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UNIT I - BASICS OF MECHANISMS

1. Define Kinematic Link & Mention its characteristics.

Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic link
or element. It need not be a rigid body, but it must be a resistant body.

Characteristics:
 It must be a resistant body.
 It should have relative motion.
2. Define Structure.

It is an assemblage of number of rigid resistant bodies having no relative motion between

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them and meant for carrying loads having straining action. There is no energy
transformation within the structure and members are just for supporting and carrying loads.

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eg: a railway bridge, a roof truss, frames, etc.,

MACHINE asy
3. Distinguish between a Machine and a Structure.

STRUCTURE

one another. En
1. The parts of the machine move relative to 1. The members of a structure do not move
relative to one another.

into some useful work. gin

2. A machine transforms the available energy 2. In a structure, no energy is transformed into
useful work.

power and motion.

Eg: shaper, planar, scooter, car, etc.,
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The links of a machine may transmit both 3. The members of a structure transmit forces
only.

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Eg: bridge, truss, lathe bed, etc.,

4. Distinguish between a Machine and a Mechanism.

g.n
MACHINE
1. Machine transmits forces and couples .
MECHANISM
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1. Mechanism transmits and modifies motion.
2. Machine may have many mechanisms for 2. A mechanism is the skeleton outline of the
transmitting power or mechanical work. machine to produce definite motion between
various links.
Eg: Lathe, milling machine, shaper Eg: quick return mechanism, slider crank
mechanism, Geneva mechanism

5. Define Kinematic Pair.

Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic
link. The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a
pair.

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If the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained (i.e, in a

definite direction),the pair is known as kinematic pair. Kinematic pair can classified based on
the relative motion between the elements, type of contact between the elements and type of
closure.

6. Write a note on classification of kinematic pairs.

1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements.
 Sliding pair
 Turning pair
 Rolling pair
 Screw pair
 Spherical pair

ww 2. According to the type of contact between the elements.

 Lower pair

w.E  Higher pair

3. According to the type of closure
 Self closed pair
 Force closed pair asy
En
7. What are the three types of constrained motions?
 Completely constrained motion- Relative motion between two links takes place in
definite direction.
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 Incompletely constrained motion- Relative motion between two links takes place
in more than one direction.
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 Successfully constrained motion- Relative motion between two links takes place
in definite direction, not completely by itself but by some other means.

8. Define Kinematic Chain. g.n

et
The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a pair.
When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to
transmit definite motion (i.e., completely or successfully constrained motion),it is called a
kinematic chain. Types of kinematic chain are four bar chain, single slider crank chain and
double slider crank chain.

9. What the different types of joints?

 Binary joint- Two links joined at the same point
 Ternary joint- Three links joined at the same point
 Quaternary joint- Four links joined at the same point

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10. Define Mechanism.

When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chin is known as mechanism. It may be
used for transmitting or transforming motion. A mechanism is the skeleton outline of the
machine to produce definite motion between various links by transmitting and modifying the
motion. Types of mechanisms are simple mechanisms and compound mechanisms. e.g: engine
indicators, typewriter, etc.,

11. What is meant by a Machine?

When a mechanism is required to transmit power or to do some particular type of work, then
that mechanism is called is called as machine. Machine is a device which converts the available
energy into some useful work by transmitting forces and couple.

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eg: shaper, planar, lathe, scooter, car, etc.,

12. Define Degree of Freedom.

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Degree of freedom is defined as the number of input parameters which must be independently

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controlled in order to bring the mechanism into a particular position or useful engineering
purpose. It is also termed as mobility. Degree of freedom of simple mechanisms can be found out
by using the Kutzbach criterion.

n=3(l-1)-2j-h En
(Kutzbach equation is used to find the number of degree of freedom)

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13. What is difference between Kutzbach equation and Grubler’s equation?

mechanisms. Kutzbach criterion is given by

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Kutzbach equation is used to find out number of degree of freedom in simple

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n = 3(l-1)-2j-h
g.n
, where l- no.of links; j- no. of joints; h- no. of higher pair

freedom and consists of only lower pair i.e, h = 0

n=3(l-1)-2j-h
et
Grubler’s equation is applicable to the mechanisms which have only one degree of

1=3(l-1)-2j-0
3l-2j-4=0 (Grubler’s equation)

14. What is meant by inversion of mechanism?

If one link in a kinematic chain is fixed, then it is termed as mechanism. The method of
obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is known as
inversion of mechanism or Kinematic inversion.

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Eg: Four bar chain – beam engine, locomotive engine, etc.,

Single slider crank chain- oscillating cylinder engine, rotary engine, etc.,
Double slider crank chain- oscillating cylinder engine, rotary engine, etc.,

15. State Grashoff’s law.

Grashoff’s law is applicable for four bar mechanisms. It states that, “The sum of the
shortest and longest link lengths should not be greater than the sum of the remaining two lengths
if there is to be continuous relative motion between the two links, in a four bar mechanism”

16. What are the different types of Kinematic Chain?

 Four bar chain or quadric cyclic chain- It consists of fixed link, crank, connecting rod and

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
output link or lever.
Single slider crank chain- It consists of fixed link, crank, connecting rod and a slider.
Double slider crank chain- It consists of fixed link, connecting links and two sliders

w.E forming two sliding pairs and two turning pairs.

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17. Differentiate Completely Constrained Motion and Incompletely Constrained Motion.

When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of the

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direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained motion. e.g,.
The motion of a piston is limited to a definite direction such that it will only reciprocate

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irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank.

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When the motion between a pair can take place in more than one direction, then the

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motion is called an incompletely constrained motion. e.g., a circular bar or shaft either rotate or
slide in a circular hole.

18. Define Successfully Constrained Motion.

g.n
et
When the motion between the elements, forming a pair is such that the constrained
motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, the motion is said to be successfully
constrained motion. Eg: a shaft in a foot step bearing in which the shaft may rotate in a bearing
or it may move upwards.

19. Explain the types of kinematic pair according to the type of relative motion between the
elements

Sliding pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can
only slide relative to another, the pair is known as a sliding pair. It has a completely constrained
motion. Eg: piston and cylinder, cross-head and guides of a reciprocating steam engine

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Turning pair- When two elements of a pair connected in such a way that one can only
turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as the turning pair. It also has
a completely constrained motion. Eg: the crankshaft in a journal bearing in an engine

Rolling pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one link
rolls over the fixed link, the pair is known as rolling pair. Eg: ball bearing and roller bearing

Screw pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one
element can turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known as screw pair. Eg: the lead
screw of a lathe with nut.

Spherical pair- When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one

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element turns or swivels about the other fixed element, the pair formed is called a spherical pair.
Eg: ball and socket joint, pen stand, etc.,

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20. Classify lower pair and higher pair.

When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes place

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and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair formed is known as
lower pair. Eg: sliding pairs, turning pairs, screw pairs

En
When the two elements of a pair have a line or point of contact when relative motion

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takes place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly sliding, then the
pair is known as higher pair. Eg: a pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, cam and follower.

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21. What are the types of kinematic pair based on the type of closure

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Self closed pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected together mechanically in

g.n
such a way that only required kind of relative motion occurs, it is then known as self closed pair.
Eg: lower pairs.

et
Force closed pair- When the two elements of a pair are not connected mechanically but
are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a force closed pair. Eg:
cam and the follower as it is kept in contact by the forces exerted by spring and gravity.

22. What is the use of Oldham’s coupling?

Oldham’s coupling is the inversion of double slider crank chain. It is used for connecting
two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small distance apart (not coaxial). The shafts are coupled
in such a way that if one shaft rotates, the other shaft also rotates at the same speed by the
flanges attached at each ends and intermediate piece.

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23. Define the terms mechanical advantage and transmission angle.

Mechanical advantage of a mechanism is the ratio of output force or torque to the input
force or torque at any instant. Transmission angle is defined as the angle between the coupler or
connecting rod and output link or follower of a four bar mechanism.

25. What do you meant by pantograph?

Pantograph is an instrument used for reproducing a displacement or to make a drawing

exactly to an enlarged or reduced scale and as exactly as possible. It is an inversion of four bar
chain mechanism. This mechanism is generally used in copying devices like engraving or profile
machine, minting, milling, sculpture duplication, etc.,

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26. What is straight line generators and write its types.

w.E Mechanisms which are used to obtain straight line are termed as straight line
mechanisms. A particular point in the mechanism traces out the straight line for specific purpose
find its application in machine design. It was extensively used in classical machines like steam
engines.
asy
En
Types of straight line generators are the Scott Russel mechanisms, Peaucillier mechanisms,
Hart’s mechanisms and Watt’s indicator mechanisms.

gin
27. Describe the terms (i) Universal joint or Hooke’s joint and (ii) Toggle mechanisms.

ee
A Hooke’s joint is used to connect two shafts which are intersecting at small angle. The

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end of each shaft is forked to U-type and each fork provides two bearings. Applications of
Hooke’s joint are transmission from gear box to differential and knee joint in milling machines,
etc.,
g.n
et
Toggle mechanism- In slider crank mechanism, as the crank approaches one of its dead centre
position, the slider approaches zero. At the instant, the ratio of the crank movement to the slider
movement approaching infinity is proportional to the mechanical advantage. This principle is
used in toggle mechanisms.

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UNIT II
KINEMATICS OF LINKAGE MECHANISMS
1. Define Analysis of Mechanism.

Each link is subjected to definite displacement ,velocity and acceleration. Analyzing

various links in a mechanism to determine the velocity and acceleration is known as analysis of
mechanism. In kinematic analysis, a particular given mechanism is investigated based on the
mechanism geometry plus other known characteristics (such as input angular velocity, angular
acceleration, etc.).

2. What are the different methods of analyzing a mechanism?

ww

Reactive velocity & reactive acceleration,
Instantaneous centre method,

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

Klein’s construction method,
Complex algebra method,


Vector algebra method
Analytical method asy
3. Define Rubbing Velocity.
En
gin
Two links of a mechanism having turning point will be connected by pins. Velocity of rubbing of
pins depends on the angular velocity of links relative to each other as well as direction. The

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rubbing velocity is defined as the algebraic sum between the angular velocity of two links which
are connected by pin, multiplied by the radius of the pin.
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Rubbing Velocity = (ω1±ω2) * r

Where, r is the radius of the pin g.n

et
ω1 and ω2 are angular velocities of link 1 and 2 connected by the pin.

4. Define Relative velocity

Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects moving in different

frames of reference. It is the vector difference between the velocities of two bodies : the velocity
of a body with respect to another regarded as being at rest. Consider two bodies A and B moving
along the parallel lines in the same direction with the absolute velocities VA and VB , then the
relative velocity of A with respect to B is given by

VAB = VB -VA

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5. Differentiate between translation and rotation.

Translation: A slide or translation takes place in a body moves in one direction from one place
to another place. It appears like sliding motion.

Rotation: It is a circular movement of an object around a center of rotation. A rotation is a rigid

body movement, which unlike a translation keeps a point fixed.

6. What is a configuration diagram?

It is a skeleton or a line diagram which represents a machine or a mechanism, to study the

velocity and acceleration of any mechanisms. It is also called as space diagram. It is a line sketch
of a given mechanism drawn to a suitable scale & it is the basis for the construction of both

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velocity and acceleration diagram.

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7. In which case Coriolis component of acceleration is calculated?

When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link is called as coincident

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point. It may have its motion relative to the moving body. In such case, to find the total
acceleration of the mechanism, an additional component of acceleration to be considered, which

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is termed as Coriolis component of acceleration.

8. Define Instantaneous centre.

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The combined motion of rotation and translation of the link may be assumed to be a

called centro or virtual centre) ee

motion of pure rotation about some centre I, known as Instantaneous centre of rotation (also

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g.n
N = n (n-1)/2

where, N- number of instantaneous centre; n- number of links

Types

 Fixed Instantaneous centre

et
 Permanent Instantaneous centre
 Neither Fixed nor Permanent Instantaneous centre

9. Define Kennedy’s theorem (Three centre inline theorem)

Kennedy’s theorem states that, if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have three
Instantaneous centre and lies on a straight line. Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous
centers are located by Kennedy's theorem(Law of three centers).

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10. Define Coriolis Component of acceleration.

When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link is called as coincident point.
Whenever a coincident points exists in a mechanism, in order to find the acceleration at that
point, we have to calculate one more acceleration component which is known as Coriolis
component of acceleration.

ac = 2vs . ω
where, ac- coriolis acceleration; vs- velocity of slider(m/s); ω- angular velocity of
link(rad/s)

11. Define Coincident Points:

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When a point on one link is sliding along another rotating link, then the point is known as

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Coincident Points. Whenever there is coincident point exists in a mechanism, there coriolis
acceleration component exists. eg: Whitworth quick return mechanism and crank and slotted
lever quick return mechanism.

asy
12. What are the steps to be followed during the graphical method of analysis of
mechanisms?
En
gin
Steps to be followed during the graphical method of analysis of mechanisms are:

(i) Draw the configuration diagram to the suitable scale.

ee
(ii) Locate all fixed points in a mechanism as a common point in velocity diagram.
(iii) Choose a suitable scale for the velocity vector diagram.
rin
(iv) Draw the velocity vector of each link perpendicular to the link.

g.n
(v) Measure the velocity vectors of each link and convert the same to the suitable scale
for respective velocity values.

13. Define angular velocity ratio theorem.

et
The theorem states that, the ratio of angular velocities of any two links moving in a
constrained system is inversely proportional to the ratio of distances of their common
instantaneous centre from their centre of rotation. When links move relative to each other,
angular velocity ratio theorem can be used to evaluate the angular velocity of different links.

14. List the steps required to locate the instantaneous centre.

(i) Calculate the number of instantaneous centres, N = n(n-1) / 2

(ii) List all possible instantaneous centres with respect to each link.
(iii) Locate the fixed instantaneous centres and permanent instantaneous centres.
(iv) Using of Kennedy's theorem for locating neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centres.

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15. Differentiate kinematic analysis and kinematic synthesis.

Kinematic analysis: the dimensions of the links are known and the output characteristics like
displacement, velocity and acceleration of a mechanism are determined.

Kinematic synthesis: It is the design or creation of a mechanism to obtain a set of required output
characteristics. Synthesis is opposite to the analysis.

16. Define 'Instantaneous Centre', 'Centrode' and 'Instantaneous Axis'.

• Instantaneous centre is the centre of rotation of a moving body which goes on changing from
one instant to other. Number of instantaneous centres = n(n-1) /2; where, n - Number of links.
• The locus (path) of all such instantaneous centers is known as the 'Centrode'.

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• A line drawn through an instantaneous centre & perpendicular to the plane of motion is called
the 'Instantaneous Axis'.

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17. How to represent the direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to
another point on the same link? give its magnitude.

asy
The direction of linear velocity of a joint on a link with respect to another point on the
same link is perpendicular to the line joining the points. The magnitude of linear velocity of a

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point 'B' on a link AB which rotates with angular velocity ' ω' relative to 'A' is VBA= ω AB x AB

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18. What type of links will have only radial, only tangential and both radial & tangential
components of acceleration?

ee
* If the angular velocity is uniform, then, only radial component will be there.

rin
* The link which moves in a linear direction, will have only linear, that is, tangential
component of acceleration.
g.n
* The links that do not rotate with uniform angular velocity (that is, angular acceleration)
will have both radial and tangential components of acceleration.
et
19. Differentiate Absolute velocity from Relative velocity. Give the relationship between the
angular velocity and linear velocity of a point moving in a curved path.

Absolute Velocity: The velocity of an object with respect to a stationary reference.

Relative Velocity: It is the velocity of an object with reference to another object.
If ' ω' is the angular velocity of a moving link of length(L) then,
the linear velocity of the link, v = ω x L

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20. List the properties of an instantaneous centre.

(i) Instantaneous centre is a point on a member which another member rotates around,
permanently or instantaneously.
(ii) For a slider moving in a straight line, the radius of rotation is infinity and hence the
instantaneous centre lies at infinity
(iii) Instantaneous centre is a point in common between two members where the velocities are
equal, both in direction and magnitude.
(iv) It s the point has zero velocity at a particular instant of time.
(v) The instantaneous centre may lie inside the object or outside the object.

