Digestive System
Glands
ZU LHAM YAMAMOTO
FA C U LT Y O F M E D I C I N E
U N I V E R S I TA S S U M AT E R A U TA R A
2024
Subcapaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah
Mahasiswa mampu:
◦ Menjelaskan struktur umum kelenjar eksokrin
◦ Menganalisis struktur kelenjar ludah mayor
◦ Menganalisis struktur dan histodinamik liver sehubungan dengan fungsi liver
sebagai kelenjar campuran eksokrin dan endokrin
◦ Menganalisis struktur dan fungsi gall bladder dalam memekatkan bilirubin
◦ Menganalisis struktur pankreas sebagai kelenjar campuran eksokrin dan endokrin
Glands
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Salivary Glands
has
Salivary glands sekretory :
◦ Minor
ekcokrin
&
ductus : menyaluron
◦ Major
◦ Sublingual glands
◦ Submandibular glands
◦ Parotid glands
Regions of salivary glands
◦ Secretory portions
◦ Duct portions
Secretory Portions
Serous cells
3
jenis seh
◦ Truncated pyramids piramid terpotong
◦ single, round, ~>
basally located nuclei produkaya diapikal
◦ Well developed RER, Golgi complex, basal mitochondria, → abundant apically situated secretory granules rich in
ptyalin (amilase)
Lokuat
◦ Basal aspects o/t lateral cell membranes form tight junctions
◦ Intercellular canaliculi
◦ Interdigitation process
Mucous cells
◦ Truncated pyramids;
◦ single, flattened, basally located nuclei pipin
◦ Less extensive RER, fewer mitochondria but greater Golgi complex → >> carbohydrate component, abundant apically
situated secretory granules
Myoepithelial cells (basket cells)
◦ Share the basal laminae o/t acinar cells
◦ Envelop acinus and intercalated ducts
◦ Cytoplasmic process are rich in actin and myosin → resemble smooth muscle → contract → facilitating release o/t
secretory product
Serous Cell
Mucous Cell
sitoplasma pasat , lumen pecil
Duct Portions
Secretory potions → intercalated ducts → striated ducts → intralobular ducts → interlobular ducts →
intralobar ducts → interlobar ducts → terminal (principal) duct
Intercalated ducts: simple cuboidal ep + myoepithelial cell
Striated duct:
◦ simple cuboidal to low columnar ep
◦ Basolateral membrane are highly folded, subdividing into longitudinal compartment that occupied by
elongated mitochondria
◦ Na-ATPase pumps Na out o/t cell into connective tissue (CT) → conserving sodium
&
Sot Jerry
Salivon
◦ functional unit of a salivary gland
O◦ Acinus + intercalated duct + striated duct
Secretory activity is stimulated via parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
Lobus
Inter
Interlobar duct
Sublingual glands
The gland is composed of mucous tubular secretory units capped by
serous demilunes.
Produced mixed, but mostly mucous, saliva
EM: apical accumulations of secretory vesicles
Scant CT, and its duct system doesn’t form terminal duct, Instead,
several ducts open into the floor o/t mouth and into the duct of the
submandibular gland
Figure A. EM of mucous acini of the sublingual gland.
◦ I, intercalated duct;
◦ arrows, myoepithelial cells.
Figure B. Mixed acini of same sublingual gland.
◦ M, mucous cells;
A ◦ S, serous demilune;
◦ SD, secretory duct.
Figure C. EM of serous Acinus Sublingual Gland.
◦ C, capillary;
◦ Nu, Nucleus;
◦ RER, rough Endoplasmic Reticulum;
◦ V, secretory vesicles.
nukleolus
-
- nukleus
>
-
resivel secretory
B C
Submandibular Glands
Produces mixed, but mostly serous, saliva
Electron-dense core product (secretory granules) of unknown
composition
The number of serous demilunes is limited.
The striated ducts of the submandibular gland are much longer than
those of parotid or sublingual gland → display many cross sectional
profiles of striated duct (characteristic feature)
CT capsule o/t submandibular gland is extensive and forms abundant
septa, which subdivide the gland into lobe and lobules.
Parotid Glands
G
Produced serous saliva → ptyalin
Electron-dense core product (secretory granules) of unknown
composition.
