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Lecture 09_Transportation-Engineering

The document covers traffic flow fundamentals, including types of flow, flow rates, speeds, and density calculations. It also discusses peak hour factors, accident analysis, and various traffic models. Several problems are presented to illustrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4K views26 pages

Lecture 09_Transportation-Engineering

The document covers traffic flow fundamentals, including types of flow, flow rates, speeds, and density calculations. It also discusses peak hour factors, accident analysis, and various traffic models. Several problems are presented to illustrate the application of these concepts in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

justinalmera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transportation Engineering

TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS


Types of Flow
Uninterrupted Flow – flow occurring at long sections of road where vehicles are not required to stop by any
cause external to the traffic stream.
Interrupted Flow – flow occurring at long sections of road where vehicles are required to stop by any cause
outside the traffic stream such as traffic signs, traffic signal lights.
Flow rate or volume – It is the rate at which vehicles Space Mean Speed / Harmonic Mean Speed
pass a given point on the roadway, and is normally The arithmetic mean of speed of vehicles occupying a
given in terms of vehicles per hour. relatively long section of street or highway at a given
𝑁 instant. It is the average of vehicle speeds weighted
𝑞= 𝑞 = flow rate
𝑇 𝑁 = no. of vehicles according to how long they remain on the section of
𝑇 = observation period the road.
𝑛 𝑢𝑠 = individual speed
Time Mean Speed / Spot Speed – The arithmetic 𝑢𝑠 = of vehicles observed in time, 𝑇
1
mean of speeds of all vehicles passing a point during a σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 = speed of vehicle 𝑖
𝑢𝑖
specified interval of time. 𝑛 = no. of measured vehicles
𝑛 𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = length of roadway section
1 Σ𝑢𝑖 𝑢𝑡 = individual speed of vehicles 𝑢𝑠 =
𝑢𝑡 = ෍ 𝑢𝑖 = observed in time, 𝑇 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖 𝑡 = observed time for ith vehicle
𝑛 𝑛 to travel a distance 𝑑
𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 = speed of vehicle 𝑖
𝑛 = no. of measured vehicles
Σ𝑆
𝑢𝑠 =
𝑛𝑡𝑖
TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS
Density – It refers to the number of vehicles present Relationship of q, us , and k
on a given length of roadway. 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑠 𝑘
𝑛 𝑘 = traffic density
𝑘= 𝑛 = no. of vehicles occupying Traffic Flow Model
𝑙
some length of roadway at some
specified time Jam Density – it is the density when speed and flow
𝑙 = length of roadway are zero.
Free Flow Speed – it is the mean speed that vehicles
Time headway – It is the difference between the will travel on a roadway when the density of vehicles
time the front of a vehicle arrives at a point on the
is low.
highway and the time the front of the next vehicle 𝑘𝑗 = jam density
arrives at the same point. 4𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑘𝑗 = 𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 = max capacity
𝑢𝑓 𝑢𝑓 = free flow speed
σ𝑁
𝑖=1 ℎ𝑖 1
ℎ𝑡 = = Greenshields’ Model Greenberg’s Model
𝑁−1 𝑞
𝑢𝑓 𝑘𝑗
Space headway – The distance between the front of 𝑢𝑠 = 𝑢𝑓 − 𝑘 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 𝑘 ln
a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle. 𝑘𝑗 𝑘
1 Poisson Distribution
𝑠=
𝑘 𝜆𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑃 𝑛 =
𝑛!
PEAK HOUR FACTOR HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
Peak Hour Factor (PHF) – It is the ratio of total Accident rate for 100 million vehicles per miles
hourly volume to the maximum rate of flow within the of travel in a segment of a highway:
hour. 𝐴 = number of accidents
hourly volume 𝐴 100,000,000 during period of analysis
𝑃𝐻𝐹15 min = 𝑅=
60 𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 × 𝐿 𝐴𝐷𝑇 = average daily traffic
× highest 15 min. volume 𝑁 = time period in years
15
𝐿 = length of segment in miles
hourly volume
𝑃𝐻𝐹5 min = Accident rates per 100 million entering vehicles
12 × highest 5 min. volume
in an intersection:
Peak Hour Volume (PHV) – It is the maximum 𝐴 = number of accidents
number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway 𝐴 1,000,000 during period of analysis
during a period of 60 consecutive minutes.
𝑅= 𝐴𝐷𝑇 = average daily traffic
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 entering the intersection
Average Daily Traffic (ADT) – It is the average of from all legs
𝑁 = time period in years
24-hour traffic counts collected over a number of days
greater than one but less than a year. Severity Ratio
Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) – It is the 𝑓+𝑖 𝑓 = fatal
average of 24-hour traffic counts collected every day 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑖 = injury
𝑓+𝑖+𝑝 𝑝 = property damage
in the year.
HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
Critical Crash Rate per Million Vehicles Miles Crash Reduction Factor
or per Million Entering Vehicles 𝑁 𝐶𝑅 𝐴𝐷𝑇 after improvement
Crashes prevented =
0.5 𝐴𝑉𝑅 (𝐴𝐷𝑇 before improvement)
𝐶𝑅 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + + 𝑇𝐹 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑇𝐵 𝑇𝐵
𝑁 = expected number of crashes if countermeasure is not
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: implemented and if the traffic volume is the same
𝐶𝑅 = critical crash rate per 100 million 𝐶𝑅 = crash reduction factor for a specific countermeasure
entering vehicles 𝐴𝐷𝑇 = average daily traffic
𝐴𝑉𝑅 = average crash rate for the facility type
𝑇𝐹 = test factor, standard deviation at a given Overall Crash Reduction Factor for Mutually Exclusive
confidence level Improvements at a Single Site
𝑇𝐵 = traffic base per 100 million entering
vehicles CR = 𝐶𝑅1 + 1 − 𝐶𝑅1 𝐶𝑅2 + 1 − 𝐶𝑅1 1 − 𝐶𝑅2 𝐶𝑅3 + ⋯

