Ques on 1: Which of the following defines the structure and organiza on of data in a database?

A) Data integrity

B) Data security

C) Data model

D) Data abstrac on

Answer: C) Data model

Ques on 2: In an ER diagram, what does a diamond-shaped symbol represent?

A) En ty

B) A ribute

C) Rela onship

D) Key

Answer: C) Rela onship

Ques on 3: Which of the following is NOT a level of data abstrac on in a DBMS?

A) Physical level

B) Logical level

C) Conceptual level

D) Applica on level

Answer: D) Applica on level

Ques on 4: What is the purpose of referen al integrity?

A) To ensure that each a ribute contains unique values

B) To enforce business rules and logic

C) To maintain rela onships between related tables

D) To ensure that data is stored in the correct order

Answer: C) To maintain rela onships between related tables

Ques on 5: Which data model represents data in a hierarchical structure with parent-child
rela onships?

A) Rela onal model

B) ER model

C) Hierarchical model

D) Network model

Answer: C) Hierarchical model

Ques on 6: Which type of integrity constraint ensures that a primary key value cannot be null?

A) Domain constraint

B) Referen al integrity constraint

C) En ty integrity constraint

D) Key constraint

Answer: C) En ty integrity constraint

Ques on 7: In an ER diagram, an oval-shaped symbol represents:

A) En ty

B) A ribute

C) Rela onship

D) Key
Answer: A) En ty

Ques on 8: Which data model represents data as a collec on of objects, along with their a ributes
and methods?

A) Object-Oriented model

B) Rela onal model

C) En ty-Rela onship model

D) Hierarchical model

Answer: A) Object-Oriented model

Ques on 9: Which type of key uniquely iden fies a record within its own table?

A) Super key

B) Candidate key

C) Primary key

D) Foreign key

Answer: C) Primary key

Ques on 10: Which of the following is an example of an integrity constraint?

A) Ensuring referen al integrity between tables

B) Se ng up user access permissions

C) Defining indexes for faster data retrieval

D) Storing data in a normalized form

Answer: A) Ensuring referen al integrity between tables

Ques on 11: In a rela onal database, what does a func onal dependency represent?

A) A rela onship between two tables

B) A rela onship between a primary key and a foreign key

C) A rela onship between a ributes within a single table

D) A rela onship between different databases

Answer: C) A rela onship between a ributes within a single table

Ques on 12: In the context of func onal dependencies, if a ribute B is func onally dependent on
a ribute A, how is this rela onship denoted?

A) A → B

B) B → A

C) A ↔ B

D) A ⊆ B

Answer: A) A → B

Ques on 13: Which of the following is a key property of a candidate key in a rela onal database?

A) It can contain null values.

B) It is a super key.

C) It uniquely iden fies a tuple within a table.

D) It is a foreign key.

Answer: C) It uniquely iden fies a tuple within a table.

Ques on 14: What is the purpose of normalizing a rela onal database?

A) To introduce redundancy for be er performance.

B) To combine mul ple tables into a single table.

C) To reduce data integrity.

D) To eliminate data anomalies and improve efficiency.

Answer: D) To eliminate data anomalies and improve efficiency.

Here are 10 mul ple-choice ques ons along with their answers based on normaliza on in a
database management system (DBMS):

Ques on 1: What is the primary goal of database normaliza on?

A) To eliminate all redundancy in the database.

B) To increase data storage capacity.

C) To simplify complex queries.

D) To improve data integrity and reduce anomalies.

Answer: D) To improve data integrity and reduce anomalies.

Ques on 2: In which normal form is a rela on if all non-prime a ributes are fully func onally
dependent on the primary key?

A) First Normal Form (1NF)

B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

D) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Answer: B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

Ques on 3: Which normal form ensures that every non-prime a ribute is non-transi vely dependent
on the primary key?
A) First Normal Form (1NF)

B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

D) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Answer: C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

Ques on 4: Which of the following is a poten al drawback of excessive normaliza on?

A) Improved query performance.

B) Increased storage requirements.

C) Simplified data maintenance.

D) Enhanced data integrity.

Answer: B) Increased storage requirements.

Ques on 5: Which normal form is based on func onal dependency and mul valued dependency
concepts?

A) First Normal Form (1NF)

B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

D) Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Answer: D) Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Ques on 6: Which normal form addresses par al dependency?

A) First Normal Form (1NF)

B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

D) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Answer: B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

Ques on 7: In which normal form is a rela on if it is in Second Normal Form (2NF) and has no par al
dependencies?

A) First Normal Form (1NF)

B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

D) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Answer: D) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Ques on 8: Which of the following normal forms allows for the presence of transi ve dependencies?

A) First Normal Form (1NF)

B) Second Normal Form (2NF)

C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

D) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Answer: C) Third Normal Form (3NF)

Ques on 9: Which normal form eliminates transi ve dependencies as well as par al dependencies?

