randomly. What is the probability that
both are girls?
1) A cafeteria offers 8 main dishes, 5 sides, and 4 drinks. A meal includes exactly2 different main
dishes, 2 sides (can be the same), and 1 drink. How many different meals can be made? 8/18 * 7/17 = 0.183

8c2 = 8*7/2 = 28 Independent and Dependent Events

5 * 5 = 25
1*4=4 1. A die is rolled twice. Are the two outcomes independent? Justify with calculations.

28 * 25 * 4 = 2,800 1/6 * 1/6 = 0.0278

1/6 * 1/5 = 0.0333

2) A security system uses a 6-character code consisting of 2 uppercase letters (A-Z) and 4 digits
(0-9). Repetition is allowed within each group, but the letters and digitsmust alternate (e.g., 2. A jar has 4 green and 6 red balls. Two balls are drawn with replacement. What is the probability of
A1B2C3). How many valid codes are possible? drawing a red ball twice?

LDLDLD 6/10 * 6/10 = 0.36

26 * 26 * 26 = 17,576 6/10 * 5/9 = 0.3333

10 * 10 * 10 = 1,000

17576 * 1000 = 17576000

3) A travel company offers 3 destinations, with 2 transportation options (plane or train) for each,
and 4 hotel types at each destination. However, if the plane is chosen, only 3 hotel types are
available. How many total travel packages can be made?

3*3=9
3 * 4 = 12

9 + 12 = 21

4) A student has 5 shirts, 4 pants, and 3 jackets. However:

• If a white shirt is chosen, only 2 pants can be worn.
• If a blue jacket is chosen, no white shirts are allowed.
How many valid outfits can the student create?

1*2*3=6
4 * 4 * 2 = 32

6 + 32 = 38

5) A quiz consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, each with 4 options. However, the student must
answer exactly 3 questions as “A,” exactly **2 as “B,” and the rest randomly from the remaining
choices. How many ways can the quiz be answered?

10c3 = 120
7c2 = 21
5=1

120 * 21 = 2,520

6) A password consists of 7 characters: 3 letters (A-Z) followed by 4 digits (0-9). Repetition is not
allowed within each group, and the password must not start with a vowel. How many valid
passwords can be created?

21 * 25 * 24 = 12,600
10 * 9 * 8 * 7 = 5,040

12600 * 5040 = 63504000

7) In a race with 12 runners, 5 trophies are awarded for 1st to 5th place. However, the 3rd place
winner must be one of two specific runners. How many ways can the trophies be awarded?

3rd = 2
11p4 = 11 * 10 * 9 * 8 = 7,920

2 * 7920 = 15840

8) From a group of 10 people, 5 seats are arranged in a row. However, person A cannot sit in seat
1, and person B must sit in seat 3. How many seating arrangements are possible?

Fix A = 1 (9 remaining)
Fix B = 1

8p3 = 8 * 7 * 6 = 336

9 * 1 * 336 = 3,024

9) A 4-digit number is to be formed from the digits 1 to 9. Repetition is not allowed, and the
number must be odd and greater than 5000. How many such numbers can be formed?

First digit = 6, 7, 8, 9,
Last digit= 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,
Middle 2 digits = 8 * 7 = 56

4 * 5 * 56 = 1,120

10) A committee of 6 students is chosen to present a project. Each student is assigned aunique role
(Leader, Assistant, Speaker, Recorder, Researcher, and Timer). If 3 of the students refuse to take
the Leader role, how many ways can the roles be assigned?

Leader = 6
Remaining Roles = 5! = 120

6 * 120 = 720

11) A 6-character code consists of 3 letters (A-Z) and 3 digits (0-9), where repetition is allowed for
both groups. However, the letters and digits must alternate starting with a letter. How many
such codes can be made?

26 * 10 * 26 * 10 * 26 * 10 = 17,576,000

12) A factory produces 4 colors of balls: red, blue, green, and yellow. A machine produces a
sequence of 10 balls where colors can repeat. However, the sequence must include at least2
red balls. How many sequences are possible?

Quick Notes Page 2

 4^10 = 1,048,576
3^10 = 59,049

4^10 - 3^10 = 989,527

13) A 5-letter password is made using the letters A, B, and C. Repetition is allowed, but the
password must not contain two consecutive B’s. How many valid passwords can be formed?

186

14) A license plate consists of 3 letters (A-Z) followed by 3 digits (0-9). Repetition is allowed, but the
plate must contain at least one repeated character. How many valid plates exist?

Total number of plates = 26 * 26 * 26 * 10 *10 *10 = 17,576,000

Plates with unique characters = 26 *25 *24 * 10 *9 *8 = 11,232,000

Plates with at least one repeated character = 17,576,000 - 11,232,000 = 6,344,000

15) A lock has 3 dials, each numbered 1 to 5. A code is valid only if:
• The digits are in non-decreasing order (e.g., 1-1-3 is valid, 2-1-4 is not).
• Repetition is allowed.
How many valid codes are possible?

16) A class of 15 students needs to form a committee of 5 members. However, the committee must
include at least 2 females and at least 2 males. How many ways can the committee be formed if
there are 8 females and 7 males in the class?

2 females, 3 males = 8c2 * 7c3 = 28 * 35 = 980

3 females, 2 males = 8c3 * 7c2 = 56 * 21 = 1,176

980 + 1176 = 2156

17) From a deck of 52 cards, how many ways can you choose 5 cards such that you have exactly 2
spades and 3 hearts?

2 Spades = 13!/(2!(13-2)!) = 78
3 hearts = 13!/(3!(13-3)! = 286

Total = 13c2 * 13c3 = 78 * 286 = 22,308

18) A bakery offers 8 types of pastries. A customer wants to buy 12 pastries, but no more than3
pastries of any single type. How many ways can the customer choose their pastries?

19) A team of 10 people must split into 3 groups: one group of 5, one group of 3, and one group of
2. How many ways can this partitioning be done?

10 C 5 = 252

5 C 3 = 10

2C2=1

252 * 10 * 1 / 3! = 420

20) From a group of 12 students, a teacher selects 5 students to join a trip. However, 3 of the
students refuse to join if another specific student is also selected. How many valid groups of 5
can be formed?

12 C 5 = 792

3C1 * 8C3 = 3 * 56 = 168

792 - 168 = 624

21) Eight people are to sit around a circular table. However, two specific peoplemust sit next to
each other. How many seating arrangements are possible?

7! = 5,040
2! = 2

2 * 5040 = 10080

22) A necklace is made by arranging 7 unique beads. However, rotations and reflections of the
necklace are considered identical. How many distinct necklaces can be made?

7!/2 = 2,520

23) Twelve friends are sitting around a circular table. Two of the friends insist on sittingopposite
each other, and two other friends refuse to sit next to each other. How many seating
arrangements are possible?

10! = 3,628,800

INVALIDS = 9! * 2! = 725,760

VALID = 10! - 9! * 2! = 2,903,040

24) A company has 6 distinct projects, and 6 employees are assigned to the projects. However, the
employees must form a circular discussion group where no two employees working on the
same project sit next to each other. How many valid arrangements are possible?

5! = 120

25) A wedding has 10 guests sitting at a round table. Two of the guests are a couple and must sit
together, while another guest insists on sitting directly between two specific people. How many
seating arrangements are possible?

2 * 2 * 6! = 2,880

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