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶𝑅 = overall crash reduction factor
𝐶𝑅1 , 𝐶𝑅2 , 𝐶𝑅3 = crash reduction factor for a specific countermeasure
PROBLEM 1
Traffic data collected a two sections a and B of a highway, which is 450 m apart. Five vehicles pass
section A at intervals of 3, 4, 3 and 5 sec, respectively. The vehicles speeds are 50, 45, 40, 35 and 30
kph, respectively. It takes each vehicle 20 seconds after the first vehicle passes through the section.
a. Determine the time mean speed.
b. Determine the space mean speed.
c. Determine the density.
Solution
Time mean speed Density
Σ𝑢𝑖 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 𝑞 𝑛
𝑢𝑡 = = 𝑘= ; 𝑞=
𝑛 5 𝑢𝑠 𝑡
5 veh
𝑢𝑡 = 40 kph =
1 min 1 hr
(3 + 4 + 3 + 5) sec × 60 sec × 60 min
Space mean speed
𝑛 5 𝑞 = 1200 veh/hr
𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 1
σ𝑖=1 + + + + 𝑘 = 30.990 veh/km
𝑢𝑖 50 45 40 35 30
𝑢𝑠 = 38.722 kph
PROBLEM 2
Suppose a 15 minute count of vehicles bound for Manila was conducted at a particular location on
Quezon Avenue. A summary is shown in the table below. Determine the flow rate in veh/hr.

Type 15-Minute Count


Car/van 420
Jeepney 300
Bus 16
Truck 28

Solution
Total number of vehicles counted in 15 minutes
420 + 300 + 16 + 28 = 764
Flow rate
𝑁 764 veh
𝑞= = = 3056 veh/hr
𝑇 15 min 1 hr
60 min
PROBLEM 3 CE MAY 2017
The following data were taken on five cars traversing a 2.6 – km highway. Compute the space mean
speed.
Car Minutes
A 1.1
B 1.4
C 1.3
D 1.2
E 1.5

Solution
𝑛𝑑
𝑢𝑠 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖
5 × 2.6 km
=
1 hr
1.1 + 1.4 + 1.3 + 1.2 + 1.5 min ×
60 min
𝑢𝑠 = 120 km/hr
PROBLEM 4
There are 9 vehicles observed in a 300 m section of McArthur highway. If the average time headway is
4 sec., compute the space mean speed of the vehicles in kph.
Solution

𝑛 𝑛𝑑 Σ𝑆 Density of traffic
𝑢𝑠 = = =
1 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖 𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑛 9 veh
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑘= =
𝑢𝑖 𝐿 1 km
300 m × 1000 m
𝑞 = 𝑢𝑠 𝑘
𝑘 = 30 veh/km