A) Third Normal Form (3NF)

B) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

C) Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

D) Fi h Normal Form (5NF)

Answer: B) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

Ques on 10: What is the key principle of normaliza on in database design?

A) Minimizing the number of tables.

B) Maximizing data redundancy.

C) Balancing data and index storage.

D) Reducing data duplica on and anomalies.

Answer: D) Reducing data duplica on and anomalies.

MCQ (PART-1)
Ques on 1:

Which SQL keyword is used to retrieve data from a database table?

a) FETCH

b) SELECT

c) GET

d) EXTRACT

Answer: b) SELECT

Ques on 2:

Which clause is used to filter rows in a SQL SELECT statement?

a) FILTER

b) WHERE

c) HAVING

d) LIMIT

Answer: b) WHERE

Ques on 3:

Which SQL func on is used to find the total number of rows in a table?

a) COUNT()

b) SUM()

c) AVG()

d) MAX()

Answer: a) COUNT()

Ques on 4:

Which SQL command is used to add new rows to a table?

a) CREATE

b) INSERT
c) UPDATE

d) ALTER

Answer: b) INSERT

Ques on 5:

Which clause is used to sort the result set in ascending or descending order?

a) ORDER BY

b) SORT BY

c) GROUP BY

d) ARRANGE BY

Answer: a) ORDER BY

Ques on 6:

What is the purpose of the SQL GROUP BY clause?

a) To filter rows based on a condi on

b) To join mul ple tables

c) To aggregate data and perform calcula ons on groups of rows

d) To retrieve data from mul ple tables

Answer: c) To aggregate data and perform calcula ons on groups of rows

Ques on 7:

Which SQL statement is used to modify exis ng data in a table?

a) UPDATE

b) ALTER

c) MODIFY

d) CHANGE

Answer: a) UPDATE
Ques on 8:

Which SQL clause is used to combine rows from different tables?

a) UNION

b) JOIN

c) CONNECT

d) COMBINE

Answer: b) JOIN

Ques on 9:

Which SQL func on is used to find the highest value in a column?

a) HIGH()

b) TOP()

c) MAX()

d) HIGHEST()

Answer: c) MAX()

Ques on 10:

Which SQL command is used to remove a table from a database?

a) DROP

b) DELETE

c) REMOVE

d) ERASE

Answer: a) DROP

Ques on 11:

What is the purpose of the SQL HAVING clause?

a) To filter rows based on a condi on

b) To sort the result set

c) To filter groups based on a condi on

d) To limit the number of rows returned

Answer: c) To filter groups based on a condi on

Ques on 12:

Which SQL operator is used in the WHERE clause to specify mul ple possible values?

a) AND

b) OR

c) NOT

d) XOR

Answer: b) OR

Ques on 13:

Which SQL func on is used to calculate the average value of a column?

a) AVG()

b) AVERAGE()

c) MEAN()

d) TOTAL()

Answer: a) AVG()

Ques on 14:

In a SQL SELECT statement, what is the purpose of the DISTINCT keyword?

a) It sorts the result set in ascending order

b) It retrieves only the first few rows from the table

c) It removes duplicate rows from the result set

d) It groups rows based on a specified column

Answer: c) It removes duplicate rows from the result set

Ques on 15:

Which SQL command is used to delete rows from a table?

a) ERASE

b) REMOVE

c) DELETE

d) DROP

Answer: c) DELETE

Ques on 16:

Which SQL clause is used to limit the number of rows returned by a query?

a) LIMIT

b) TOP

c) ROWS

d) COUNT

Answer: a) LIMIT

Ques on 17:

What is the purpose of the SQL ORDER BY clause?

a) To filter rows based on a condi on

b) To join mul ple tables

c) To group rows based on a column

d) To sort rows in the result set

Answer: d) To sort rows in the result set

Ques on 18:

Which SQL func on is used to find the lowest value in a column?

a) MIN()

b) SMALL()

c) LEAST()

d) BOTTOM()

Answer: a) MIN()

Ques on 19:

Which SQL command is used to create a new database?

a) NEW DATABASE

b) CREATE DATABASE

c) ADD DATABASE

d) MAKE DATABASE

Answer: b) CREATE DATABASE

Ques on 20:

What is the purpose of the SQL AS keyword?

a) To add a new column to a table

b) To rename a column or table

c) To create a new table

d) To delete rows from a table

Answer: b) To rename a column or table

MCQ ( PART-2)
Ques on 1:

Which SQL join type returns all rows from both tables, filling in NULL values for non-matching rows?

a) INNER JOIN

b) LEFT JOIN

c) RIGHT JOIN

d) FULL OUTER JOIN

Answer: d) FULL OUTER JOIN

Ques on 2:

Which SQL clause is used to define condi ons for a specific group of rows?

a) WHERE

b) HAVING

c) GROUP WHERE

d) FILTER

Answer: b) HAVING

Ques on 3:

What is the purpose of the SQL COALESCE func on?

