PTDl 2.

1
MATHEMATICS OF EDUCATION LECTURE NOTES
LECTURE 1

CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Linear equations and Inequations.
 Modulus of Linear equations and inequalities.
 Formulae
 Simultaneous equations
 Perimeter, Area and volume

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 UNIT 1; LINEAR EQUATIONS & INEQUATIONS
Def 2.13: a mathematical statement telling us that two expressions are equal is called An
equation.
 The highest power of the unknown quantity (x,y etc) determines the type of equation we
have.
(i) An equation with highest power 1 of the unknown quantity is called a Linear
equation. i.e 3x + 2 = 6.
(ii) An equation with the highest power 2 of the unknown quantity is called a
quadratic equation. i.e 2x² + 3 = 5.
(iii) An equation with highest power 3 of the unknown quantity is called a polynomial
equation. i.e x³+ 2x -1 = 4.

SOLVING EQUATIONS
 Solving linear equations involves finding the value of the unknown quantity such that the
equality holds true.

Example 1.89
Solve the following linear equations.
(i) 2x + 3 = 9
(ii) 3x + 3 = 11 +:x

Solutions

(i) 2x + 3= 9
2x = 9 – 3
2x = 6
x= 3

(ii) 3x + 3 = 11 + x
3x – x = 11 -3
2x = 8
X=4

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 EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS
Example 1.90
Solve the following linear equations.
(i) X + 2x =7
2 3

(ii) 2x + 3 = 5x + 10
3

SOLUTIONS
(i) X + 2x = 7
2 3

3x + 4x = 7
6
7x = 42
X=6

(ii) 3(2x + 3) = 5x + 10
6x + 9 = 5x + 10
6x – 5x = 10 – 9
X=1

PROBLEM LEADING TO LINEAR EQUATIONS

Example 2.00
The length of a rectangle is 3cm greater than its width. Given that its perimeter is 22cm,
find
The dimensions of the rectangle.

Solution
Let the length of the rectangle be x and s breadth is (x-3)

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 Now, perimeter = 2( L +b)
2( x + x – 3) = 22
2x + 2x – 6 = 22
4x = 28
X=7
Now, length = x
= 7cm
Breadth = (x-3)
= 4cm.
Example 2.10
Memory is 4 years older than her sister Jane. If jane is X years old :
(i) Write down Memory's age in terms of X.
(ii) Find their ages if the sum of their ages is 20 years.

Solutions

(i) (4+x) years

(ii) X + (4+x) = 20
2x +4 = 20
2x = 16
X=8
Memory's age = 4 + 8
= 12 years
Jane's age = x
= 8 years.
MODULUS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Remark 1.80:
 If y = x, the value of y are negative when x is negative, However they can be converted
to positive values when using the modulus. Y= |x| reads as y = mod x. Gives the
numerical or absolute value of x. for example |-3| = 3 and so |0| = 0
, |4| = 4.
Def 2.15; So we define modulus of x as

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 |x| = -x ( negative) when x <0
And
|x| = x (positive) when x ≥ 0

Example 2.11:
State the values of x for each of the following.
(i) |3x| = 6
(ii) |2x -3| = 5

Solutions
(i) Now, ±(3x) = 6
If x<0, then and if x ≥ 0 , then
-3x = 6 3x = 6
X = -2 x=2

And so X= -2 & 2

(ii) | 2x – 3| = 5
Now, ± ( 2x – 3) = 5
If x< 0, then and if x ≥ 0
-(2x – 3) = 5 (2x – 3) = 5
-2x + 3 = 5 2x -3 = 5
-2x = 5-3 2x = 5+ 3
-2x = 2 2x = 8
X = -1 x=4

Graphing linear Equations

Example 2.12
illustrate the graphs of each of the following linear equation on the XoY plane.
(i) y= 2x-1 for the domain x= {-1,0,1}
(ii) y=|2x-1| for the domain x = {-1,0,1}

Solutions

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 (i) given x= {-1,0,1}
now for x= -1, for x= 0 for x= 1
y= 2(-1)-1 y = 2(0)-1 y = 2(1)-1
y= -3 y = -1 y= 1

the coordinates are (-1,-3), (0,-1), (1,1)

Graph;

(ii) y= |2x-1|
now the domain = {-1,0,1}
for
x= -1 x= 0 x= 1
y= |2(-1)-1| y= |2(0)-1| y= |2(1)-1|
y= |-3| y= |-1| y = |1|
y= 3 y= 1 y= 1

now, Coordinates; (-1,3), (0,1) & (1,1).