Space mean speed Flow


1= 1
𝑞 900 veh/hr
𝑢𝑠 = = 𝑞=
𝑘 30 veh/km ℎ𝑡 4 s × 1 hr
3600 s
𝑢𝑠 = 30 km/hr 𝑞 = 900 veh/hr
PROBLEM 5
In a certain portion of a highway the recorded Peak Hour Factor (PHF) during rush hour is 0.9. The
highest 15-minute volume is 250 veh/hr and the space mean speed is 90 kph.
a. Find the volume of traffic vehicles per hour.
b. Find the density of traffic in vehicles per hour.
c. Find the spacing of vehicles in meters.
Solution
Volume Density Spacing
hourly volume 𝑞 900 veh/hr 1 1 1000 m
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 𝑘= = 𝑠= = km ×
60 𝑢𝑠 90 km/hr 𝑘 10 1 km
× highest 15 min. volume
15 𝑠 = 100 m
𝑞 𝑘 = 10 veh/km
0.9 =
60
× 250 veh/hr
15
𝑞 = 900 veh/hr
PROBLEM 6
Solution
Given the following traffic counts:

Interval Volume (veh) Peak hour volume @ 4:45 – 5:45 pm


4:15 – 4:30 pm 520 2560
𝑃𝐻𝑉 = 2790 veh/hr
4:30 – 4:45 pm 580 2740
2790
4:45 – 5:00 pm 670 2790 ✓ 𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
60
5:00 – 5:15 pm 790 2690 15
× 790
5:15 – 5:30 pm 700
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 0.883
5:30 – 5:45 pm 630
5:45 – 6:00 pm 570
6:00 – 6:15 pm 510

What is the peak hour factor?


a. 0.726 c. 0.563
b. 0.883 d. 0.687
What is the peak hourly traffic volume in veh/hr?
a. 2710 c. 2790
b. 2650 d. 2810
PROBLEM 7
In a given instant, there were 2400 vehicles counted at a specific point along the portion of the TPLEX.
The highway was designed to have a capacity of 3000 vehicles per hour with a free flow speed of 60
kph. Compute the max. value of the jam density that could possibly occur during heavy traffic.
Solution
4𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑘𝑗 =
𝑢𝑓

4 3000 veh/hr
𝑘𝑗 =
60 km/hr

𝑘𝑗 = 200 veh/km
PROBLEM 8
The mean flow speed at a portion of the highway is 62.8 mph and a jam density of 110 veh/mile. Using
Greenshields’ Model,
a. Compute the density when the flow is maximum.
b. Compute the maximum capacity in veh/hr.
c. Compute the speed of maximum flow.
Solution
Maximum density Maximum capacity
𝑢𝑓 62.8
𝑢𝑠 = 𝑢𝑓 − 𝑘 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑠 𝑘 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.8 55 − 55 2
𝑘𝑗 110
𝑢𝑓 2
𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 𝑘 − 𝑘 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1727 veh/hr
𝑘𝑗

62.8 2 Maximum speed


𝑞 = 62.8𝑘 − 𝑘 ← Take the derivative
110 62.8
𝑑𝑞 62.8 𝑢𝑠 = 62.8 − 55
= 62.8 − 2𝑘 = 0 ← Maximum 110
𝑑𝑘 110
𝑢𝑠 = 31.4 mph
𝑘 = 55 veh/mi
PROBLEM 9
The flow of traffic along North Reclamation is 1800 vehicles per hour with a space mean speed of 90
kph. The highest 5-minute volume is 214 vehicles.
a. Determine the traffic density in vehicles per km.
b. Determine the spacing of vehicles in meters.
c. Determine the peak hour factor (PHF).
Solution
Traffic density in veh/km Peak hour factor
𝑞 1800 veh/hr hourly volume
𝑘= = 𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
𝑢𝑠 1000 m 12 × highest 5 min. volume
90 km/hr ×
1 km
1800 veh/hr
𝑘 = 20 veh/km =
12 × 214 veh/hr
Spacing of vehicles in meters 𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 0.700
1 1
𝑠= =
𝑘 1 km
20 veh/km ×
1000 m
𝑠 = 50 m
PROBLEM 10
Given from an observation along EDSA during rush hour.
Mean free speed = 64 kph
Jam density = 120 veh/km
a. Determine the maximum flow of traffic.
b. Determine the velocity at which the flow of traffic is maximum.
c. Determine the density at which the flow of traffic is maximum.
Solution
Maximum flow Density
𝑘𝑗 𝑢𝑓 120 × 64 veh/hr 𝑘𝑗 120 veh/km
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑘= =
4 4 2 2
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1920 veh/hr 𝑘 = 60 veh/km