a) To concatenate two strings

b) To convert data types

c) To perform bitwise opera ons

d) To return the first non-null value in a list

Answer: d) To return the first non-null value in a list

Ques on 4:

Which SQL statement is used to add a new column to an exis ng table?

a) ALTER TABLE

b) MODIFY TABLE
c) ADD COLUMN

d) INSERT COLUMN

Answer: a) ALTER TABLE

Ques on 5:

Which SQL func on is used to format date and me values?

a) FORMAT()

b) DATE_FORMAT()

c) TO_CHAR()

d) CONVERT()

Answer: b) DATE_FORMAT()

Ques on 6:

What is the purpose of the SQL ROW_NUMBER() func on?

a) To calculate the average of a column

b) To assign a unique sequen al integer to each row in the result set

c) To count the number of rows in a table

d) To sort rows based on a column

Answer: b) To assign a unique sequen al integer to each row in the result set

Ques on 7:

Which SQL statement is used to remove a specific constraint from a table?

a) DELETE CONSTRAINT

b) DROP CONSTRAINT

c) REMOVE CONSTRAINT

d) ALTER CONSTRAINT

Answer: b) DROP CONSTRAINT

Ques on 8:

What is the purpose of the SQL UNION operator?

a) To combine rows from two different tables

b) To join tables based on common columns

c) To return only unique rows from a result set

d) To sort the result set in ascending order

Answer: a) To combine rows from two different tables

Ques on 9:

Which SQL data type would you use to store large amounts of text data?

a) VARCHAR

b) TEXT

c) STRING

d) CHAR

Answer: b) TEXT

Ques on 10:

In a SQL statement, what does the EXISTS operator do?

a) Checks if a column exists in a table

b) Checks if a table exists in the database

c) Checks if a value exists in a column

d) Checks if a subquery returns any rows

Answer: d) Checks if a subquery returns any rows

Ques on 11:

What is the purpose of the SQL CASE statement?

a) To create a new table in the database

b) To update exis ng rows in a table

c) To perform calcula ons on columns

d) To condi onally return a value based on specified condi ons

Answer: d) To condi onally return a value based on specified condi ons

Ques on 12:

Which SQL func on is used to calculate the total cumula ve sum of a column's values?

a) SUM()

b) TOTAL()

c) CUMSUM()

d) ROLLUP()

Answer: c) CUMSUM()

Ques on 13:

What is the purpose of the SQL PRIMARY KEY constraint?

a) To allow null values in a column

b) To ensure data uniqueness in a column

c) To allow duplicate values in a column

d) To define a default value for a column

Answer: b) To ensure data uniqueness in a column

Ques on 14:

Which SQL statement is used to change data in mul ple rows at once?

a) UPDATE

b) ALTER

c) MODIFY

d) SET
Answer: a) UPDATE

Ques on 15:

Which SQL clause is used to restrict the number of rows returned by a query based on a specific
range?

a) LIMIT

b) OFFSET

c) FETCH

d) ROWS

Answer: b) OFFSET

Ques on 16:

What is the purpose of the SQL LAG() func on?

a) To retrieve the previous row's value in a column

b) To calculate the logarithm of a number

c) To find the lowest value in a column

d) To generate random numbers

Answer: a) To retrieve the previous row's value in a column

Ques on 17:

Which SQL command is used to create an index on a table's column?

a) ADD INDEX

b) CREATE INDEX

c) INDEX TABLE

d) MAKE INDEX

Answer: b) CREATE INDEX

Ques on 18:
What is the purpose of the SQL RANK() func on?

a) To calculate the median of a column

b) To assign a unique rank to each row in the result set

c) To count the number of rows in a table

d) To group rows based on a column

Answer: b) To assign a unique rank to each row in the result set

Ques on 19:

Which SQL command is used to delete a table's structure and data?

a) DELETE TABLE

b) REMOVE TABLE

c) DROP TABLE

d) ERASE TABLE

Answer: c) DROP TABLE

Ques on 20:

What is the purpose of the SQL TRIGGER?

a) To execute a batch of SQL statements

b) To automate the execu on of a series of queries

c) To generate random data for tes ng purposes

d) To perform an ac on in response to a database event

Answer: d) To perform an ac on in response to a database event

Here are 10 more mul ple-choice ques ons based on a hypothe cal "College" database schema
along with their answers:

Schema: College Database

Tables:

1. Students (student_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth)

2. Courses (course_id, course_name, department, credits)

3. Enrollments (enrollment_id, student_id, course_id, enrollment_date)

Ques on 1:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the names of all students born a er January 1, 2000?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE date_of_birth > '2000-01-01';

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE date_of_birth < '2000-01-01';

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE date_of_birth >= '2000-01-01';

d) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE date_of_birth <= '2000-01-01';

Answer: a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE date_of_birth > '2000-01-01';

Ques on 2:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT course_name, COUNT() as enrollment_count