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asy
En
UNIT-III gin KINEMATICS OF CAM

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1. What is a cam? What are the different basic types of cam?

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A cam is a rotating machine element that transmits reciprocating or oscillating motion to

g.n
another element, a follower. A cam may be defined as a machine element having a curved
outline or a curved groove, which, by its oscillation, rotation or reciprocating motion, gives a
predetermined specified motion to another element called the follower.
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Types: Radial or Disc cam, Cylindrical Cam, Wedge Cam, Spiral Cam, Tangent Cam, Circular
Arc Cam
2. What are the important components of a cam and follower mechanism?
Any cam and follower mechanism essentially consists of three components;
(i) Cam - the driving member
(ii) Follower - the driven member and,
(iii) Guide (or) Frame - supporting and guiding member.
A cam may be defined as a machine element gives a predetermined specified motion to another
element called the follower.

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3. What are the applications of a cam and follower mechanism? Give their advantages and
disadvantages.
Cam and follower mechanisms find their place in many machines and mechanisms and
the following are a few examples: (1) Internal Combustion (IC) Engines (to actuate the inlet and
outlet valves). (ii) Textile Machinery (iii) Machine Tools like Lathe, Shaping Machine, Planar
Machine, Slotting Machine (in feed mechanisms) (iv) Paper Cutting Machines (v) Printing
Machines (vi) Clocks
Advantages of Cams: ✓ Very long life ✓ Quiet Operations ✓ Low shock and acceleration ✓
High load carrying capacity Disadvantages of cams: ✓ Rotary input is required ✓ Proper

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manufacturing of the cam must be more essential

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4. Why roller follower is preferable over a knife-edge follower? Explain in brief.
During the operation of the cam mechanism, due to the relative movement between the

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pointed knife-edge of the follower and the cam, excessive friction and wear occurs in the knife-

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edge follower. As the roller rotates about its own axis also during the cam rotation, the friction
and wear is greatly reduced in a roller follower. In view of the above, the roller follower is
preferable over a knife-edge follower.
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ee
i) Due to the sliding motion between the contact surfaces of the knife edge and the cam,

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the small area of the contacting surfaces of roller and cam, the small area of the contacting
surface results in excessive wear.

g.n
ii) Whereas in roller follower the rolling motion takes place between the contact surfaces

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of roller and cam. As the rate of wear is greatly reduced, roller follower is preferred over a knife-
edge follower.

5. Compare the knife edge, roller and mushroom follower of cam

Knife edge follower: used in low speed cams. The wear rate is high at the point of contact.
Roller follower : used where more space is available. The operation is smooth with less
vibration. Used in gas engine valves, oil engine valves, aircraft engine valves.
Mushroom follower : used where the space is limited. Used in automobile inlet & exhaust
valves.

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6. Briefly explain important radial cam nomenclature:

Base circle : Smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile
Cam profile : The surface of the cam that comes in contact with the follower
Trace point: Is the reference point on the follower to trace the cam profile. In case of a knife
edge follower, the sharp end point is the trace point and in case of a roller follower, the centre of
the roller is the trace point
Pitch curve: Is the path of the tracing point Prime circle: Is the smallest circle drawn tangent to
the pitch curve Pitch point: Is the point on the pitch curve at which the pressure angle is the
maximum

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Pitch circle: Is the circle passes through the pitch point & concentric with the base circle
Lift or stroke or throw: Is the maximum displacement of the follower from the base circle of

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the cam

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7 .What are the types of followers?
i) According to the contact of surface:

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a) Knife edge follower
b) Roller follower
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ee
c) Flat faced/mushroom follower
d) Spherical faced follower
ii) According to the type of motion:
rin
a) Reciprocating or translating follower
g.n
b) Rotating or oscillating follower
iii) According to the path of motion:
a) Radial follower
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b) Offset follower

8. What is dwell period in cam mechanism? and Define angle of dwell.

If there is zero movement or zero displacement of the follower during the motion of cam,
it is called as dwell.
Angle of dwell is the angle through which the cam rotates while the follower remains
stationary at the lower or higher positions.

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9. List the various cams based on their shapes. (May 2013)

Translation or flat cam
Radial or disc cam
Cylindrical or drum cam
Globoidal cam
Conjugate or double disc cam

10. What are positive drive and preloaded spring cam?

Positive drive cams do not require any external force to maintain the contact between the

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cam and follower. Eg. : Cylindrical cam.
Preloaded spring cam require helical compression spring in the compressed condition to

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maintain the contact. Eg. : Radial cam.

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11. Define trace point in cams.
It is a reference point on the follower which is used to generate the pitch curve. In case

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of roller follower, the centre of roller represents the trace point whereas in case of knife edge

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follower, the knife edge represents the trace point and the corresponding pitch curve represents
the cam profile.

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12. Define pressure angle. (May 2011, Dec. 2013)

rin
It is the angle between the direction of follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. It

g.n
is very important while designing a cam profile. If its value is too large, it will jam a
reciprocating follower in its bearings.

et
13. What are the different types of follower motion used in cam-follower mechanism?[Dec.
2010]
During the operation, the cam rotates at a uniform angular velocity and the follower may have
one of the following motions:
Uniform velocity motion (Uniform motion)
Simple harmonic motion
Uniform acceleration and retardation motion
Cycloidal motion

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14. What is the effect of infinite jerk in the follower with uniform acceleration and
retardation?
i) In the uniform acceleration and retardation motion of follower due to sudden rise of
𝟒𝐒𝛚
acceleration to a finite value of ( 𝛉𝟐 ) at the start and end of the each stroke infinite jerk is
𝐎

produced.
ii) This infinite value of jerk will produce shock loads which cause vibration and high stresses.
15. Which motion of follower is used for low and moderate cam speed applications ?Why ?
i) Uniform acceleration and retardation motion of follower is used for low and medium

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speed Operations.
ii) Due to infinite jerk, there will be shock loads produced which causes vibration and

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high stresses. Therefore, used for above applications.
16. State the types of cams with specified contours.

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Following are the various types of symmetrical or specified contour cams:
Tangent cam: When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose

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circle, then the cam is known as tangent cam.

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Circular arc cam: When the flanks of the cam connecting the nose and base circles are of

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convex circular arc, such cams are referred as circular arc cams.
Eccentric cam: An eccentric cam is a disc with its centre of rotation positioned 'off centre'.

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17. Explain the effects of change in pressure angle in cam profile. (May 2011, Dec. 2013)

g.n
i) For lower value of pressure angle, the component of force along the motion of follower
can be kept low which reduces the friction between follower and its guides.

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ii) Similarly, if the value of pressure angle is high then the friction between follower and
guides is more. This may cause the follower to jam in its guides
iii) Hence the maximum value of pressure angle is up to 30 ° to 35 °
18. Define undercutting in a cam mechanism. (Dec.2010)
If at any point on the cam surface the curvature is too sharp, then the follower may not
follow the prescribed path of pitch curve. This causes very high amount of contact stresses On
the surface of cam and sometimes remove some material from the cam profile which is called as
undercutting.

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Conditions to avoid undercutting:

By using a smaller roller diameter
By increasing the size of cam
By using internal cams.
By decreasing the follower lift

19 .Why sometimes the axes of translating roller followers in cam follower mechanisms are
offset from the axis of rotation of cam ? (Dec. 2011, Dec. 2012)
i) In the translating roller follower, a considerable side thrust exists between the guide and

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follower.
ii)The offset of axes causes a reduction of the side thrust present in the roller follower.

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20. Which type of cam follower motion is used in high speed engines? Why ? (May 2012)

asy
Cycloidal motion is the follower motion which is used in high speed engines. In case of
cycloidal motion, as the jerk is having finite value throughout the cam angles, it will not produce

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shock loads. Hence, it is best suited for high speed cam applications.

gin
21. Why large pressure angle is not used in cam curves ? (May 2012)
Pressure angle is the angle between the direction of follower motion and a normal to the

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pitch curve. Large value of pressure angle causes the friction between follower and its guides.

rin
This may cause the follower to jam in its guides. The maximum value of pressure angle is upto
30 to 35 °
g.n
22. Write the procedure to draw cam profile.
Following procedure is adapted to draw cam profile: et (Dec. 2013)

1) Draw the displacement diagram of the follower according to the given follower motion
by dividing the cam displacement interval into n equal parts.
2) Draw the prime circle of the cam with radius.
3) Divide the prime circle into segments.
4) Divide each segment of lift, return into same no. of parts as in displacement diagram.
5) Mark the distances equal to lift of follower on radial lines.
6) Obtain the cam profile for different types of followers.