Space mean speed


𝑢𝑓 64 kph
𝑢𝑠 = =
2 2
𝑢𝑠 = 32 kph
PROBLEM 11 CE NOV 2018
The number of accidents for 6 years. Recorded in a certain section of highway is 5432. If the average
daily traffic is 476, what is the accident rate per million entering vehicles?
a. 5211
b. 5106
c. 5022
d. 5010
Solution
𝐴 1,000,000
𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365
5432 1,000,000
=
476 × 6 × 365
𝑅 = 5210.85 ≈ 5211
PROBLEM 12
The number of accidents in 6 years recorded in a certain section of a highway is 2,456. If the accident
rate is 1,420 per million entering vehicles, what is the average daily traffic (ADT)?
a. 790
b. 850
c. 910
d. 680
Solution
𝐴 1,000,000
𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365
2,456 1,000,000
1420 =
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 6 × 365

𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 789.76 ≈ 790


PROBLEM 13 Solution
12.427 miles
𝑓+𝑖 24 + 324
𝑆𝑅 = =
𝑓+𝑖+𝑝 24 + 324 + 917
𝑆𝑅 = 0.275

𝐴𝑖 100,000,000
𝑅𝑖 =
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 × 𝐿
324 100,000,000
=
𝑓 = 24 𝑖 = 324 𝑝 = 917 1220 × 5 × 365 × 12.427

𝑅𝑖 = 1171

𝐴 100,000,000
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 1000 + 1200 + 1250 + 1300 + 1350 𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 × 𝐿
5
1265 100,000,000
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 1220 =
1220 × 5 × 365 × 12.427
𝐴 = 24 + 324 + 917 = 1265 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑅 = 4572
PROBLEM 14
Given:
ADT before improvement = 6624 (average over a 3-year period)
ADT after improvement = 9200
CR reduction factor = 30%
Number of crashes occurring per year = 10, 12, 14 (over the 3-year before improvement period)
Determine the expected reduction in number of crashes occurring after the
implementation of the countermeasure.
Solution
10 + 12 + 14
Ave. number of crashes/year = = 12
3
𝑁 𝐶𝑅 𝐴𝐷𝑇 after improvement
Crashes prevented =
(𝐴𝐷𝑇 before improvement)
12 30% 9200
=
6624
Crashes prevented = 5 crashes
PROBLEM 15
At a single location along NLEX, three countermeasures with crash reduction factors of CR1 = 38%, CR2
= 26%, CR3 = 22% are proposed. Determine the overall crash reduction factor.
Solution
CR = 𝐶𝑅1 + 1 − 𝐶𝑅1 𝐶𝑅2 + 1 − 𝐶𝑅1 1 − 𝐶𝑅2 𝐶𝑅3 + ⋯
= 0.38 + 1 − 0.38 0.26 + 1 − 0.38 1 − 0.26 0.22
CR = 0.642
PAST BOARD QUESTIONS RELATED TO HIGHWAY POLICIES
PROBLEM 16 Nov 2016
A type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid and provide motorist with visual, audio and
motion warning on the road

A. Regulatory signs
B. Diagonal markings
C. Chevron marking
D. Rumble strip
PROBLEM 17 Nov 2016
Inform and advise road users of directions, distances, routes, the location of services for road users
and points of interest
A. Guide signs

B. Warning signs Warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be
unexpected or hazardous

C. Regulatory signs Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which if
disregarded, will constitute an offense

D. Traffic signs Device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support
(temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of
words or symbols.
PROBLEM 18
Speed limit is a traffic sign under
A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs
C. Regulatory signs
D. Special instruction signs
PROBLEM 19
Parking sign is a traffic sign under
A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs
C. Regulatory signs
D. Special instruction signs
PROBLEM 20
The traffic sign shown is under

A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs
C. Regulatory signs
D. Special instruction signs

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