Graph;

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 LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Rules involving Linear inequalities

(i) Adding of subtracting the same number from both sides of the inequality does not
necessitate reversal of symbol.
(ii) Multiplying or dividing both sides of the inequality by a positive number does not
necessitate reversal of symbol.
(iii) Multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number necessitates
reversal of symbol.

SOLVING LINEAR INEQUALITIES

 Unlike linear equations which has a unique solution, linear inequality, a linear inequality
usually has a large number of solutions. For this reason solution of a linear inequality is
given as a range or a set.

Example 2.11
Solve the following linear inequalities were x £ Z.
(i) 3x + 5 > 2
(ii) 4x – 5 ≤ 6x +3

Solutions

(i) 3x + 5> 2
3x > 2-5

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 3x > -3
X > +1

(ii) 4x – 5 ≤ 6x + 3
4x -6x ≤ 3+ 5
-2x ≤ 8
X ≥ -4

Example 2.12
Solve the following inequalities for which x£ Z and illustrate the solutions on a real line.
(i) 3 – 2x < 6 – x
(ii) 2< x +3≤ 4
(iii) -6 < 2x +2 ≤ -4

Solutions

(i) 3 – 2x < 6 – x.
-2x + x < 6-3
-x < 3
X > -1

Number line

(ii) 2<x+3≤4
2-3< x ≤ 4-3
-1 < x ≤ 1
Solution set = { 0, 1}
Number line
(iii) -6 < 2x + 2 ≤ 0
-6 – 2 < 2x ≤ -2
-8< 2x ≤ -2
-4 < x ≤ -1

Solution set
X = { -3,-2,0,1}

Number line

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 Modulus of linear inequality
 suppose we know that |x| > 3, Suggest some values x could take to satisfy the inequality.
From the definition of a modulus |x| > 3 means that either x>3 or -x>3 implies x<-3
{since dividing inequality by -1 reverses the symbol}. And so the range values of x are
-3<x<3.

Example 2.13
Find and show on the number line the range values of x. if
(i) |x+1|>4
(ii) |1-2x| ≤ 5

Solutions

(i) From the above, if |x+1| > 4 then

(x+1)> 4 or -(x+1) > 4
X+1 > 4 x+1 < -4
x>3 x < -5

and so -5< x < 3 is the solution set

(ii)|1-2x| ≤ 5
Now, 1-2x ≤ 5 or -(1-2x) ≤ 5
-2x ≤ 5-1 1- 2x ≥ -5
-2x ≤ 4 -2x ≥ -6
x ≥ -2 x≤3
Thus, -2 ≤ x ≤ 3 is the solution set.

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 UNIT 2; FORMULAE
 A formulae tells us how many two or more quantities are related, for example y = x + p,
tells us that y is the sum of two quantities x and p.

CONSTRUCTING FORMULAE

Example 2.13:
A boy buys 7 pencils at x know kwacha each and 6 pens at y kwacha each, find in terms
of x and y
(iii) How much he pays for the pencils.
(iv) How much he pays for the pens
(v) How much change she expects from k100.

Solutions

(i) 7x kwacha
(ii) 6y kwacha
(iii) Change = k100 – k(7x + 6y)
= k(100- 7x-6y)

TRANSPOSING FORMULAE
Def 2.14:

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  the process of isolating the unknown quantity from the known quantiry is called
Transposition of formulae.

Example 2.14
If v² = u² + 2as, express s in terms of a, u and v.
Solution

v² = u² + 2as
u² + 2as= v²
2as = v² - u²
S = v² - u²
2a

Example 2.15
The formula for the sum of the first n terms of an Arithmetic series is given by
S = ½n(n + 1), find?
(i) S when n= 10
(ii) Find S when n = 8
(iii) The value of n when S = ½n +2

Solutions

(i) S = ½(10)(10+1)
S= ½(10)(11)
S= 5(11)
S= 55

(ii) S = ½(8)( 8+1)

S = ½(8)(9)

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 S= 4(9)
S= 36
S = ½n(n+1)
½n + 2 = ½n² + ½n
½n² = ½n - ½n + 2
½n² = 2
n²:= 2(2)
n² = 4
n=±2

THE END OF UNIT 2

Thank you for your attention.