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23. What do you meant by Angle of ascent, Angle of descent and Angle of dwell?
Angle of ascent or out stroke angle: The angle of rotation of the cam from the position when
the follower begins to rise till it reaches its highest position.
Angle of descent or return stroke angle: The angle of rotation of the cam from the highest
position when the follower begins to come down till it reaches its original position.
Angle of dwell: Is the angle of cam rotation during which the follower remains stationary at its
highest or lowest position.

24. Define pressure angle of a cam mechanism and state the ideal value of the (AU, Nov.

ww
Dec. 2013)
Pressure angle is the angle between the direction of the follower and a normal to the pitch curve.

w.E • The greater the pressure angle, the higher will be the side thrust.
• The angle can be reduced by either increasing the cam size or by adjusting the follower
offset.
asy
• For low speed cams, the angle is 45 degrees maximum and for translating follower 30
degrees maximum.
En
gin
25. State tangent cam and the advantages of a tangent cam (AU, April/ May 2011)

then the cam is known as tangent cam. ee

When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose circle,

rin
• These cams are generally symmetrical about the centre line of the cam shaft.

g.n
• These types of cams are used for operating inlet and exhaust valves of IC engines.
• They are simple in shape, easy to manufacture and hence cheaper.

26. Write the procedure to draw cam profile (AU, Nov./ Dec. 2013)
et
(i) Draw the displacement diagram of the follower according to the type of motion. Divide the
cam angles in to required number of parts.
(ii) Divide the vertical lift in to the same number of parts.
(iii) Draw the prime circle and divide it in to the same number of parts as done in the
displacement diagram.
(iv) Transfer the vertical distances of the lift to the radial lines drawn in the
prime circle.
(v) Join the points using continuous smooth curve.

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27. Briefly discuss about the special contour cams.

There are three important types of special contour cams.
(i) Tangent Cam: When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle
and nose circle, then the cam is known as tangent cam. These cams are generally symmetrical
about the centre line of the cam shaft. These types of cams are used for operating inlet and
exhaust valves of IC engines.
(ii) Circular Arc Cam : When the flanks are convex curves connecting the base circle and
nose circle, then the cam is called circular arc cam
(iii) Eccentric Cam: This type is also called as the circular disc cam. It is a circular disc

ww
mounted eccentrically on a cam shaft.

w.E UNIT-IV GEARS

1. Define gear. asy
En
Gears are defined as toothed wheels which can transmit power and motion from one shaft

gin
to another shaft by means or successive engagement of teeth.
2. Give advantages of gear drive.

 ee
It can transmit large power with low velocity.
It has high efficiency.
rin


It is compact in size.
It is more reliable than other drives. g.n
3. Give disadvantages of gear drive.
 Manufacturing cost of gear is high.
et
 Manufacturing process of gears is complicated.
 It requires precise alignment of shafts.
 It requires lubrication system.
4. What are the types of gears ?
1) Parallel shaft axes gears
2) Intersecting shaft axes gears
3) Non-intersecting and perpendicular shaft axes gears
4) Non-intersecting and non-perpendicular shaft axes gears.

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5. Give types of parallel shaft axes gears.

1) Spur gears
2) Helical gears
3) Herringbone gears
4) Rack and pinion gears
5) Internal gears
6. Define addendum.
Addendum is defined as the radial distance of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to the top
of gear tooth. It is also defined as the radial height of the gear tooth above the pitch circle.

ww
7. What is backlash ?
Backlash is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness which is

w.E
measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, it should be zero but practically some backlash

asy
must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal expansion
during manufacturing.
8. Explain circular pitch.
En
gin
The circular pitch is defined as the distance measured along the circumference of the
pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth.

9. Define Dedendum.
ee PC =
πD
Z
=π∙m

rin
g.n
Dedendum is the radial distance of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the

10. What is conjugate action? et

gear tooth. It is also defined as the radial depth of the gear tooth below the pitch circle.

When a pair of mating gear teeth act against each other, rotary motion is produced which
is transmitted from the driving gear to the driven gear. These gears have tooth profiles which are
so arranged that a constant angular velocity ratio is produced and maintained while meshing.
These gears are said to have conjugate action and the corresponding tooth profiles are said to
have conjugate profiles.
11. What is conjugate teeth?
If any arbitrary shape of the tooth is selected for tooth profile of one of the two gears in
mesh, the profile of the other gear may be found to satisfy the law of gearing. Such teeth are
called as conjugate teeth.

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12. Why conjugate teeth are not used generally?

The conjugate teeth profile will transmit the desired motion but objection to such
arbitrarily selected profiles is the difficulty of manufacturing, production, Cost and
standardization. Hence conjugate teeth are not used generally.

13. Differentiate between involute tooth profile and cycloidal tooth profile.
Sl. Involute tooth profile Cycloidal toooth profile
No.
The profile of cycloidal gears is the double

ww1.
The profile of involute gears is
the single curvature
curvature i.e., combination of epicycloid and

w.E
hypo-cycloid.
Due to single curvature profile Due to double curvature profile its manufacturing
2.

asy
its manufacturing is easy. is difficult.

14. Define path of contact.

En
gin
Path of contact is defined as the path traced by the point of contact of two teeth from the
beginning to the end of engagement
15. What is length of path of contact?
ee rin
The length of path of contact is the length of the common normal cut-off by the
addendum circles of the two gears.
16. Define arc of contact. g.n
[Dec. 2012]

et
Arc of contact is defined as the path traced by the point on a pitch circle from start to the
end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
17. What is interference?
The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the root on its matting gear is known as
interference. It will occurs on mating of two non-involute or non-conjugate tooth profiles.
18. What is undercutting?
If the gear of pinion is cut with a standard tool like gear hob which will also interfere
with the portion of the tooth below the base circle and will cut away the interfering material, then
this process is called as undercutting.

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19. What are the methods to avoid interference and undercutting ? [May 2014]
1) Modified involute profile of tooth.
2) Modified addendum of the gear and pinion
3) Increased centre distance.
20. What are the types of standard tooth profile?
1) 14. 5 ° composite system.
2) 14. S° full depth involute system
3) 20 ° full depth involute system
4) 20° stab involute system

ww
21. What is the significance of contact ratio in gears? [Dec. 2010]
The ratio of the length of arc of' contact to the circular pitch is known as contact ratio.

w.E
For smooth and continuous operation contact ratio must be as high as possible. If the contact

asy
ratio is 1.5 it means there are alternately one pair and two pairs of teeth in contact and on a time
basis average is 1. 5.

En
22 . Define the following terms used in gear. [Dec. 2011, May 2012]
a) Pressure angle b) Module
a) Pressure angle: gin
ee
It is the angle between the common normal drawn at the point of contact of the mating

rin
gears and the common tangent at the pitch point. The standard values of pressure angles are 14.
5° and 20°.
b) Module: g.n
m=
PCD of gear
Number or teeth on gear
=
D
Z
mm
et
It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter in mm to the number of teeth of gear.

23 . List down the common forms of teeth. [Dec. 2012, May 2013]
The common forms of teeth are :
1) Cycloidal profile teeth
2) Involute profile teeth

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24. What is the condition stated by law of gearing? [ May 2013, May 2014]
The condition stated by law of gearing is "The common normal at the point of contact
between a pair of teeth must always pass through the pitch point which is the fundamental
condition that must be satisfied while designing the profiles for the teeth of gear".

