COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Presented by
Dr. Hesham M. Khalil
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Conservation of Energy

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Conservation of Energy

𝐷𝐸
𝜌 𝐸=
𝐷𝑡
Work done by surface forces
Conservation of Energy

• 𝒙

𝜕(𝑝𝑢) 1 𝜕(𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑢) 1
𝑝𝑢 − 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑢 − 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕(𝑝𝑢) 1 𝜕(𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑢) 1 𝜕(𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑢) 1

+ − 𝑝𝑢 + 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑢 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑢 − 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕(𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑢) 1 𝜕(𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑢) 1 𝜕(𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑢) 1

+ 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑢 − 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑢 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Conservation of Energy

• 𝑥

𝜕(𝑢(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 )) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑦𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑧𝑥 )

+ + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• 𝑦

𝜕(𝑣(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 )) 𝜕(𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑣) 𝜕(𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝑣)

+ + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

• 𝑧

𝜕(𝑤(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 )) 𝜕(𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑤) 𝜕(𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝑤)

+ + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of Energy

•
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
•

𝜕 𝑢𝑝 𝜕 𝑣𝑝 𝜕 𝑤𝑝
− − − = −𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑝𝐮)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑥𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑦𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑧𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑧𝑦 )

+ + + + + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
−𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑝𝐮) +
𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑧 )
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of Energy

Heat Flux Due To Thermal Conduction

• 𝐪

𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑦 𝑞𝑧
Conservation of Energy

• 𝑥
𝑊
𝐸

𝜕𝑞𝑥 1 𝜕𝑞𝑥 1 𝜕𝑞𝑥

𝑞𝑥 − 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥

• 𝑦 𝑧

𝜕𝑞𝑦 𝜕𝑞𝑧
− 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of Energy
•

𝜕𝑞𝑥 𝜕𝑞𝑦 𝜕𝑞𝑧

− − − = −𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐪
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
•

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘 𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• 𝐪 = −𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇

−𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐪 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇)

Conservation of Energy

𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑥𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑦𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑧𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑧𝑦 )

+ + + + + +
𝐷𝐸 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜌 = −𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑝𝐮) +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑧 )
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 + 𝑆𝐸

1 2
𝐸 = 𝑖 + 𝑢 + 𝑣2 + 𝑤2
2
Conservation of Energy

𝑖 𝑇

𝑥 𝑢 𝑦

𝑣 𝑧 𝑤
Conservation of Energy

𝐷𝑢 𝜕(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 ) 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥

𝜌 = + + + 𝑆𝑀𝑥
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑣 𝜕(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 ) 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦

𝜌 = + + + 𝑆𝑀𝑦
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝐷𝑤 𝜕(−𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 ) 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧

𝜌 = + + + 𝑆𝑀𝑧
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of Energy

• 𝑥 𝑢 𝑦
𝑣 𝑧 𝑤

1 2
𝐷 𝑢 + 𝑣2 + 𝑤2 𝜕 𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕 𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜌 2 = −𝐮 . 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑝 + 𝑢 + + +
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝜏𝑦𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝜏𝑧𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝜏𝑧𝑧 )
𝑣 + + +𝑤 + + + 𝐮 . 𝑆𝑀
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of Energy

𝐷𝑖
𝜌
𝐷𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
+ 𝜏𝑧𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝑆𝑖
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of Energy

•
• 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑇 𝑐
• 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 = 0

𝐷𝑇
𝜌𝑐
𝐷𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝑆𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Conservation of Energy

• ℎ ℎ0

𝑝 1 2
ℎ=𝑖+ ℎ0 = ℎ + (𝑢 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 )
𝜌 2

• 𝐸

𝑝 1 2 2 2
𝑝
ℎ0 = 𝑖 + + 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝐸 +
𝜌 2 𝜌
Conservation of Energy

𝜕(𝜌ℎ0 )
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝜌ℎ0 𝐮
𝜕𝑡
𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑥𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑦𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑢𝜏𝑧𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝑣𝜏𝑧𝑦 )
+ + + + + +
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 + +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑦𝑧 ) 𝜕(𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑧 )
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

