Lecture 09_Transportation-Engineering
Lecture 09_Transportation-Engineering
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶𝑅 = overall crash reduction factor
𝐶𝑅1 , 𝐶𝑅2 , 𝐶𝑅3 = crash reduction factor for a specific countermeasure
PROBLEM 1
Traffic data collected a two sections a and B of a highway, which is 450 m apart. Five vehicles pass
section A at intervals of 3, 4, 3 and 5 sec, respectively. The vehicles speeds are 50, 45, 40, 35 and 30
kph, respectively. It takes each vehicle 20 seconds after the first vehicle passes through the section.
a. Determine the time mean speed.
b. Determine the space mean speed.
c. Determine the density.
Solution
Time mean speed Density
Σ𝑢𝑖 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 𝑞 𝑛
𝑢𝑡 = = 𝑘= ; 𝑞=
𝑛 5 𝑢𝑠 𝑡
5 veh
𝑢𝑡 = 40 kph =
1 min 1 hr
(3 + 4 + 3 + 5) sec × 60 sec × 60 min
Space mean speed
𝑛 5 𝑞 = 1200 veh/hr
𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 1
σ𝑖=1 + + + + 𝑘 = 30.990 veh/km
𝑢𝑖 50 45 40 35 30
𝑢𝑠 = 38.722 kph
PROBLEM 2
Suppose a 15 minute count of vehicles bound for Manila was conducted at a particular location on
Quezon Avenue. A summary is shown in the table below. Determine the flow rate in veh/hr.
Solution
Total number of vehicles counted in 15 minutes
420 + 300 + 16 + 28 = 764
Flow rate
𝑁 764 veh
𝑞= = = 3056 veh/hr
𝑇 15 min 1 hr
60 min
PROBLEM 3 CE MAY 2017
The following data were taken on five cars traversing a 2.6 – km highway. Compute the space mean
speed.
Car Minutes
A 1.1
B 1.4
C 1.3
D 1.2
E 1.5
Solution
𝑛𝑑
𝑢𝑠 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖
5 × 2.6 km
=
1 hr
1.1 + 1.4 + 1.3 + 1.2 + 1.5 min ×
60 min
𝑢𝑠 = 120 km/hr
PROBLEM 4
There are 9 vehicles observed in a 300 m section of McArthur highway. If the average time headway is
4 sec., compute the space mean speed of the vehicles in kph.
Solution
𝑛 𝑛𝑑 Σ𝑆 Density of traffic
𝑢𝑠 = = =
1 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖 𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑛 9 veh
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑘= =
𝑢𝑖 𝐿 1 km
300 m × 1000 m
𝑞 = 𝑢𝑠 𝑘
𝑘 = 30 veh/km
4 3000 veh/hr
𝑘𝑗 =
60 km/hr
𝑘𝑗 = 200 veh/km
PROBLEM 8
The mean flow speed at a portion of the highway is 62.8 mph and a jam density of 110 veh/mile. Using
Greenshields’ Model,
a. Compute the density when the flow is maximum.
b. Compute the maximum capacity in veh/hr.
c. Compute the speed of maximum flow.
Solution
Maximum density Maximum capacity
𝑢𝑓 62.8
𝑢𝑠 = 𝑢𝑓 − 𝑘 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑠 𝑘 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.8 55 − 55 2
𝑘𝑗 110
𝑢𝑓 2
𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 𝑘 − 𝑘 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1727 veh/hr
𝑘𝑗
𝐴𝑖 100,000,000
𝑅𝑖 =
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 × 𝐿
324 100,000,000
=
𝑓 = 24 𝑖 = 324 𝑝 = 917 1220 × 5 × 365 × 12.427
𝑅𝑖 = 1171
𝐴 100,000,000
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 1000 + 1200 + 1250 + 1300 + 1350 𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 × 𝐿
5
1265 100,000,000
𝐴𝐴𝐷𝑇 = 1220 =
1220 × 5 × 365 × 12.427
𝐴 = 24 + 324 + 917 = 1265 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑅 = 4572
PROBLEM 14
Given:
ADT before improvement = 6624 (average over a 3-year period)
ADT after improvement = 9200
CR reduction factor = 30%
Number of crashes occurring per year = 10, 12, 14 (over the 3-year before improvement period)
Determine the expected reduction in number of crashes occurring after the
implementation of the countermeasure.
Solution
10 + 12 + 14
Ave. number of crashes/year = = 12
3
𝑁 𝐶𝑅 𝐴𝐷𝑇 after improvement
Crashes prevented =
(𝐴𝐷𝑇 before improvement)
12 30% 9200
=
6624
Crashes prevented = 5 crashes
PROBLEM 15
At a single location along NLEX, three countermeasures with crash reduction factors of CR1 = 38%, CR2
= 26%, CR3 = 22% are proposed. Determine the overall crash reduction factor.
Solution
CR = 𝐶𝑅1 + 1 − 𝐶𝑅1 𝐶𝑅2 + 1 − 𝐶𝑅1 1 − 𝐶𝑅2 𝐶𝑅3 + ⋯
= 0.38 + 1 − 0.38 0.26 + 1 − 0.38 1 − 0.26 0.22
CR = 0.642
PAST BOARD QUESTIONS RELATED TO HIGHWAY POLICIES
PROBLEM 16 Nov 2016
A type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid and provide motorist with visual, audio and
motion warning on the road
A. Regulatory signs
B. Diagonal markings
C. Chevron marking
D. Rumble strip
PROBLEM 17 Nov 2016
Inform and advise road users of directions, distances, routes, the location of services for road users
and points of interest
A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs Warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be
unexpected or hazardous
C. Regulatory signs Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which if
disregarded, will constitute an offense
D. Traffic signs Device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support
(temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of
words or symbols.
PROBLEM 18
Speed limit is a traffic sign under
A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs
C. Regulatory signs
D. Special instruction signs
PROBLEM 19
Parking sign is a traffic sign under
A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs
C. Regulatory signs
D. Special instruction signs
PROBLEM 20
The traffic sign shown is under
A. Guide signs
B. Warning signs
C. Regulatory signs
D. Special instruction signs