25. Define gear ratio. [ Dec. 2013]

The gear ratio is defined as the ratio of pinion speed to the gear speed. It is also defined
as the ratio of number of teeth on gear to the number of teeth on pinion or it is the ratio of
diameter of gear to the diameter of pinion.

ww Gear Ratio G =
𝐧𝐏
𝐧𝐆
=
𝐝𝐆
𝐝𝐏
=
𝐙𝐆
𝐙𝐏

w.E
26. What is a gear train? & applications of gear train?
Gear train is combination of two or more gears which is used to transmit motion from
one shaft to another shaft.
asy
Applications of gear train
En
1) Automobiles 2) Clocks 3) Strips
27. What are the types of gear train?
gin
1) Simple gear train
3) Reverted gear train ee 2) Compound gear train
4) Epicyclic gear train
28.What is the advantage of compound gear train over simple gear train? rin
g.n
The main advantage of compound gear train over simple gear train is that a higher speed

et
reduction from the first shaft to last shaft can be obtained by using small gears. Hence compound
gear train requires less space as compared to simple gear train for the given speed ratio.
29. What is epicyclic gear train?.& advantages
A gear train having relative motion of axes is called a planetary or an epicyclic gear train.
In an epicyclic gear train, the axis of at least one of the gears also moves relative to the frame.
Example-hoists.
1) It can be used to transmit high velocity ratio
2) They are compact.

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30. What is the use of differential used in automobile?

Use of differential in automobile
1) To compensate for the difference in distance that the outer wheel travels while the
vehicle is taking a turn.
2) To avoid skidding.
31. What are the role of' idlers in gear trains?
1) To connect gears where a large centre distance is required idlers are used.
2) Idlers are used to obtain the desired direction or motion of the driven gear
32. Write short note on differentials.

ww Differentials is the application of the epicyclic gear train with bevel gear. The function of
a differential gear of an automobile is to transmit the motion from engine to rear wheels and

w.E
rotate the rear wheels at different speeds while the automobile is taking a turn.

asy
En UNIT-V FRICTION

1. What is drive? gin

machine is called as drive. ee
The mechanism used to transmit power and speed from the prime-mover to the driven

rin
2. What are the types of friction?
According to the nature of surface g.n
a) Static friction
According to the condition of surface
b) Dynamic friction
et
a) Dry friction b) Greasy friction c) Film friction.
3. What is frictional devices ? Give examples.
There are devices in which the friction is desirable and efforts are made maximize it, is
called as frictional devices. Example-1) Belts 2) Ropes 3) Brakes 4) Clutches
4. What is dry friction?
When there is relative motion between two completely un lubricated surfaces, then the
friction between them is called as dry friction.
Types of dry friction: i) Sliding friction (ii) Rolling friction.

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5. Define film friction & Define greasy friction

When the two surfaces in contact are completely separated by a thick layer of lubricant
and the friction occurs due to the resistance to relative motion between the surfaces and
lubricant, then the friction is called as film or viscous or fluid friction.
When a very thin layer of lubricant is interposed between two contacting surfaces, then
the friction between them is known as greasy or skin or boundary friction.
6. Define sliding friction & rolling friction
If the two surfaces have sliding motion with respect to each other, the friction between
them is called as sliding or solid friction. Example-Nut and bolt.

ww If the two surfaces have rolling motion with respect to each other, the friction between
them is called as rolling friction. Example-Ball and roller bearings.

w.E
7. Define helix angle.

asy
Helix angle is defined as angle made by helix of the thread with a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the screw.
En
It is given by, 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛂 =
gin 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝
𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰
=
𝟏
𝛑𝐝𝐦

8. What is clutch?
ee rin
Clutch is a mechanism to transmit rotary motion from one shaft (driving shaft to another

g.n
coincident shaft (driven shaft) as and when required, without stopping the driver shaft.
Types of clutches:
1) Friction clutches 2) Positive clutches.
9. What are the functions of the clutch? et
1) when clutch is engaged, the clutch transmits maximum power from engine crankshaft
gearbox input shaft.
2) When clutch is engaging (clutch pedal position-moving up), the clutch accommodates
minor slippages and hence provides smooth drive transmission without jerks.
10. Why shall self locking screw have lesser efficiency?
The self locking screws require friction in between the thread surface the nut. Thus it
requires more effort to lift the body. For this reason the self locking screw have lesser
efficiency.

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11. What is meant by friction clutches?

Friction clutches are the clutches that work on the friction principle that when two
independent disc have relative motion between them, friction is caused.
Types of friction clutches.:
a) Disc Or plate clutches b) Cone clutches
c) Semi-centrifugal clutches d)Centrifugal clutches
12. Give advantages & disadvantages of single plate clutch.
Advantages of single plate clutch are

ww 

Simple in design, construction and working.

w.E 
Better heat dissipation from single plate.
Gear changing with single plate clutch is easier.

asy
It has better torsional vibration absorbing capacity.
Disadvantages of single plate clutch are

En
For higher power transmission, the surface area of clutch plate increases and

 gin
thereby increasing the overall size of clutch.
Clutch pedal force required is high.

13.
ee
Give advantages & disadvantage of multi-plate clutch.
rin
Advantages :
1)The overall size of clutch is smaller. g.n
2) It has higher torque transmitting capacity.
3) Drive transmission smoother.
et
4) Wear and tear of clutch is lower.
Disadvantages
1) The design or clutch-plate set is complicated.
2) It is difficult to service.
3) The cost or rnulti-plate clutch is higher.

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14. Give applications of multi-plate clutch.

It is used where high torque transmission is required such as racing car's etc.
It is also used where overall space is constrained such as scooters, motorbikes, etc.
15. What are the significance of friction with regard to power transmission devices like
clutches and bearings?
The power transmission devices like clutches and bearings work on the principle of
friction. When two friction surfaces are brought in contact with each other and pressed, they are
united due to the friction between them.
16. Explain positive clutches.

ww These clutches are used when positive drive is required. The simplest type of positive
clutch is Jaw clutch which permits one shaft to drive another shaft through a direct contact

w.E
between interlocking jaws. These type of clutches are used in sprocket wheels, gears, pulleys,
etc.

asy
17. What are the desirable properties of belt materials?

 En
High coefficient of friction to transmit the power from one pulley to another.

 gin
High tensile strength to avoid tearing.
High wear resistance and durability.
 High flexibility
ee
18. What is meant by angle of contact (Lap angle)?
rin
g.n
It is the angle made by a common normal drawn to the tangent line at the point of
engagement and at the point of disengagement of the belt on a pulley, at its centre
19. Give advantages of flat belt.
 Flat belts are easy to produce, hence have low cost.
et
 Flat belt are simple to design and manufacture.
 They have higher efficiency.
 Can be operated in dusty and abrasive atmosphere.
20. Give disadvantages of flat belt.
 Flat belts have limited frictional contact and hence have lower power transmitting
capacity.
 Used for limited speed reduction up to 4: 1.
 They are restricted to single belt usage

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21. What are the disadvantages of V-belt drive over flat belt?
 V-belt cannot be used for large distance.
 It is not as durable as flat belt. Since the V-belt subjected to certain amount of creep
therefore it is not suitable for constant speed applications such as synchronous
machines timing devices.
 It is a costlier system
22. What is a brake?
A brake is a device with the help of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a
moving machine or member, in order to stop or retard the motion of a body.

ww
w.E
23. What is the difference between clutch and brake?
The main difference between clutch and brake is that, clutch is used to keep the driving

asy
and driven member moving together whereas brake is used to stop or to control the speed of
moving member.
24. List out commonly used breaks.
En

 gin
Hydraulic brakes, eg. Pumps.
Electric brakes, eg. Eddy current brakes.

ee
Mechanical brakes, eg. Axial brakes.
25. Give desirable characteristics of brake lining material.
rin


A high and uniform co-efficient of friction.
Should withstand high temperatures. g.n


Should have high resistance to wear.
Adequate mechanical and thermal strengths.
et

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PART B QUESTIONS
UNIT I - BASICS OF MECHANISMS

1. Explain with a neat sketch, how an offset slider crank mechanism can be used as quick -
return motion mechanism. Derive an expression to find the quick –return ratio.
2. Explain Elliptical Trammel
3. Explain Coupling rod of locomotive.
4. Explain the constrained motion with neat sketch.
5. What is kinematic pair and Briefly Explain about its classification.
6. Explain beam engine

ww7. Explain double lever mechanism

8. Explain pendulum pump and oscillating cylinder engine.

w.E
9. Explain Whitworth quick -return motion mechanism
10. Explain Scotch yoke mechanism & Oldham’s coupling.
11. A crank and slotted lever mechanism used in a shaper has a centre distance of 300 mm

asy
between the centre of oscillation of the slotted lever and the centre of rotation of the
crank. The radius of the crank is 120 mm. Find the ratio of time of cutting stroke to time
of return stroke
En
12. In a crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism, the distance between the two fixed

gin
centres is 240 mm and the length of the driving crank is 120 mm. Find the inclination of
the slotted bar with the vertical in the extreme position and the time ratio of cutting stroke

ee
to the return stroke. If the length of the slotted bar is 450 mm, find the length of the

rin
stroke if the line of stroke passes through the extreme positions of the free end of the
lever.

g.n
UNIT II - KINEMATICS OF LINKAGE MECHANISMS
et
1. The crank and connecting rod of the theoretical steam engine are 0.5 m and 2 m respectively.
The crank makes 180 rpm in the clockwise direction. When, it is turned 45 0 from the inner
dead centre position. Determine 1. Velocity of the piston, 2. Angular velocity of connecting
rod, 3. Velocity of the point E on the connecting rod 1.5 m from, the gudgeon pin.