UNIT 3 ; SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

 A single linear equation with two unknown quantities e.g x+y= 4 has no definite number
of solutions. In this chapter we shall consider three methods of solving simultaneous
equations, namely Elimination method, Substitution method and use of formulae.

1. ELIMINATION METHOD
 By this method we systematically eliminate one unknown x and y in order To find the
value
Of them. Once the value of the unknown quantities is found , the other one can be found
by substituting this known value in any of the given equation..

Example 2.15
Solve the simultaneous equations.
(i) 2x -y = 3
3x+y=7

(ii) 2x-y =3
3x+5y=5

SOLUTIONS

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 (i) Notice that if the equation are added together, y is eliminated and thus we
solve the resulting equation for x.

2x -y = 3
+ 3x+y= 7
5x + 0 = 10
Thus, 5x =10
5x = 10
5 5
X= 2

To find y we substitute the value of x in one of the equations so that,

2x – y =3
2(2) -y = 3
4–y=3
-y = -1
Y=1

Therefore x = 2 and y = 1

(ii) We make coefficients of x equal by multiplying equations by 1 by 3 and

equation 2 by 2. And subtract equation 2 from equation 1. Thus

2x + 4y = 4 | × 3
3x +5y = 5 | × 2

6x +12y = 1
-(6x + 10y = 10)
0 + 2y = 2
2y = 2
2 2

y=1

now if y = 1 then 2x +4(1) = 4

2x +4= 4
2x = 0
X=0

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 Therefore, x = 0 and y = 1

2. SUBSTITUTION METHOD
 This method involves making one of the unknown quantities the subject of the formula ,
then substituting results in the other equation.

Example 2.16;
Solve the following simulteneous equations using substitution method.
(i) X+y= 1
x-y = 5

(ii) 3x +2y = 9
x+ 2y = 3

Solutions

(i) From equation 1 , y= 1-x. substituting this result in equation , we get

x-(1-x) = 5
x+x-1=5
2x-1= 5
2x= 6
X=3

now to find y, we substitute x=3 in x+y = 1 so that

(3) + y = 1
y= -2
therefore x=3 and y =-2

(ii)we express x in terms of y for x+y=3 so that

X= 3-2y
Now we substitute the results above in 3x+2y=9 so that
3(3-2y) +2y=9
9-6y+2y=9
-4y= 0
y=0

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to find x, we substitute y=0 in x+2y=3 so that
x +2(0) = 3
x= 3
therefore x= 3 & y=0

3. THE USE OF FORMULAE

 Consider the equations below
ax+by= c
dx+ey=f, where a,b,c,d,e are coefficients and c and f are constant values.

Now the formulae for solving simutaneous equations are given by

X = bf-ce and Y = cd – af
bd-ae bd – ae

Example 2.16;
Solve the simultaneous equations using formula method.

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 3x-2y=13
2x+y=4

Solution
Comparing the general equations ax+by=c & dx+ey= f with
3x +2y =13 & 2x +y =4 we note that

a=3, b=-2, c=13, d=2, e=1 & f=4

substituting these values in the formula for x we obtaim

x= bf-ce
bd-ae
=(-2)(4) – (13)(1)
(-2)(2) – (3)(1)
= -10 – 13
-4 – 3
=3
X= 3
if x=3 then substituting in 2x+y= 4 we obtain
2(3) +y = 4
6 +y = 4
y= -2
therefore x= 3 and y =-2

PROBLEMS LEADING TO SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Example 2.17;
(i) The sum of two numbers is 23 and the difference between them is 3, find these
numbers.
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 (ii) Jane is 6 years older than jean. At the moment the sum of their ages is 36 years. Let
janes age be y and jean's age be x.
(a) Find the ages of two people
(b) Sum of their ages 12 years from now.

Solution
(i) let the numbers be x and y where x is greater than y. now
sum = + & difference = -
x+y = 23 [sum]
x-y = 3 [ difference]
solving these equations simulteneously gives
x = 13 & y = 10
therefore the two numbers are 13 and 10.

(ii) 6x=y equation 1

6x+y = 36 equation 2, solving the equations simuteneously we get.