+ 𝑆ℎ
Equations of state

•
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
•

• 𝜌 p 𝑖
𝑇
•
• 𝜌 𝑇 𝑝
𝑖

𝑝 = 𝑝(𝜌, 𝑇) 𝑖 = 𝑖(𝜌, 𝑇)
Pressure and Density Based Solvers

Pressure Based Density Based

Solver Solver
Navier - Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid

• 𝝉𝒊𝒋

•
Navier - Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝑠𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑧𝑧 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
•

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝑠𝑥𝑦 = 𝑠𝑦𝑥 = + 𝑠𝑥𝑧 = 𝑠𝑧𝑥 = +
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝑠𝑦𝑧 = 𝑠𝑧𝑦 = +
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
Navier - Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid

•
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + = 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• 𝜇

• 𝜆
Navier - Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜏𝑥𝑥 = 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 𝜏𝑦𝑦 = 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 𝜏𝑧𝑧 = 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 =𝜇 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 =𝜇 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 =𝜇 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

• 𝜆

2
• 𝜆=− 𝜇
3
Navier - Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid

𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝜌 =− + 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝜇 + + 𝜇 + + 𝑆𝑀𝑥
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝜌 =− + 𝜇 + + 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝜇 + + 𝑆𝑀𝑦
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝜕𝑤
𝜌 =− + 𝜇 + + 𝜇 + + 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝑆𝑀𝑧
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
 Governing equations of the flow of a compressible Newtonian fluid
𝜕𝜌
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝐮) = 0
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝜌𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑢𝐮) = − + 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝜇 + + 𝜇 + + 𝑆𝑀𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝜌𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑣𝐮) = − + 𝜇 + + 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝜇 + + 𝑆𝑀𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝜌𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝜕𝑤
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑤𝐮) = − + 𝜇 + + 𝜇 + + 2𝜇 + 𝜆 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝑆𝑀𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌𝑖
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑖𝐮)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= −𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 + 𝜏𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝑆𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑖 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇
Governing equations of the flow of a compressible Newtonian fluid

𝜕𝜌
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑢) = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌𝑢 𝜕𝑝
𝑥 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑢𝐮) = − + 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜇 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑢) + 𝑆𝑀𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜌𝑣 𝜕𝑝
𝑦 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑣𝐮) = − + 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜇 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑣) + 𝑆𝑀𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜌𝑤 𝜕𝑝
𝑧 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑤𝐮) = − + 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜇 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑤) + 𝑆𝑀𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜌𝑖
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝑖𝐮) = −𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐮 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑘 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑇 + Φ + 𝑆𝑖
𝜕𝑡

𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑖 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

• 𝜙

𝜕𝜌𝜙
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝜌𝜙𝐮) = 𝑑𝑖𝑣(Γ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙) + 𝑆𝜙
𝜕𝑡

𝜙 𝜙 𝜙
𝜙
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

• 𝜙 𝜌 𝑢 𝑣, 𝑤 𝑖 𝑇 ℎ0

Γ
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

𝜕𝜌𝜙
𝑑𝑉 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝜌𝜙𝐮 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣 Γ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑆𝜙 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

• 𝐚

𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐚 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐧 . 𝐚 𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝑉 𝐴
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

𝜕
𝜌𝜙𝑑𝑉 + 𝐧 . 𝜌𝜙𝐮 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐧 . Γ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑆𝜙 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶𝑉

𝜙
𝜙
𝜙 𝜙
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

𝜕
𝜌𝜙𝑑𝑉 + 𝐧 . 𝜌𝜙𝐮 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐧 . Γ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑆𝜙 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶𝑉
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

𝜕
𝜌𝜙𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐧 . 𝜌𝜙𝐮 𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑡 = 𝐧 . Γ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑡 + 𝑆𝜙 𝑑𝑉𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑡
∆𝑡 𝐶𝑉 ∆𝑡 𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐶𝑉