1ST NINE WEEKS EXAM STUDY
GUIDE
This is an outline of what we have covered in the 1st Nine
weeks. Please use it to help you study for your exam
Thursday 10-24-24.
1. Graphing
• Types of Graphs:
• Line Graphs: Used to show trends over time.
• Bar Graphs: Used to compare different groups.
• Pie Charts: Used to show parts of a whole.
Components of a Graph
• Title: Describes what the graph is about.
• X-Axis: Horizontal line; typically represents the independent variable.
• Y-Axis: Vertical line; often shows the dependent variable.
• Legend: Explains symbols or colors used in the graph.
Tips
• Always label your axes with units of measurement.
• Choose an appropriate scale for your data.
• Use clear and consistent colors or patterns for different data sets.
2. Lab Safety
General Lab Safety Rules
• Wear Protective Gear: Safety goggles, gloves, and lab coats.
• Know the Location of Safety Equipment: Fire extinguisher, eye wash,
first aid kit.
• Handle Chemicals with Care: Read labels and follow instructions.
• Clean Up Spills Immediately: Follow proper procedures for hazardous
materials.
• Do Not Eat or Drink in the Lab: Prevent contamination.
• Report Accidents Immediately: Notify the teacher of any spills or
injuries.
Emergency Procedures
• Fire Drill: Know the exit routes and assembly points.
• Chemical Spill: Follow the proper cleanup protocol.
• Injury: Report all injuries to the teacher and seek help if necessary.
3. Characteristics of Life
Seven Characteristics
• Cellular Organization: Living things are made of cells.
• Metabolism: Use of energy for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
• Homeostasis: Regulation of internal environments.
• Growth and Development: Changes over time in an organism.
• Reproduction: Ability to produce new offspring.
• Response to Stimuli: Reacting to environmental changes.
• Adaptation through Evolution: Changes in traits over generations to
survive.
4. Macromolecules
• Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
5. Cells
Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells: Simple, no nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
• Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, with a nucleus, e.g., plants and animals.
Cell Structures
• Cell Membrane: Protects and regulates what enters/exits the cell.
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where cellular processes occur.
• Nucleus: Control center of the cell containing DNA.
6. Cell Theory
Three Main Principles
• All living things are made of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of life.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Importance
• Provides a framework for understanding the structure and function of living
organisms.
7. Cell Organelles
Key Organelles and Their Functions
• Nucleus: Stores genetic information (DNA).
• Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; produces energy (ATP).
• Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
• Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
• Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Site of photosynthesis.
• Lysosomes: Digests waste materials.
8. Cell Tonicity
• Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic solutions
• Homeostasis