FROM Courses

JOIN Enrollments ON Courses.course_id = Enrollments.course_id

GROUP BY course_name;

```

a) Retrieve a list of course names and the number of enrollments for each course.
b) Retrieve a list of course names and the total count of courses.

c) Retrieve a list of course names with no enrollments.

d) Retrieve a list of course names and the number of students enrolled in each course.

Answer: a) Retrieve a list of course names and the number of enrollments for each course.

Ques on 3:

Which SQL statement is used to add a new student to the "Students" table?

a) INSERT INTO Students (student_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe',
'2002-05-15');

b) UPDATE Students SET first_name = 'John', last_name = 'Doe', date_of_birth = '2002-05-15' WHERE
student_id = 1;

c) INSERT Students (first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '2002-05-15');

d) ADD INTO Students (student_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe',
'2002-05-15');

Answer: a) INSERT INTO Students (student_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES (1,
'John', 'Doe', '2002-05-15');

Ques on 4:

Which SQL query would you use to find the student with the highest number of enrollments?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students ORDER BY COUNT() DESC LIMIT 1;

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE student_id = MAX(COUNT());

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE student_id = (SELECT MAX(COUNT()) FROM
Enrollments);

d) SELECT Students.first_name, Students.last_name

FROM Students

JOIN Enrollments ON Students.student_id = Enrollments.student_id

GROUP BY Students.student_id

ORDER BY COUNT() DESC

LIMIT 1;

Answer: d) SELECT Students.first_name, Students.last_name ...

Ques on 5:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the course names that have no enrollments?

a) SELECT course_name FROM Courses WHERE course_id NOT IN (SELECT course_id FROM
Enrollments);

b) SELECT course_name FROM Courses LEFT JOIN Enrollments ON Courses.course_id =

Enrollments.course_id WHERE Enrollments.course_id IS NULL;

c) SELECT course_name FROM Courses INNER JOIN Enrollments ON Courses.course_id =

Enrollments.course_id WHERE Enrollments.course_id IS NULL;

d) SELECT course_name FROM Courses WHERE course_id = (SELECT MAX(course_id) FROM

Enrollments);

Answer: b) SELECT course_name FROM Courses LEFT JOIN Enrollments ON ...

Ques on 6:

What does the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT department, AVG(credits) as avg_credits

FROM Courses

GROUP BY department

HAVING AVG(credits) > 3.0;

```

a) Retrieves the average number of credits for courses in each department.

b) Retrieves the departments with an average course credit greater than 3.0.

c) Retrieves all courses and departments with an average credit greater than 3.0.

d) Retrieves all departments and their average course credit, regardless of value.

Answer: b) Retrieves the departments with an average course credit greater than 3.0.

Ques on 7:

Which SQL statement would you use to remove a student from the "Students" table?

a) DELETE FROM Students WHERE student_id = 1;

b) REMOVE FROM Students WHERE student_id = 1;

c) ERASE FROM Students WHERE student_id = 1;

d) CLEAR FROM Students WHERE student_id = 1;

Answer: a) DELETE FROM Students WHERE student_id = 1;

Ques on 8:

Which SQL query would you use to find the names of students who are enrolled in more than two
courses?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE student_id IN (SELECT student_id FROM
Enrollments GROUP BY student_id HAVING COUNT() > 2);

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE COUNT() > 2;

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE student_id IN (SELECT student_id FROM
Enrollments WHERE COUNT() > 2);

d) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE student_id IN (SELECT student_id FROM
Enrollments HAVING COUNT() > 2);

Answer: a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Students WHERE ...

Ques on 9:

Which SQL query would you use to update the department of a specific course?

a) UPDATE Courses SET department = 'Mathema cs' WHERE course_id = 101;

b) ALTER Courses UPDATE department = 'Mathema cs' WHERE course_id = 101;

c) MODIFY Courses SET department = 'Mathema cs' WHERE course_id = 101;

d) CHANGE Courses SET department = 'Mathema cs' WHERE course_id = 101;

Answer: a) UPDATE Courses SET department = 'Mathema cs' WHERE course_id = 101;

Ques on 10:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT course_name, COUNT(student_id) as enrollment_count

FROM Courses

LEFT JOIN Enrollments ON Courses.course_id = Enrollments.course_id

GROUP BY course_name;

```

a) Retrieve a list of course names and the number of students enrolled in each course.

b) Retrieve a list of course names and the total count of courses.

c) Retrieve a list of course names with no enrollments.

d) Retrieve a list of course names and the number of enrollments for each course.

Answer: a) Retrieve a list of course names and the number of students enrolled in each course.

Ques on 11:

Which SQL query would you use to find the student who has enrolled in the most courses?

a) SELECT student_id FROM Enrollments GROUP BY student_id ORDER BY COUNT() DESC LIMIT 1;

b) SELECT student_id FROM Enrollments GROUP BY student_id ORDER BY COUNT() ASC LIMIT 1;

c) SELECT student_id FROM Enrollments ORDER BY COUNT() DESC LIMIT 1;

d) SELECT student_id FROM Enrollments WHERE COUNT() = MAX(COUNT());

Answer: a) SELECT student_id FROM Enrollments GROUP BY ...

Ques on 12:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT first_name, last_name

FROM Students

WHERE student_id NOT IN (SELECT student_id FROM Enrollments);

```

a) Retrieve the names of students who are not enrolled in any course.

b) Retrieve the names of students who are enrolled in at least one course.

c) Retrieve the names of students who have the highest student_id value.

d) Retrieve the names of students who have enrolled in all available courses.
Answer: a) Retrieve the names of students who are not enrolled in any course.

