Scribd
Upload
8 views14 pages

Lecture DP12

Chapter 5 of Zumdahl covers the general properties of gases, including their ability to fill containers, compressibility, and pressure exertion. It discusses gas laws such as Boyle's Law, Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law, Avogadro's Law, and the Ideal Gas Law, providing equations and graphical representations. The chapter also includes examples and questions related to gas pressure measurements and molecular behavior.

Uploaded by

alexchahla2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views14 pages

Lecture DP12

Chapter 5 of Zumdahl covers the general properties of gases, including their ability to fill containers, compressibility, and pressure exertion. It discusses gas laws such as Boyle's Law, Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law, Avogadro's Law, and the Ideal Gas Law, providing equations and graphical representations. The chapter also includes examples and questions related to gas pressure measurements and molecular behavior.

Uploaded by

alexchahla2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Zumdahl Chapter 5

Gases

General Properties:

1. They uniformly fill any container


2. They are compressible
3. They mix in almost all proportions
4. They are less dense than liquids and solids
5. They exert Pressure.

RANDOM MOTION
1. Measurements of Pressure:

• Gas molecules exert pressure. æç P = F ö÷


è Aø
• Atmospheric pressure º Pressure exerted by the air.

• Atmospheric pressure over a given area º pressure of the


column of air above it.

• The barometer: instrument


for measuring atmospheric
pressure.

The atmospheric pressure balances


that of the column of mercury.

At sea level, and 0°C, h = 760 mm.


m V
F mHg g d Hg V g d HgAh g
= dHg g h
P= = = =
A A A A
æ 10-3 ö
= çç13.59 ´ -6 ÷÷ ´ (76.00 ´ 10-2 ) ´ (9.810) = 101,325 Pa
è 10 ø
º 1.000 atm

1.000 atm = 1.013 ´ 105 Pa


º 76.00 cm Hg
º 760.0 mm Hg
• Measurement of Gas pressure: use of the manometer

PB - PA = h

PB = Pgas = PA + h = Patm+ h

PA - PB = h

PB = Pgas

= PA - h

= Patm - h
Q10 What is the pressure in the closed container when you read a ∆h of 125 mm on the
open u-tube manometer filled with mercury at an atmospheric pressure of 101325
Pa?

a) 117990 Pa
b) 84659 Pa
c) 16665 Pa
d) 125 torr
e) 760 torr

Q11 The a value in the van der Waals equation for Xe is _____ than Ne. The b value of Ne
is _____ than Ar. Fill in the blanks using the words, respectively:
a) larger, larger
b) larger, smaller
c) smaller, larger
d) smaller, smaller
e) cannot be answered based on the information given

Q12 Which one of the following statements can be deduced from the molecular
distribution of speed graphs shown below, corresponding to 3 different gases
having different molar masses M; the y-axis corresponds to the fraction of molecules
with a particular speed:
1

2
2. Gas Laws

Purpose º To determine experimentally, the equation of state of


the gas.
V = V (P,T,n)

Consider a gas in which the molecules move independently,


without exerting forces on each other º an ideal or perfect gas.

A. Boyle’s Law:

At constant T, and for a fixed amount of gas (n), the volume


of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

PV = k P1V1 = P2V2 = 
Graphical representations of Boyle’s law:

Plot P vs 1/V
Straight line!
Plot P vs V
Hyperbola
B. Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac:

At constant P, and for a fixed amount of gas (n), the volume


of a gas increases linearly with the temperature in °C.

Animation 2

V = V0 (1+ at )
Where:

• V º volume at temperature t Increasing P


V0
•V0 º volume at 0 °C

• t º temperature in °C

• a =1/273.15
Let V1 º volume at t1 V2 V0 (1 + at 2 ) 1 / a + t 2
= =
V2 º volume at t2 V1 V0 (1 + at1 ) 1 / a + t1

Define: T (K) = t (°C) + 273.15 T2


T1

V 2 T2 V
= =b (A constant)
V 1 T1 T
V
Plot V versus absolute T

0 K never reached, but T as


Low as 10-6 K has been attained!
T
C. Avogadro’s law: (1811)

At constant P, and T, the volume of a gas is directly


proportional to the number of moles.

V = an
STP
D. Ideal Gas Law P = 1.000 atm
n = 1.000 mol
PV = n R T
T = 273.15 K
R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1 (0°C)
V = 22.414 L
Universal gas constant
• Forms of expressing the Ideal Gas Law:
PV = n R T
• Keep n constant:

PV P1V1 P2V2
= const. = =
T T1 T2
• Keep T constant:
PV PV PV
= const. 1 1
= 2 2 =
n n1 n2
• Keep P constant:
V V1 V2
= const. = =
nT n1T1 n 2T 2
In dealing with changes in state, always place the variables that
change on one side of the equal sign, and the constants on the
other.
d) 22.4 J/mol
e) 36.68 J/mol

Q9 What is the density in g/L of Helium (He) in a stratospheric weather balloon at an


altitude of ca 15,000 m; t = - 43 oC, and P = 66,000 Pa

a) 0.138 g/L
b) 14.01 g/L
c) 138 g/L
d) 0.000117 g/L
e) Additional information is needed

You might also like