BETHANY JUNIOR COLLEGE

MATHEMATICS
PROJECT
2024-2025

RAKSHITH H
XI SCIENCE
ROLL NO.-4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE

WHO SUPPORTED ME THROUGHOUT THIS PROJECT.

FIRST AND FOREMOST, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MRS. SUNITHA,

MY MATHS TEACHER, FOR GUIDING ME THROUGH THIS PROJECT
AND OFFERING VALUABLE ADVICE AND FEEDBACK. YOUR
ENCOURAGEMENT AND INSIGHTS HELPED ME GAIN A DEEPER
UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPTS INVOLVED.

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS

FOR THEIR CONSTANT SUPPORT, MOTIVATION, AND HELP
THROUGHOUT THIS PROJECT. YOUR ASSISTANCE IN GATHERING
RESOURCES AND FEEDBACK WAS INVALUABLE.

LASTLY, I APPRECIATE ALL THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AND

RESEARCH MATERIALS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESSFUL
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.

THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT.

SINCERELY,
RAKSHITH H
 -INDEX-
SL.NO HEADING PG.
NO.
1. AIM AND PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
2. CONSTRUCT A PASCAL’S TRIANGLE TO
WRITE A BINOMIAL EXPANSION FOR A
GIVEN POSITIVE INTEGRAL EXPONENT.

3. AIM OF THE PROJECT

4. SOLVED SUMS AND FORMULA

5. CONCLUSION
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Aim and previous knowledge

Pascal’s Triangle is a powerful mathematical tool that provides an easy

way to find the coefficients in the binomial expansion of (a + b)^n,
where n is a positive integer. Constructed by starting with the number 1
at the top, each row of Pascal’s Triangle is created by adding the two
numbers directly above it. The triangle is symmetrical, and each row
corresponds to the coefficients of the expanded form of (a + b)^n
In binomial expansion, an expression raised to a power, (a + b)^n, is
expanded into a sum of terms using coefficients that match the entries in
Pascal’s Triangle. For example, to expand (a + b)^3, we can look at the
fourth row of Pascal’s Triangle, which is 1,3,3,1. This row tells us that:
(a + b)^3 = 1a^3 + 3a^2b + 3ab^2 + 1b^3.
This technique simplifies the process of expanding powers of binomials,
especially for higher exponents, by avoiding tedious multiplication.
Additionally, Pascal’s Triangle has important connections to
combinatorics, as each entry in the triangle represents a binomial
coefficient, or the number of ways to choose a subset of items from a
larger set.
Understanding Pascal’s Triangle and binomial expansion is fundamental
in algebra and calculus, as it offers insight into polynomial patterns and
provides a foundation for solving problems in probability,
combinatorics, and even calculus.
 Section A
Construct a Pascal’s triangle to write a binomial
expansion for a given positive integral exponent

Construct a Pascal’s triangle to write a binomial

expansion for a given positive integral exponent
Pascal’s Triangle
Pascal’s Triangle is a triangular arrangement of numbers in which each
number is the sum of the two numbers directly above it. It is named after
the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, although the triangle had been
studied by mathematicians centuries before him in India, Iran, and
China.
The triangle begins with a 1 at the top (row 0), and each subsequent row
contains numbers that represent the coefficients of the binomial
expansion. The rows are indexed starting from 0, and the nth row
corresponds to the coefficients of (a + b)^n.
The structure of the triangle is as follows:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
In this triangle:
 Row 0 has 1 entry (1).
 Row 1 has 2 entries (1, 1).
 Row 2 has 3 entries (1, 2, 1), and so on.
Each number is formed by adding the two numbers directly above it. For
example, the 6 in row 4 is the sum of 3 and 3 from row 3.
Binomial Theorem
The Binomial Theorem provides a way to expand expressions of the
form (a + b)^n, where a and b are variables or numbers, and n is a non-
negative integer. It states that:
Example of Binomial Expansion
For example, expanding (a + b)^3using the Binomial Theorem gives:

The
coefficients (1, 3, 3, 1) correspond to the entries in the 3rd row of
Pascal’s Triangle.
Connection Between Pascal’s Triangle and the Binomial Theorem
Each row of Pascal’s Triangle provides the coefficients for the binomial
expansion of (a + b)^n. For instance, the 4th row (1, 4, 6, 4, 1)
corresponds to the coefficients in the expansion of (a + b)^4.
Pascal’s Triangle is not only useful for binomial expansions but also has
applications in combinatorics, such as calculating combinations (how
many ways we can choose k items from a set of n items), which are
denoted by the binomial coefficients.
Conclusion
Pascal’s Triangle and the Binomial Theorem are powerful tools in
mathematics that simplify the expansion of binomials and offer insights
into combinatorial relationships. They are widely used in probability,
algebra, and many other areas of mathematics, demonstrating the
elegance and utility of mathematical patterns.