Ques on 13:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the course names and the total credits of all courses?

a) SELECT course_name, SUM(credits) as total_credits FROM Courses;

b) SELECT course_name, SUM(credits) as total_credits FROM Courses GROUP BY course_name;

c) SELECT course_name, total_credits FROM Courses;

d) SELECT course_name, COUNT(credits) as total_credits FROM Courses;

Answer: b) SELECT course_name, SUM(credits) as total_credits FROM Courses GROUP BY

course_name;

Here are 10 mul ple-choice ques ons based on a hypothe cal "Bank" database schema along with
their answers:

Schema: Bank Database

Tables:

1. Customers (customer_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth)

2. Accounts (account_id, customer_id, balance, account_type)

3. Transac ons (transac on_id, account_id, transac on_date, amount, transac on_type)

Ques on 1:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the total balance of all accounts for a specific customer?

a) SELECT SUM(balance) FROM Accounts WHERE customer_id = 123;

b) SELECT total(balance) FROM Accounts WHERE customer_id = 123;

c) SELECT balance FROM Accounts WHERE customer_id = 123;

d) SELECT SUM(balance) FROM Customers WHERE customer_id = 123;

Answer: a) SELECT SUM(balance) FROM Accounts WHERE customer_id = 123;

Ques on 2:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT first_name, last_name, COUNT() as transac on_count

FROM Customers

JOIN Accounts ON Customers.customer_id = Accounts.customer_id

JOIN Transac ons ON Accounts.account_id = Transac ons.account_id

WHERE Transac ons.transac on_type = 'Withdrawal'

GROUP BY first_name, last_name;

```

a) Retrieve the names of customers who have made withdrawals and the number of withdrawals
each.

b) Retrieve the names of customers who have made deposits and the number of deposits each.

c) Retrieve the names of customers who have made transac ons and the total count of transac ons.

d) Retrieve the names of customers who have made withdrawals and the total count of withdrawals.

Answer: a) Retrieve the names of customers who have made withdrawals and the number of
withdrawals each.

Ques on 3:

Which SQL statement would you use to add a new customer to the "Customers" table?

a) INSERT INTO Customers (customer_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES (101, 'John',
'Doe', '1990-03-15');

b) UPDATE Customers SET first_name = 'John', last_name = 'Doe', date_of_birth = '1990-03-15'

WHERE customer_id = 101;

c) INSERT Customers (first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '1990-03-15');

d) ADD INTO Customers (customer_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES (101, 'John',
'Doe', '1990-03-15');
Answer: a) INSERT INTO Customers (customer_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth) VALUES
(101, 'John', 'Doe', '1990-03-15');

Ques on 4:

What is the purpose of the SQL JOIN opera on?

a) To filter rows based on a condi on

b) To group rows based on a column

c) To combine data from two or more tables based on a related column

d) To sort the result set in ascending or descending order

Answer: c) To combine data from two or more tables based on a related column

Ques on 5:

Which SQL query would you use to find the average balance of accounts for each account type?

a) SELECT AVG(balance), account_type FROM Accounts GROUP BY account_type;

b) SELECT AVG(balance), account_type FROM Customers GROUP BY account_type;

c) SELECT AVG(account_type), balance FROM Accounts GROUP BY account_type;

d) SELECT AVG(balance), account_id FROM Accounts GROUP BY account_type;

Answer: a) SELECT AVG(balance), account_type FROM Accounts GROUP BY account_type;

Ques on 6:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT account_id, MAX(balance) as highest_balance

FROM Accounts

GROUP BY account_id

HAVING MAX(balance) > 10000;

```

a) Retrieve the account IDs and their highest balances for accounts with balances over 10000.

b) Retrieve the account IDs and their highest balances for all accounts.
c) Retrieve the account IDs and their highest balances for accounts with balances less than 10000.

d) Retrieve the account IDs and the sum of balances for accounts with balances over 10000.

Answer: a) Retrieve the account IDs and their highest balances for accounts with balances over
10000.

Ques on 7:

Which SQL query would you use to find the account IDs with the most transac ons?

a) SELECT account_id FROM Transac ons GROUP BY account_id ORDER BY COUNT() DESC LIMIT 1;

b) SELECT account_id FROM Transac ons WHERE COUNT() = MAX(COUNT());

c) SELECT account_id FROM Transac ons GROUP BY account_id ORDER BY COUNT() ASC LIMIT 1;

d) SELECT account_id FROM Transac ons WHERE COUNT() >= AVG(COUNT());

Answer: a) SELECT account_id FROM Transac ons GROUP BY ...