CT capsule forms numerous septa → subdivide the gland into lobes
and lobules
Liver
Has both exocrine (bile) and endocrine functions (by hepatocytes)
Is enveloped by peritoneum
◦ Simple squamous epithelium
◦ Dense irregular CT capsule (Glisson’s capsule)
Hepatocytes are arranged in hexagon-shaped lobules (classical lobules)
◦ In human, boundaries of the classical lobules can only be approximated
◦ Longitudinal axis is occupied by central vein
◦ Portal areas (triads): where 3 classical lobules are in contact each other
◦ CT elements are increased; hepatic artery, portal vein; interlobular bile ducts; lymph vessels
Classic Lobules
(pigs) hexagon
central
X
canal en
porta
Lymph
arten
heputies
3 Concepts of Liver lobules
Classical liver lobules
◦ Concept: Blood flows from the periphery to the center of the lobule (central vein)
◦ Bile enters into bile canaliculi and flows to the periphery of the lobule to the interlobular bile ducts of the portal
areas
Portal lobules
◦ Concept: exocrine secretion (bile) flows to central lumen of acinus
◦ Triangular region whose center is the portal area and whose periphery is bounded by imaginary straight line
connecting the three surrounding central veins that form the three apices of the triangle
Hepatic acinus (acinus of Rappaport)
◦ Concept: blood flow from distributing arterioles → on the order in which hepatocytes degenerate subsequent to
toxic or hypoxic insults
◦ 3 concentric regions of hepatic parenchyma surrounding a distributing artery in the center.
3 Concepts of Liver Lobules
Hepatic Sinusoids and
Perisinusoidal Space of Disse
Hepatic sinusoids: the space between the plates of hepatocytes
◦ Sinusoidal lining cells (endothel)
◦ Fenestrated 0.5 µm
◦ Macrophage → Kupfer Cells
Endothels are separated from hepatocytes by perisinusoidal space (Space
of Disse)
◦ Collagen III; No basal lamina
◦ Nonmyelinated nerve fibers
◦ Fat storing cells (Ito Cells/Stellate cells)
◦ Pit cells → NK cells
fenestra
sinusoid
Ito Cell
Space of Disse
Kupfer Cells
Hepatic Duct
Bile canaliculi → labyrinthine tunnels → cholangioles → canals of Hering → interlobular
bile ducts → right and left hepatic duct
Cholangioles
◦ At the periphery of classic lobules
◦ Short tubules composed of a combination of hepatocytes, low cuboidal cells, and occasional oval cells
Canals of Hering
◦ Slender branches of interlobular bile ducts
◦ Composed of low cuboidal cells and some ovoid cells (cholangiocytes)
◦ Cholangiocytes secrete electrolyte and a bicarbonate-rich fluid under influenced of hormon secretin
of DNES cells, thus causing alkalinization, which is important for neutralization of acid in the stomach
◦ cholangiocyte cilia extend from the apical plasma membrane into the bile duct lumen and, as such,
are ideally positioned to detect changes in bile flow, bile composition and bile osmolality.
Hepatocytes
2 domains: lateral and sinusoidal
Lateral domains
◦ Form bile canaliculi
◦ Fascia occludentes prevent leakage of bile from bile canaliculi
◦ Short, blunt microvili project into bile canaliculi (exocrine secretion)
◦ High levels of Na-K ATPase and adenylate cyclase
◦ Isolated gap junctions
Sinusoidal domains
◦ Microvili projects into space of Disse
◦ Endocrine secretion
Bile Canaliculi
Gall Bladder
Mucosa
◦ Empty gallbladder is highly folded into tall, parallel ridges (some form Rockitansky Aschoff sinus);
bile distended gallbladder reduces the plications to a few short folds → smooth mucosa
◦ Simple columnar epithelium
◦ Clear cells
◦ Brush cells
◦ Lamina propria is a vascularized loose CT
◦ Simple tubuloalveolar glands
Smooth muscles are oriented oblique and longitudinal
Adventitia
◦ Glisson’s capsule of Liver
◦ peritoneum
Histophysiology
Store, concentrate, and release bile
Epithelium
◦ Luminal surface display short microvili coated by a thin layer of glycocalyx
◦ Supranuclear: secretory granules containing mucinogen
◦ Basal region is rich in mitochondria
Pancreas
Produced exocrine and endocrine secretions
CT capsule forms septa → sudivide the gland into lobules
Exocrine Pancreas
Tubuloacinar gland
40 – 50 acinar cells form a round to oval acinus
3 – 4 centroaciner cells occupied acinar lumen → beginning of the duct system
Acinar cell
◦ Truncated pyramid; round nucleus; basally located; basophilic cytoplasm
◦ Apex, facing the lumen, is filled with zymogen granules. Number of secretory granules diminished after meal.
◦ Basal cell membranes have receptors for cholecystokinin and acethylcholine
The Golgi complex varies in size in inverse relation to the zymogen granule concentration
◦ Smaller when zymogen granules are numerous
◦ Larger after the granules release their content
Zymogen granules may release their contents individually or several granules may fuse each other,
forming a channel to the lumen
Exocrine Pancreas
Duct System
Centroacinar cells of terminus intercalated duct → intralobular ducts → interlobular ducts → main
pancreatic duct → common bile duct → papilla of Vater
Centroacinar cells: pale, simple low cuboidal ep
Endocrine Pancreas
Islet of Langerhans
◦ Richly vascularized spherical conglomeration of + 300 cells
Cells: , , , PP, G
◦ Cannot be differentiated by routine examination → IHC, EM
Each islet is surrounded by reticular fibers, which also enter the islet to
encircle the capillaries that pervade it.
References
Thank You