SOLVED SUMS USING THE FORMULA

Pascal’s Triangle Examples

 Example 1: A coin is tossed three times, find the probability of

getting exactly 2 tails.
Solution:
Using the Pascal triangle formula, the total number of outcomes will be
23 = 8 (1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 8 )
Where 3 of them give exactly two tails.
So the probability of getting exactly two tails is 3/8, or 37.5%
Answer: The probability of getting exactly two tails is 37.5%

 Example 2: Find all the coefficients of the expansion of the

polynomial (x + y)6 using the Pascals triangle.
Solution:
According to the Pascals triangle, the coefficients of the expansion of the
(x + y)6 will be the elements in row 6 of the Pascals triangle.
Elements in the 6th row of the Pascals triangle are 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1.
Answer: The coefficients of the expansion of (x + y)6 are 1, 6, 15, 20,
15, 6, 1.

BINOMIAL THEORUM EXAMPLES

 Example 1: What is the binomial expansion of (x2 +

1)5 using the binomial theorem?
Solution:
The following formula derived from the Binomial
Theorem is helpful to find the expansion.
(x + y)n = (x+y)n = nC0 xny0 + nC1 xn-1y1 + nC2 xn-2 y2 + ...
+ nCk xn-kyk +....+ nCn x0yn
(x2 + 1)5 = 5C0 (x2)510 + 5C1 (x2)5-111 + 5C2 (x2)5-
2 2
1 + 5C3 (x2)5-3 13 + 5C4 (x2)5-4 14 + 5C5 (x2)5-5 15
= x10 + 5 x8 + 10 x6 + 10 x4 + 5 x2 + 1
Answer: (x2 + 1)5 = x10 + 5 x8 + 10 x6 + 10 x4 + 5 x2 + 1

 Example 2: Find the 7th term in the expansion of (x +

2)10
Solution:
The general term in the expansion of (x+a)n using the
binomial theorem formula is
Tr+1 = nCr xn-ryr.
Here r = 6, n =10, a = 2
Thus by substituting, we get
T7 = T6+1 = 10C6 x10-6 26
T7 = 210 x 4 . 64
= 13440 x4
Answer: 7th term in (x + 2)10 is 13440 x4

 Example 3: Find the coefficient of x2 in (x +(1/x))8

Solution:
Using the binomial theorem formula in the expansion of
(x +1/x)8, we have x2 as the fourth term.
8
C0 x8(1/x)0 + 8C1 x7(1/x)1 + 8C2 x6(1/x)2 + 8C3 x5(1/x)3 +
8
C4 x4(1/x)4 + 8C5 x3(1/x)5 + 8C6 x2(1/x)6 + 8C7 x1(1/x)7 +
8
C8 x0(1/x)8 +
The coefficient of the fourth term is 8C3= 56
Answer: The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of (x +
(1/x))8 is 56

CONCLUSION
Pascal's Triangle is more than just a collection of
numbers; it is a powerful mathematical tool that simplifies
the expansion of binomials and connects algebra,
combinatorics, and probability. By providing the
coefficients needed in the expansion of (a + b)^n, Pascal's
Triangle allows for quick, accurate binomial expansion
without repetitive multiplication, making it invaluable in
various areas of mathematics.
Beyond its practical applications, Pascal's Triangle reveals
the inherent beauty and structure in mathematics. It
highlights patterns and symmetries, shows relationships
between numbers, and links to fundamental concepts such
as combinations and probabilities. Learning how to
construct and use Pascal’s Triangle not only streamlines
binomial expansion but also deepens our appreciation for
mathematical elegance and its interconnected ideas.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Laerd Statistics. "Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation."

Laerd Statistics. https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-
guides/spearmans-rank-order-correlation-statistical-
guide.php.
 Statistics How To. "Spearman Rank Correlation:
Definition, Formula & Calculation." Statistics How To.
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/c
orrelation-coefficient-formula/spearman-rank-correlation-
definition-calculation/.
 Simplilearn. "Spearman’s Rank Correlation: Definition and
Calculation." Simplilearn.
https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/statistics-tutorial/spe
arman-rank-correlation.
 Khan Academy. "Pascal's Triangle and Binomial
Expansion." Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b
61c86 /x2f8bb11595b61c86 /v/binomial-theorem.