Ques on 8:

What does the SQL ORDER BY clause do?

a) It filters rows based on a condi on.

b) It groups rows based on a column.

c) It combines data from mul ple tables.

d) It sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.

Answer: d) It sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.

Ques on 9:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the account IDs and the total amount deposited for each
account?

a) SELECT account_id, SUM(amount) as total_deposits FROM Transac ons WHERE transac on_type =
'Deposit' GROUP BY account_id;

b) SELECT account_id, SUM(amount) as total_deposits FROM Accounts WHERE transac on_type =

'Deposit' GROUP BY account_id;

c) SELECT account_id, SUM(amount) as total_deposits FROM Transac ons GROUP BY account_id

WHERE transac on_type = 'Deposit';
d) SELECT account_id, SUM(deposit) as total_deposits FROM Transac ons GROUP BY account_id;

Answer: a) SELECT account_id, SUM(amount) as total_deposits FROM Transac ons WHERE

transac on_type = 'Deposit' GROUP BY account_id;

Ques on 10:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT customer_id, AVG(balance) as average_balance

FROM Customers

JOIN Accounts ON Customers.customer_id = Accounts.customer_id

GROUP BY customer_id

HAVING AVG(balance) > 5000;

```

a) Retrieve the IDs of customers with an average account balance greater than 5000.

b) Retrieve the IDs of customers with a total account balance greater than 5000.

c) Retrieve the IDs of customers with an average account balance less than 5000.

d) Retrieve the IDs of customers with an average transac on amount greater than 5000.

Answer: a) Retrieve the IDs of customers with an average account balance greater than 5000.

Here are 10 more mul ple-choice ques ons based on a hypothe cal "Hospital Management"
database schema along with their answers:

Schema: Hospital Management Database

Tables:

1. Pa ents (pa ent_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender)

2. Doctors (doctor_id, first_name, last_name, specializa on, experience)

3. Appointments (appointment_id, pa ent_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, status)

4. Medica ons (medica on_id, pa ent_id, medica on_name, dosage)

Ques on 11:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the names of all female pa ents born a er 1990?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE gender = 'Female' AND date_of_birth >
'1990-01-01';

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE gender = 'Female' OR date_of_birth > '1990-
01-01';

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE gender = 'Female' AND date_of_birth <
'1990-01-01';

d) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE gender = 'Female' AND date_of_birth >
'1990-12-31';

Answer: a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE gender = 'Female' AND
date_of_birth > '1990-01-01';

Ques on 12:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT specializa on, COUNT() as doctor_count

FROM Doctors

GROUP BY specializa on

HAVING COUNT() > 5;

```

a) Retrieve the specializa on of doctors with more than 5 years of experience.

b) Retrieve the specializa on of doctors with exactly 5 years of experience.

c) Retrieve the specializa on of doctors with fewer than 5 years of experience.

d) Retrieve the specializa on of doctors with more than 5 doctors in that specializa on.

Answer: d) Retrieve the specializa on of doctors with more than 5 doctors in that specializa on.

Ques on 13:
Which SQL statement would you use to add a new pa ent to the "Pa ents" table?

a) INSERT INTO Pa ents (pa ent_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender) VALUES (101,
'Alice', 'Johnson', '1985-08-15', 'Female');

b) UPDATE Pa ents SET first_name = 'Alice', last_name = 'Johnson', date_of_birth = '1985-08-15',

gender = 'Female' WHERE pa ent_id = 101;

c) INSERT Pa ents (first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender) VALUES ('Alice', 'Johnson', '1985-
08-15', 'Female');

d) ADD INTO Pa ents (pa ent_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender) VALUES (101, 'Alice',
'Johnson', '1985-08-15', 'Female');

Answer: a) INSERT INTO Pa ents (pa ent_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender) VALUES
(101, 'Alice', 'Johnson', '1985-08-15', 'Female');

Ques on 14:

What is the purpose of the SQL WHERE clause?

a) To group rows based on a condi on

b) To filter rows based on a condi on

c) To sort the result set in ascending or descending order

d) To join mul ple tables

Answer: b) To filter rows based on a condi on

Ques on 15:

Which SQL query would you use to find the average experience of doctors in each specializa on?

a) SELECT AVG(experience), specializa on FROM Doctors GROUP BY specializa on;

b) SELECT specializa on, AVG(experience) FROM Doctors GROUP BY specializa on;

c) SELECT AVG(specializa on), experience FROM Doctors GROUP BY specializa on;

d) SELECT AVG(experience), doctor_id FROM Doctors GROUP BY specializa on;

Answer: a) SELECT AVG(experience), specializa on FROM Doctors GROUP BY specializa on;

Ques on 16:

What does the SQL GROUP BY clause do?

a) It combines data from mul ple tables.

b) It sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.

c) It filters rows based on a condi on.

d) It groups rows based on a column.

Answer: d) It groups rows based on a column.

Ques on 17:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the names of pa ents who have appointments?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents JOIN Appointments ON Pa ents.pa ent_id =

Appointments.pa ent_id;

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE pa ent_id IN (SELECT pa ent_id FROM
Appointments);

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE pa ent_id NOT IN (SELECT pa ent_id FROM
Appointments);

d) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents JOIN Appointments WHERE Pa ents.pa ent_id =
Appointments.pa ent_id;

Answer: b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Pa ents WHERE pa ent_id IN (SELECT pa ent_id
FROM Appointments);

Ques on 18:

Which SQL query would you use to find the pa ent who has the most appointments?

a) SELECT pa ent_id FROM Appointments GROUP BY pa ent_id ORDER BY COUNT() DESC LIMIT 1;

b) SELECT pa ent_id FROM Appointments WHERE COUNT() = MAX(COUNT());

c) SELECT pa ent_id FROM Appointments GROUP BY pa ent_id ORDER BY COUNT() ASC LIMIT 1;

d) SELECT pa ent_id FROM Appointments WHERE COUNT() >= AVG(COUNT());

Answer: a) SELECT pa ent_id FROM Appointments GROUP BY pa ent_id ...

Ques on 19:

What does the SQL JOIN opera on do?

a) It filters rows based on a condi on.

b) It groups rows based on a column.

c) It combines data from two or more tables based on a related column.

d) It sorts the result set in ascending or descending order.

Answer: c) It combines data from two or more tables based on a related column.

Ques on 20:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the doctor names and the total number of appointments
for each doctor?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name, COUNT(appointment_id) as total_appointments FROM Doctors

JOIN Appointments ON Doctors.doctor_id = Appointments.doctor_id GROUP BY first_name,
last_name;

b) SELECT first_name, last_name, COUNT(appointment_id) as total_appointments FROM

Appointments GROUP BY Doctors.doctor_id;

c) SELECT first_name, last_name, COUNT() as total_appointments FROM Doctors JOIN Appointments

ON Doctors.doctor_id = Appointments.doctor_id GROUP BY Doctors.doctor_id;

d) SELECT first_name, last_name, COUNT(appointment_id) as total_appointments FROM

Appointments GROUP BY first_name, last_name;

Answer: a) SELECT first_name, last_name, COUNT(appointment_id) as total_appointments ...

Here are 3 mul ple-choice ques ons based on a hypothe cal "Airline" database schema along
with their answers:

Schema: Airline Database

Tables:

1. Flights (flight_id, flight_number, departure_city, arrival_city, departure_ me, arrival_ me)

2. Passengers (passenger_id, first_name, last_name, gender, date_of_birth)

3. Bookings (booking_id, flight_id, passenger_id, booking_date, seat_number)

4. Aircra s (aircra _id, aircra _type, total_seats)

Ques on 1:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the list of passengers who have booked flights depar ng
from "New York"?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Passengers WHERE passenger_id IN (SELECT passenger_id

FROM Bookings WHERE flight_id IN (SELECT flight_id FROM Flights WHERE departure_city = 'New
York'));

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Passengers WHERE passenger_id IN (SELECT passenger_id

FROM Bookings WHERE flight_id IN (SELECT flight_id FROM Flights WHERE arrival_city = 'New York'));

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Passengers WHERE passenger_id IN (SELECT passenger_id

FROM Bookings WHERE flight_id IN (SELECT flight_id FROM Flights WHERE arrival_city = 'New York'));

d) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Passengers WHERE passenger_id IN (SELECT passenger_id

FROM Bookings WHERE flight_id IN (SELECT flight_id FROM Flights WHERE departure_city = 'New
York'));

Answer: a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Passengers WHERE passenger_id IN ...

Ques on 2:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT flight_number, COUNT() as passenger_count