2. In the fig., the angular velocity of the crank OA is 600 rpm. Determine the linear velocity of
slider D and the angular velocity of link BD, when the angle is inclined at an angle of 75 0 to
vertical. The dimensions of the various links are OA= 28 mm, AB= 44 mm, BC= 49 mm and
BD =46 mm. The centre distance between the centre of rotation O and C is 65 mm. The path
of travel of the slider is 11 mm below the fixed point C. The slider moves along a horizontal
path and OC is vertical.

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3. The crank of a slider crank mechanism rotates clockwise at a constant speed of 300 rpm. The

ww crank is 150 mm and the connecting rod is 600 mm long. Determine (i).linear velocity and
acceleration of midpoint of the connecting rod and angular velocity (ii).angular acceleration
of the connecting rod at crank angle of 45° from inner dead centre position

w.E
4. The engine mechanism shown in Fig. has crank OB = 50 mm and length of connecting
rod AB = 225 mm. The centre of gravity of the rod is at G which is 75 mm from B. The

asy
engine speed is 200 r.p.m. For the position shown, in which OB is turned 45° from OA,
Find 1. the velocity of G and the angular velocity of AB, and 2. the acceleration of G and

En
angular acceleration of AB.

gin
ee rin
g.n
5. In a pin jointed four bar mechanism ABCD, the lengths of various links are as follows:

et
AB = 25 mm ; BC = 87.5 mm ; CD = 50 mm and AD = 80 mm. The link AD is fixed and
the angle BAD = 135°. If the velocity of B is 1.8 m/s in the clockwise direction, find 1.
velocity and acceleration of the mid point of BC, and 2. angular velocity and 3. angular
acceleration of link CB and CD.
6. In a four bar chain ABCD , link AD is fixed and the crank AB rotates at 10 radians per
second clockwise. Lengths of the links are AB = 60 mm ; BC = CD = 70 mm ; DA = 120
mm. When angle DAB = 60° and both B and C lie on the same side of AD, find 1. angular
velocities (magnitude and 1. direction) of BC and CD ; and 2. angular acceleration of BC
and CD.
7. In a quick return mechanism, as shown in Fig. 8.43, the driving crank OA is 60 mm long
and rotates at a uniform speed of 200 r.p.m. in a clockwise direction. For the position
shown, find 1. velocity of the ram R ; 2. acceleration of the ram R, and 3. acceleration of
the sliding block A along the slotted bar CD.

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ww
w.E
8. The dimensions of the various links of a mechanism, as shown in Fig. 8.41, are as

asy
follows: OA = 80 mm ; AC = CB = CD = 120 mm If the crank OA rotates at 150 r.p.m. in
the anticlockwise direction, find, for the given configuration: 1. velocity and acceleration
of B and D ; 2. rubbing velocity on the pin at C, if its diameter is 20 mm ; and 3. angular

En
acceleration of the links AB and CD.
9. In the toggle mechanism, as shown in Fig., D is constrained to move on a horizontal path.

gin
The dimensions of various links are : AB = 200 mm; BC = 300 mm ; OC = 150 mm; and
BD = 450 mm. The crank OC is rotating in a counter clockwise direction at a speed of

ee
180 r.p.m., increasing at the rate of 50 rad/s2. Find, for the given configuration 1. velocity
and acceleration of D, and 2. angular velocity and angular acceleration of BD.

rin
g.n
et

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10. A mechanism as shown in Fig., the link AB rotates with a uniform angular velocity of 30
rad/s. The lengths of various links are : AB = 100 mm ; BC = 300 mm ; BD = 150 mm ;
DE = 250 mm ; EF = 200 mm ; DG = 165 mm. Determine the velocity and acceleration
of G for the given configuration.

ww
w.E
asy
En
11. In a mechanism as shown in Fig, the crank OA is 100 mm long and rotates in a clockwise
direction at a speed of 100 r.p.m. The straight rod BCD rocks on a fixed point at C. The

gin
links BC and CD are each 200 mm long and the link AB is 300 mm long. The slider E,
which is driven by the rod DE is 250 mm long. Find the velocity and acceleration of E.

ee rin
g.n
et

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UNITIII - KINEMATICS OF CAM

1. Draw a cam profile to drive an oscillating roller follower to the specification given below
 Follower to move outwards through an angular displacement of 20° during the first
120° rotation of the cam
 Follower to return to its initial position during next 120° rotation of the cam
 Follower to dwell during next 120° of cam rotation.
The distance between the pivot centre and roller centre is 120 mm and distance between pivot
centre and cam axis is 130 mm; minimum radius of cam = 40 mm, radius of roller is 10 mm;
inward and outward strokes takes place with simple harmonic motion.

2. Draw the profile of a cam to give following motion to a follower with a flat face: (i) Follower

ww
to have a stroke of 20 mm during 120° of cam rotation. (ii) Follower to dwell for 30° of cam
rotation. (iii) Follower to return to its initial position during 120° of cam rotation.
(iv)Follower to dwell for remaining 90° of cam rotation. Minimum radius of cam = 25 mm.

w.EOut stroke and return stroke of the follower are simple harmonic.

3. Draw the profile of a cam to give following motion to a reciprocating follower with a flat
face:
asy
 Follower to have a stroke of 20 mm during 120° of cam rotation.
 Follower to dwell for 30° of cam rotation.

En
 Follower to return to its initial position during 120° of cam rotation.

gin
 Follower to dwell for remaining 90° of cam rotation.
Minimum radius of cam =25 mm.

ee
Out stroke and return stroke of the follower as simple harmonic motion and uniform
acceleration and retardation motion respectively.

rin
4. A cam with a minimum radius of 25 mm, rotating in clockwise direction with a uniform

g.n
speed of 100 rpm is to be designed to give the motion for a roller follower as follows.
 To rise through 50 mm during 120° rotation of cam with UAUR.
 Fully raised through next 30°.
 To lower during next 60° with SHM.
 Dwell for the remaining period.
et
Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower is offset by 15 mm
from the axis of the camshaft.

5. Draw a cam profile to drive an oscillating roller follower to the specification given below
 Follower to move outwards through an angular displacement of 20° during the
first 120° rotation of the cam
 Follower to return to its initial position during next 120° rotation of the cam
 Follower to dwell during next 120° of cam rotation.
The distance between the pivot centre and roller centre is 120 mm and distance between
pivot centre and cam axis is 130 mm; minimum radius of cam = 40 mm, radius of roller
is 10 mm; inward and outward strokes takes place with simple harmonic motion.

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6. Construct the profile of a cam to suit the following specification.

Cam shaft diameter 40 mm least radius of cam is 25 mm diameter of the roller 10 mm dia
and angle of lift 120° angle of fall 150° lift of the follower 40 mm number of pauses are two
equal intervals between the motions. During the lift the motion is SHM and for falling
Uniform acceleration and retardation the speed of the cam shaft is uniform. The line of stroke
of the follower is off -set by 12.5 mm from the centre of the cam.

7. A cam is designed for knife edge follower with the following data cam lift 40 mm during 90°
of cam rotation with SHM, dwell for next 30°, during the next 60° of cam rotation the
followers returns to its original position with SHM , dwell during the remaining 180°. Draw
the profile of the cam when the line of stroke is off set 20 mm from the axis of cam shaft. The

ww
radius of the base circle of the cam is 40 mm.

