CHAPTER 4

Artificial Intelligence

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Making computers that think.
• The automation of activities we associate with human thinking,
like decision making, learning .
• The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people .
• The study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models .

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 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• The study of computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason and act .
• A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent
behaviour in terms of computational processes .
• A branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behaviour.
• Anything in computing science that we don't yet know how to
do properly.

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 Systems that act like humans:
Turing Test
• “The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people.” (Kurzweil)
• “The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are
better.” (Rich and knight)

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 Cont…

• The Turing Test approach

a human questioner cannot tell if there is a
computer or a human answering his question,
via teletype (remote communication)
The computer must behave intelligently
• Intelligent behavior
to achieve human-level performance in all
cognitive tasks

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 Cont…
• These cognitive tasks include:
 Natural language processing
• for communication with human
 Knowledge representation
• to store information effectively & efficiently
 Automated reasoning
• to retrieve & answer questions using the stored
information
Machine learning
• to adapt to new circumstances

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 The total Turing Test
• Includes two more issues:
 Computer vision
• to perceive objects (seeing)
 Robotics
• to move objects (acting)

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 Cognitive Modeling
• Humans as observed from „inside‟
• How do we know how humans think?
– Introspection vs. psychological experiments
• Cognitive Science
• “The automation of activities that we associate
with human thinking, activities such as decision-
making, problem solving, learning …” (Bellman)

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 Systems that think „rationally‟
"laws of thought"
• Humans are not always „rational‟
• Rational - defined in terms of logic.
– Logic can‟t express everything (e.g. uncertainty)
• Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of
computation time (needs „guidance‟)
– “The study of mental facilities through the use of
computational models” (Charniak and McDermott)
• “The study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston)

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 Systems that act rationally:
“Rational agent”
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
• Giving answers to questions
• replicates human thought processes
• makes the same decisions as humans
• uses purely logical reasoning

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 Systems that act rationally
o Logic  only part of a rational agent, not all of
rationality
• Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct
conclusion
• At that time, some specific (in domain) human
knowledge or information is used
• Thus, it covers more generally different situations of
problems to compensate the incorrectly reasoned
conclusion

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 Systems that act rationally
• Study AI as rational agent
• It is more general than using logic only
Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge
• It allows extension of the approach with more
scientific methodologies

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 Rational agents

 An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

 Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to

actions:

 For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the

agent (or class of agents) with the best performance.

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• Artificial
• Produced by human art or effort, rather than
originating naturally.
• Intelligence
• is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it" [Pigford
and Baur]
• So AI was defined as:
• AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be
intelligent.
• AI is the part of computer science concerned with
design of computer systems that exhibit human
intelligence (From the Concise Oxford Dictionary)

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From the above two definitions, we can see that
AI has two major roles:
• Study the intelligent part concerned with humans.
• Represent those actions using computers.

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 Goals of AI
• To make computers more useful by letting
them take over dangerous or tedious tasks
from human
• Understand principles of human intelligence

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 The Foundation of AI
o Philosophy
• At that time, the study of human intelligence began
with no formal expression
• Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its
internal operations

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 Cont..
o Mathematics
Formalizes the three main area of AI: computation,
logic, and probability
• Computation leads to analysis of the problems that
can be computed
• complexity theory
• Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to
handle uncertainty in AI
• Decision theory combines probability theory and
utility theory (bias)

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 Cont…
o Psychology
• How do humans think and act?
• The study of human reasoning and acting
• Provides reasoning models for AI
• Strengthen the ideas
• humans and other animals can be considered as
information processing machines

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 Cont…
o Computer Engineering
• How to build an efficient computer?
• Provides the artifact that makes AI application
possible
• The power of computer makes computation of
large and difficult problems more easily
• AI has also contributed its own work to computer
science, including: time-sharing, the linked list
data type, etc.

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 Cont…
o Control theory
• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
• The artifacts adjust their actions
• To do better for the environment over time
• Based on an objective function and feedback from the
environment
• Not limited only to linear systems but also other
problems
• as language, vision, and planning, etc.

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 Cont…
o Linguistics
• For understanding natural languages
• different approaches has been adopted from the
linguistic work
• Formal languages
• Syntactic and semantic analysis
• Knowledge representation

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 The Main Topics in AI
Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of headings:
• Search (includes Game Playing).
• Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it.
• Planning.
• Learning.
• Natural language processing.
• Expert Systems.
• Interacting with the Environment
(e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics)

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 Areas of AI and Some
Dependencies
Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Planning
Learning

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
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 AI applications

Robotics

 Robots may be one of the most well known examples

of Artificial Intelligence.
 Robotics continue to evolve from manufacturing,
medicine, security, personal assistance …..
 AI applications

Industrial Robots
 AI applications

Handwriting Recognition
 AI applications

Machine Translation
 AI Applications
• Games:
 AI applications

Virtual assistants
 AI applications

Autonomous driving
 AI applications

AI In Military
 The U.S is spending as much 100 billion dollars to
develop robots that can aid or replace human
soldiers on the front line.

 Flight simulations and virtual environments help

train Soldiers.
 What’s New in AI

 Honda has created a helmet-like device that can

read human brain waves and transmit them to
humanoid robot.

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 ... AI applications...
Web search Product recommendation
Speech recognition Advertisement placement
Handwriting recognition Smart-grid energy optimization
Machine translation Household robotics
Information extraction Robotic surgery
Document summarization Robot exploration
Question answering Fraud detection
Spelling correction Fault diagnostics
Image recognition AI for video games
3D scene reconstruction Character animation
Human activity recognition Financial trading
Autonomous driving Dynamic pricing
Music information retrieval Protein folding
Automatic composition Medical diagnosis
34 Social network analysis Medical imaging
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

• more powerful and more useful computers

• new and improved interfaces
• solving new problems
• better handling of information
• relieves information overload
• conversion of information into knowledge

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 The Disadvantages

• increased costs
• difficulty with software development - slow and
expensive
• few experienced programmers
• few practical products have reached the market as
yet.

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