FROM Flights

JOIN Bookings ON Flights.flight_id = Bookings.flight_id

GROUP BY flight_number

HAVING COUNT() > 100;

```

a) Retrieve the flight numbers of flights with more than 100 passengers.

b) Retrieve the flight numbers of flights with exactly 100 passengers.

c) Retrieve the flight numbers of flights with fewer than 100 passengers.

d) Retrieve the flight numbers of flights with an average of more than 100 passengers.

Answer: a) Retrieve the flight numbers of flights with more than 100 passengers.
Ques on 3:

Which SQL statement would you use to add a new flight to the "Flights" table?

a) INSERT INTO Flights (flight_id, flight_number, departure_city, arrival_city, departure_ me,

arrival_ me) VALUES (101, 'AB123', 'Los Angeles', 'New York', '2023-09-01 08:00:00', '2023-09-01
15:00:00');

b) UPDATE Flights SET flight_number = 'AB123', departure_city = 'Los Angeles', arrival_city = 'New
York', departure_ me = '2023-09-01 08:00:00', arrival_ me = '2023-09-01 15:00:00' WHERE flight_id
= 101;

c) INSERT Flights (flight_number, departure_city, arrival_city, departure_ me, arrival_ me) VALUES
('AB123', 'Los Angeles', 'New York', '2023-09-01 08:00:00', '2023-09-01 15:00:00');

d) ADD INTO Flights (flight_id, flight_number, departure_city, arrival_city, departure_ me,

arrival_ me) VALUES (101, 'AB123', 'Los Angeles', 'New York', '2023-09-01 08:00:00', '2023-09-01
15:00:00');

Answer: a) INSERT INTO Flights (flight_id, flight_number, departure_city, arrival_city, departure_ me,
arrival_ me) VALUES (101, 'AB123', 'Los Angeles', 'New York', '2023-09-01 08:00:00', '2023-09-01
15:00:00');

here are 5 mul ple-choice ques ons based on a simplified "Bank" database schema along with
sample table data. Please note that this is a simplified schema and sample data for illustra ve
purposes:

Schema: Bank Database

Tables:

1. Customers (customer_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, balance)

2. Accounts (account_id, customer_id, account_type, balance)

3. Transac ons (transac on_id, account_id, transac on_date, amount, transac on_type)

Sample Data:

Customers Table

| customer_id | first_name | last_name | date_of_birth | balance |

|-------------|------------|-----------|---------------|---------|

| 101 | John | Doe | 1990-05-15 | 5000 |

| 102 | Jane | Smith | 1985-09-20 | 8000 |

| 103 | Michael | Johnson | 1978-03-10 | 12000 |

Accounts Table

| account_id | customer_id | account_type | balance |

|------------|-------------|--------------|---------|

| 201 | 101 | Savings | 3000 |

| 202 | 101 | Checking | 2000 |

| 203 | 102 | Savings | 5000 |

Transac ons Table

| transac on_id | account_id | transac on_date | amount | transac on_type |

|----------------|------------|------------------------|--------|------------------|

| 301 | 201 | 2023-08-01 10:00:00 | 500 | Deposit |

| 302 | 202 | 2023-08-02 14:30:00 | 1000 | Withdrawal |

| 303 | 203 | 2023-08-03 09:15:00 | 200 | Deposit |

Ques on 1:

Which SQL query would you use to retrieve the first name and last name of customers with a balance
greater than 6000?

a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Customers WHERE balance > 6000;

b) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Customers WHERE balance >= 6000;

c) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Customers HAVING balance > 6000;

d) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Customers GROUP BY balance > 6000;

Answer: a) SELECT first_name, last_name FROM Customers WHERE balance > 6000;

Ques on 2:

What will the following SQL query do?

```sql

SELECT account_type, COUNT() as account_count

FROM Accounts

GROUP BY account_type

HAVING COUNT() > 1;

```

a) Retrieve the count of accounts for each account type.

b) Retrieve the account types with more than one account.

c) Retrieve the account types with only one account.

d) Retrieve the account types with exactly one account.

Answer: b) Retrieve the account types with more than one account.

Ques on 3:

Which SQL statement would you use to add a new transac on to the "Transac ons" table?

a) INSERT INTO Transac ons (transac on_id, account_id, transac on_date, amount,
transac on_type) VALUES (401, 201, '2023-08-05 11:30:00', 300, 'Deposit');

b) UPDATE Transac ons SET transac on_id = 401, account_id = 201, transac on_date = '2023-08-05
11:30:00', amount = 300, transac on_type = 'Deposit' WHERE transac on_id = 401;

c) INSERT Transac ons (account_id, transac on_date, amount, transac on_type) VALUES (201,
'2023-08-05 11:30:00', 300, 'Deposit');

d) ADD INTO Transac ons (transac on_id, account_id, transac on_date, amount, transac on_type)
VALUES (401, 201, '2023-08-05 11:30:00', 300, 'Deposit');

Answer: a) INSERT INTO Transac ons (transac on_id, account_id, transac on_date, amount,
transac on_type) VALUES (401, 201, '2023-08-05 11:30:00', 300, 'Deposit');

Ques on 4:

What is the purpose of the SQL GROUP BY clause?

a) To combine data from mul ple tables.

b) To sort the result set in ascending or descending order.

c) To filter rows based on a condi on.

d) To group rows based on a column.

Answer: d) To group rows based on a column.

Ques on 5:

Which SQL query would you use to find the average balance of customers for each account type?

a) SELECT AVG(balance), account_type FROM Customers GROUP BY account_type;

b) SELECT AVG(balance), account_type FROM Accounts GROUP BY account_type;

c) SELECT AVG(account_type), balance FROM Customers GROUP BY account_type;

d) SELECT AVG(balance), customer_id FROM Customers GROUP BY account_type;

Answer: b) SELECT AVG(balance), account_type FROM Accounts GROUP BY account_type;