8. Draw the profile of the cam for operating the exhaust valve of an oil engine. It is required to

w.E give equal uniform acceleration and retardation during opening and closing of the valve each
of which corresponds to 60° of cam rotation. The valve must remain in the fully open

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position for 20° of cam rotation. The valve is 37.5 mm and least radius of the cam 40 mm. the
follower is provided with roller of radius 20 mm and the line of stroke passes through the
axis of the cam.

En
gin
9. A disc cam used for moving a knife edge follower with SHM during lift and uniform
acceleration and retardation motion during return. Cam rotates at 300 rpm clockwise
direction. The line of motion of the follower has an offset 10 mm to the right angle of the

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cam shaft axis. The minimum radius if the cam is 30 mm. the lift of the follower is 40 mm.

rin
the cam rotates an angle are lift 60°, dwell 90°, return 120 °and remaining angle for dwell.
Draw the profile of the cam and find maximum velocity and acceleration during the lift and
return.
g.n
motion follower with flat mushroom contact face.
Follower to have a stroke 20 mm during 120 ° of cam rotation
et
10. It is required to set out the profile of a cam to give the following motion to the reciprocating

Follower to dwell for next 30° of cam rotation

Follower to return to its original position during 120 ° of cam rotation
Follower to dwell for the remaining period.
The minimum radius of the cam is 25 mm the outstroke of the Follower is performed with
SHM and return outstroke of the Follower is uniform acceleration and retardation.

11. Draw the cam profile for the following data:

Base circle radius of cam is 50 mm, lift is 40 mm, angle of ascent with cyclodal motion is
60°, angle of dwell is 90°, angle of descent with uniform acceleration and retardation 90°
remaining dwell period. Speed of the cam 300 rpm. Follower off set by 10 mm. type of
follower knife edge.

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12. Draw the cam profile for the following data:

Base circle radius of cam is 50 mm, lift is 40 mm, angle of ascent with SHM motion is 90°,
and angle of dwell is 90°, angle of descent with uniform acceleration and retardation 90°
remaining dwell period. Speed of the cam 300 rpm. type of follower roller with 10 mm
radius.

13. A cam with 30 mm is minimum diameter is rotating clock wise at uniform speed of 1200 rpm
and has to give the following motion to roller 10 mm in diameter:
The follower to complete stroke of 25 mm during 120° of cam rotation with uniform
acceleration and retardation
Follower is dwell for next 60°

ww Follower to return to its original position during 900 ° of cam rotation with uniform
acceleration and retardation

w.E Follower is dwell for next 90 °

Draw the profile of cam if the axis of the roller follower is passes through the axis of the cam.

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14. A cam drives a flat reciprocating follower in the following manner:
The follower moves outwards through a distance of 20 mm with SHM during the first 120° of
cam rotation
En
Follower is dwell for next 30°

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The follower moves inwards with SHM during the next 120° of cam rotation.
Follower is dwell for remaining period.

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Draw the profile of the cam when the minimum radius of the cam is 25 mm. and also

rin
calculate the maximum velocity and acceleration during outstroke and inward motion of the
follower when the cam rotates with 200 rpm.

g.n
15. From the following data draw the profile of a cam in which the follower moves with SHM

descent.
Least radius of the cam = 50 mm
Angle of ascent = 48°
et
during ascent while it moves with uniformly accelerated and decelerated motion during

Angle of dwell = 42°

Angle of descent = 60°
Lift of the follower = 40 mm
Diameter of the roller = 30 mm
If the cam rotates at 360 rpm anticlockwise find the maximum velocity and acceleration of
the follower during descent.

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UNIT IV - GEARS
1. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involutes teeth of module 10 mm and 20° pressure angle.
The addendum on each wheel is to be made of such a length that the line of contact on each
side of the pitch point has half the maximum possible length. Determine the addendum height
for each wheel, length of path of contact, arc of contact and contact ratio.

2. A pairs of gears having 40 and 20 teeth respectively are rotating in mesh the speed of the
smaller being 2000 rpm. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth face at the
point of engagement, at the point of pitch and the point of disengagement if the smaller gear
is a driver. Assume that the gear teeth are 20° involute form, addendum length is 5 mm and
module is 5 mm.

ww3. A pinion having 18 teeth engages with an internal gear of 72 teeth. If the gear having involute
profile teeth with 20° pressure angle, module of 4 mm and the addendam on pinion and gear

w.Eare 8.5 mm and 6.5 mm respectively , find the length of path of contact. arc of contact and
contact ratio.

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4. Two spur gears of 24 and 36 teeth of 8 mm module and 20° pressure angle are in mesh.
Addendum of each gear is 7.5 mm. the teeth of involutes form. Determine (i).the angle

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through which the pinion turns while any pair of teeth are in contact. (ii). the velocity of

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sliding between the teeth when the contact on the pinion is at a radius of 102 mm. the speed
of the pinion is 450 rpm.

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5. The following data relate to pair of 20° pressure angle is in mesh,

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Module is 6 mm, number of teeth on pinion and gear are 17 and 49 respectively and
addendum on gear and pinion is one module.
Determine
 The number of pairs of teeth in contact g.n
et
 The angle through which the gear turns while any pair of teeth are in contact.
 The ratio of sliding velocity to rolling velocity at the point of engagement.

6. Two involutes gears of 20° pressure angle are in mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is 20
and gear ratio is 2. If the pitch expressed in module is 5 mm and pitch line speed is 1.2 m/s
assuming addendum as standard and equal to one module. Find
 The angle turned through by pinion when one pair of teeth is in mesh
 The maximum velocity of sliding.

7. Two gear wheels mesh externally and are give the velocity ratio of 3 to 1. The teeth are
involute form; module = 6 mm, addendum = one module, pressure angle =20°. The pinion
rotates 90 rpm . determine
 The number of teeth on pinion to avoid the interference on it and the corresponding
number of teeth on gear wheel

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 The length of path and arc of contact

 The number of pairs of teeth in contact
 The maximum velocity of sliding

8. A single reduction gear of 120kw with a pinion 250mm pitch circle diameter & speed
650 rpm is supported in bearing on either side. Calculate the total load due to power
transmitted, the pressure angle being 20°.

9. The number of teeth on each of the two equal spur gears in mesh are 40 .The teeth have
20° involute profile & the module is 6mm . If the arc of contact is 1.75 times the circular

ww pitch, find the addendum.

w.E
10. A pinion having 30 teeth drives a gear having 80 teeth.The profile of the gears is involute
with 20° pressure angle , 12mm module & 10 mm addendum. Find the length of path of
contact , arc of contact & the contact ratio.

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11. Two involute gears of 20° pressure angle are in mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is

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20 & the gear ratio is 2. If the pitch expressed in module is 5mm & the pitch line speed is
1.2m/s, assuming addendum as standard & equal to one module, find:

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(1) The angle turned through by pinion when one pair of teeth is in mesh;&
(2). The maximum velocity of sliding

ee rin
12. A pair of gears, having 40 & 20 teeth respectively, arc rotating in mesh, the speed of the
smaller being 2000 rpm. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth faces at

g.n
the point of engagement, at the pitch point, and at the point of disengagement if the
smaller gear is the driver. Assume that the gear teeth are 20° involute form, addendum

et
length is 5 mm & the module is 5mm. Also find the angle through which the pinion turns
while any pairs of teeth are in contact.

13. The following data relate to pair of 20° involute gears in mesh; module =6mm, number of
teeth on pinion=17, number of teeth on gear=49, addenda on pinion and gear wheel=1
module. Find (1). The number of pairs of teeth in contact; (2).the angle turned through by
the pinion and the gear wheel when one pair of teeth in contact, and (3). The ratio of
sliding to rolling motion when the tip of a tooth on the larger wheel (a)is just making
contact, (b) is just leaving contact with its mating tooth and (c) is at the pitch point.

14. A pinion having 18 teeth engages with an internal gear having 72 teeth. If the gears have
involute profiled teeth with 20° pressure angle, module of 4mm & the addenda on pinion
and gear are 8.5 mm & 3.5 mm respectively, find the length of path of contact.