6x + y = 36
6x + 6x = 36
12x = 36
12 12
X= 3

Now substituting x=3 in y=6x we obtain,

Y= 6(3)
Y=18

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  jane's age = y
= 18 years
 jean's age=x
= 3 years

(b).. sum of their ages = 18 + 3

= 21 years
Now 12 years later their sum becomes = 12 + 21
= 33 years

The end of unit 3

Thank you for your attention!!!

Unit 4; Perimeter, Area & Volume.

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 1. PERIMETER AND AREA
Def 2.16;
 The total distance around an object is called its perimeter and it is measured in mm,
cm,m etc.
 The total space that an object occupies in two dimentions is called its Area. And it is
measured in mm², cm², m² etc.

SQUARE

Bb Perimeter = 4L
L b Area = L², where L = length

L
Example 2.18;
Calculate the perimeter and area of a square whose side is 3cm
Solution
Length = 3cm
(i) Perimeter = 4L
= 4(3)
= 12cm
(ii) Area = L²
= (3)²
= 9cm²

RECTANGLE

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 L perimeter = 2(L +b)

b Area = Lb, where L = length & b = breadth

Example 2.19;
Find the perimeter and Area of a rectangle of length 12cm and breadth 5cm.

Solution
L = 12cm & b = 5cm
(i) Perimeter = 2(L +b)
= 2(12 + 5)
= 2(17)
= 34cm

(ii) Area = Lb
= (12)(5)
= 60 cm²

CIRCUNFERENCE & AREA OF A CIRCLE

Example 2.20;

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 (iii) By taking π = 3.142, find the circumference and area of a circle with diameter
28cm.
(iv) A circle has area of 176cm², by taking π = 22/7. Find
(a) Its radius
(b) Its circumference.

Solutions
(i) Circumference = πd
= (22/7)(28)
= (22)(4)
= 88cm
Area = πr², now radius = ½d,
r=½(28), r= 14cm

= (22/7)(14)²
= (22/7)(14×14)
= (22)(28)
= 616cm²
(ii) Data; Area = 176cm², π =22/7, radius ? & Circumference?

A = πr²
176 = (22/7)r²
1232 = 22r²
22 22
Radius = 56cm

Circumference = 2πr
= 2(22/7)(56)
= 2(22)(8)
= 352cm.

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 TRIANGLE

Example 2.21;
Find the perimeter and area of the right angled triangle below.

5cm
3cm

4cm

Solutions
(i) Perimeter = L + b + h
=5+4+5
= 14cm
(ii) Area = ½bh
= ½(4)(3)
= ½(12)
= 6cm²

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 PARALLELOGRAM

Example 2.22
Find the area of a parallelogram of base 12cm a d height 5cm
Solution
Area = bh
= (12)(5).
= 60cm²

TRAPEZIUM
Def 2.17
 A four sided figure with two parallel sides is called a Trapezium.

Example 2.23
Calculate the area of a trapezium below of height 6cm.
8cm

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 10cm

Solution

Now, a= 8cm, b= 10cm and h= 6cm.

Area = ½h( a + b)
= ½(6)(8+10)
= ½(6)(18)
= (3)(18)
= 54cm²

VOLUME
Def 2.18;
 a three dimensional space an object occupies is called its Area. It is measured in mm³,
cm³, m³ etc.
 a litre is a unit if volume used to measure the volume of fluids e.g water and air.

The Unit Cube

 the building block of all volume is the unit cube. The unit cube has side equal to 1 unit.

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 Volume of Standard Figures

(i) CUBE

Volume = L³ L
L

Example 2.24
Find the volume of the cube of length 3cm.
Solution
Volume = L³
= (3cm)³
= 27cm³
CUBOID
Volume= length× breadth × height L
= L× b×h b
=Lbh. h

Example 2.25
Find the volume of a cuboid of length 10cm, breadth 7cm and height 6cm.
Solution
Volume = Lbh
= (10)(7)(6)
= 420cm³

CYLINDER

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The cylinder of radius r and height h has volume
Is given by v = πr²h

Example 2.25
Take π = 22/7, Find the volume of a cylinder of radius 5cm and height 22cm.

Solution
Data; π = 22/7, h= 21cm and r = 5cm
Volume = πr²h
= (22/7)(5)²(21)
= (22)(25)(3)
= (66)(25)
= 1650cm³

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