THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 1.
The moment equation or
HANDOUT M/EI should cover all (if
not all, should be
DEFLECTIONS & ROTATIONS
the majority) of the
METHOD BEST FOR loads and reactions.
Double Any beam 2. For distributed loads
Integration except non- such as uniformly
prismatic and distributed and varying
involving loads that do not rest on
an internal the cutting line, the
hinge base of the loads must
Area- Moment Cantilever extend an equivalent
beam imaginary load to the
Conjugate *Simply
cutting line.
Beam supported,
Cantilever, Note: The concept of “zero
and beam slope in maximum deflection”
involving only applies to simply
internal supported beams. Thus, the
hinge. rotation for the maximum
*Non- deflection in a cantilever
prismatic beam is not zero
beam
Virtual Work Any beam as
long as the AREA- MOMENT METHOD
point of
TIP: How will you determine the
analysis is
specific. elastic curve using the moment
diagram?
Check:
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD https://www.madeeasy.in/uploa
ds/Files/1433purl_Elastic-
Slope Equation Curve.pdf
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑀
∫ =∫
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼
Theorem 1:
Deflection Equation The change in slope
between any two points is
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑀 the area of the M/EI
∬ = ∬
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 diagram between these two
points.
For boundary conditions, Theorem 2:
SUPPORT Deflection Rotation The vertical deviation of
(𝛿) (𝜃) a point with respect to
Roller/ 0 -varies-
the tangent extended to
Pin
another point is equals
Fixed 0 0
to the moment of the area
under the M/EI diagram
Analysis: between these two points.
PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN
Prepared by: ENGR. ROBERT V. MANAOIS JR., RMP
3. Plot the realistic
elastic curve for better
analysis.
4. The M/EI diagram of
upward forces will be
considered a positive
area.
5. For non-prismatic beams,
the M/EI diagram needs
modification.
CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
Theorem 1
The slope at a point in
the real beam is
numerically equal to the
shear at the
corresponding point in
the conjugate beam.
Theorem 2
Analysis:
The displacement of a
1. Select a reference line point in the real beam is
for your M/EI diagram. numerically equal to the
2. Use moment-by-parts for moment at the
complicated loadings such corresponding point in
as distributed loads or the conjugate beam.
overlapping loads.
Example: Analysis:
1. Convert the real beam to
its equivalent conjugate
beam.
PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN
Prepared by: ENGR. ROBERT V. MANAOIS JR., RMP
1. The number of segments
for the formulation of
the moment equation in
actual and virtual beams
should be in between
loads, supports, and
moment of inertia.
TRUSS
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
BEAMS AND FRAMES
where:
Fv – virtual force acting on
member
F – real force acting on member
L – length of the member
E – modulus of elasticity
A – cross-section area of the
member
∆ - deflection
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Situation 1: Formulate the
complete slope and deflection
equation for the given beam.
Situation 2: Draw the M/EI
Diagram of the following
where: loading diagrams:
Figure 1:
Mv – virtual moment equation in
terms of x
M – real moment equation in
terms of x
E – modulus of elasticity
I – moment of inertia of cross-
section of the beam
∆ - deflection Figure 2:
𝛳 – rotation
Analysis:
PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN
Prepared by: ENGR. ROBERT V. MANAOIS JR., RMP
Situation 3: Determine the
following from the given beam
below:
a. Rotation at the internal
hinge
b. Deflection at the
internal hinge
Situation 4: Determine the
location and magnitude of the
maximum deflection. EI is
constant.
Situation 5: Determine the
smallest cross-sectional area
A required for the truss
members shown so that the
horizontal deflection at joint
B does not exceed 10 mm. Use
the virtual work method. E =
200 GPa
Situation 6: Use the virtual
work method to determine the
rotation and horizontal
displacement at joint D of the
frame shown.
PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN
Prepared by: ENGR. ROBERT V. MANAOIS JR., RMP