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15. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and 20° pressure
angle. The addendum on each wheel is to be made of such a length that the line of contact
on each side of the pitch point has half the maximum possible length. Determine the
addendum height for each gear wheel, length of the path of contact, arc of contact, &
contact ratio.

16. Determine the minimum number of teeth required on a pinion, in order to avoid
interference which is to gear with, (1). A wheel to give a gear ratio of 3 to 1 ;& (2).an
equal wheel..The pressure angle is 20° and a standard addendum of 1 module for the
wheel may be assumed.

ww17. A pair of spur gears with involute teeth is to give a gear ratio of 4:1. The arc of approach
is not to be less than the circular pitch and smaller wheel is the driver. The angle of

w.E pressure is 14.5°. find(1).the least no of teeth that can be used on each wheel, and (2).the
addendum of the wheel in terms of the circular pitch?

asy
18. A pair of involute spur gears with 16° pressure angle and pitch of the module 6mm is in

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mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is 16 & its rotational speed is 240 rpm. When the
gear ratio is 1.75, find in order that the interference is just avoided;(1). The addenda on

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pinion and gear wheel;(2)the length of path of contact ;and (3).the maximum velocity of
sliding of teeth on either side of the pitch point.

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19. A pair of 20° full depth involute spur gears having 30 and 50 teeth respictively of module
4mm are in mesh. The smaller gear rotates at 1000rpm. Determine (1).sliding velocities

g.n
at engagement and at disengagement of pair a teeth,and (2).contact ratio.

et
20. Two gears wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3 to 1.the teeth are
of involute form; module=6mm, addendum=one module, pressure angle =20°.the pinion
rotates at 90 rpm. Determine (1). The number of teeth on the pinion to avoid interference
on it and the corresponding number of teeth on the wheel,(2). The length of path and arc
of contact (3). The number of pairs of teeth in contact, and (4). The maximum velocity of
sliding.

21. A pinion of 20 involute teeth and 125 mm pitch circle diameter drives a rack. The
addendum of both pinion and rack is 6.25mm. what is the least pressure angle which can
be used to avoid interference? With this pressure angle,find the length of the arc of
contact and the minimum number of teeth in contact at a time

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22. A pair of spiral gears is required to connect two shafts 175mm apart, the shaft angle
being 70°. The velocity ratio is to be 1.5 to 1, the faster wheel having 80 teeth &a pitch
circle diameter of 100 mm. find the spiral angles for each wheel. If the torque on the
faster wheel is 75N-m; find the axial thrust on each shaft neglecting friction.

23. In a spiral gear drive connecting two shafts, the approximate center distance is 400 mm
and the speed ratio=3. The angle between the two shafts is 50° and the normal pitch is
18mm. the spiral angle for the driving and driven wheels are equal. Find (1).no of teeth
on each wheel, (2).exact center distance, and (3). Eficiency of the drive, if friction angle
=6°

ww24. A drive on a machine tool is to be made by two spiral gear wheels, the spirals of which
are of the same hand and has normal pitch of 12.5mm. the wheels are of equal diameter
and the center distance between the axes of the shafts is approximately 134 mm. the angle

w.E between the shafts is 80° and the speed ratio 1.25. determine(1). The spiral angle of each
wheel, (2).the number of teeth on each wheel (3). The efficiency of the drive, if the

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friction angle is 6°, and (4).the maximum efficiency..

En
25. The pitch circle diameter of the smaller of the two spur wheels which mesh extrenally
and have involute teeth is 100 mm. The number of teeth are 16 and 32. The pressure

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angle is 20° and the addendum is 0.32 of the circular pitch. Find the length of the path of
contact of pair of teeth.

ee
26. A pair of gears, having 40 and 30 teeth respectively are of 25° Involute form. The

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addendum length is5mm and the module pitch is 2.5mm. If the smaller wheel is the
driver and rotates at 1500 rpm, find the velocity of sliding at the point of engagement and
at the point of disengagement.
g.n
et
27. Two gears of module 4mm have 24 and 33 teeth. The pressure angle is 20° and each gear
has a standard addendum of one module. Find the length of arc of contact and the
maximum velocity of sliding if the pinion rotates at 120rpm

28. The number of teeth in gears 1 and 2 are 60 and 40; module=3mm,
pressure angle = 20°,and addendum=0.318 of the circular pitch . determine the velocity
of the sliding when the contact is at the tip of the teeth of gear 2 and the gear 2 rotates at
800 rpm.

29. Two spur gears of 24 teeth and 36 teeth of 8mm module and 20°pressure angle are in
mesh .addendum of each gear is 7.5 mm. The teeth are of involute form . determine
(1).the angle through which the pinion turns while any pair of teeth are in contact,and (2)

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the velocity of sliding between the teeth when the contact on the pinion is at a radius of
102 mm. the speed of the pinion is 450 rpm.

30. A pinion having 20 involute teeth of nodule pitch 6mm rotates at 200 rpm. And transmits
1.5kw to a gear wheel having 50 teeth . The addendum on both wheel is ¼ of the circular
pitch . the angle of obliquity is 20°. Find (1) the length of path of approach;(2) the length
of arc of contact,(3). The normal force between the teeth at an instant where is only pair
of teeth in contact

31. Two mating involute spur gears of 20° pressure angle have a gear ratio of 2 . The number
of teeth on the pinion is 20 and its speed is 250 rpm . The module pitch of the teeth is

ww 12mm. if the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of approach and the path of
recess on each side are half the maximum possible length , find (1). The addendum for
pinion and gear wheel ;(2).the length of arc of contact ; (3)the maximum velocity of

w.E sliding during approach and recess.

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32. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10mm and 20° pressure
angle. If the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of contact is maximum and

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interference is just avoided, find the addendum for each gear wheel , path of contact , arc
of contact and contact ratio.

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33. A 20° involute pinion with 20 teeth drives a gear having 60 teeth. Module is 8 mm and

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addendum of each gear is 10 mm.(1)state whether interference occurs or not, (2).find the

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length of path of approach and arc of approach if pinion is the driver.

g.n
34. A pair of spur wheel with involve teeth is to give a gear ratio of 3 to 1.The arc of
approach is not to be less than the circular pitch and the smaller wheel is the driver . The

What is the addendum of the wheel in terms of the circular pitch? et

pressure angle is 20°.What is the least number of teeth that can be used on each wheel?

35. Two gears wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3 . the teeth are of
involute form of module 6. The standard addendum is 1 module. If the pressure angle is
18° and pinion rotates at 90 rpm. Find (1). The number of teeth on each wheel so that the
interference is just avoided,(2). The length of the path of contact and (3) the maximum
velocity of sliding between the teeth.

36. A pinion with 24 involute teeth of 150 mm of pitch circle diameter drives a rack . The
addendum of the pinion and rack is 6 mm. Find the least pressure angle which can be
used if under cutting of the teeth is to be avoided. Using this pressure angle, find the
length of the arc of contact and the minimum number of teeth in contact at one time.

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37. In a epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A & B having 36 and 45 teeth
respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 rpm in anticlockwise direction about the center of
the gear A which is fixed , determine the speed of the gear B . if the gear A instead of
being fixed, makes 300 rpm in the clockwise direction, what will be the speed of gear B?
38. In a reverted epicyclic gear train, the arm A carries two gears B and C and a compound
gear D-E. The gear B meshes with gear E and the gear C meshes with gear D. the number
of teeth on gears B,C and D are 75,30,& 90 respectively. Find the speed and direction of
gear C when gear B is fixed and the arm A makes 100 rpm clockwise.
39. In an epicyclic gear train, the internal wheels A&B and compound wheels C&D rotate
independently about axis O. the wheels E&F rotate on pins fixed to the arm G .E gears
with A& C and F gears with B&D. all the wheels have the same module and the number

ww of teeth are : Tc =28: Td =26; Te= Tf =18. (1) sketch the arrangement;(2) find the no of
teeth on A& B;(3) if the arm G makes 100 rpm clockwise and A is fixed find the speed of
B(4) if the arm G makes 100 rpm clockwise ,and wheel A makes 10 rpm counter

w.E clockwise ; find the speed of wheel B.

40. Two shafts A&B are co axial. A gear C (50 teeth) is rigidly mounted on the shaft A. a

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compound gear D-E gears with an internal gear G .D has 20 teeth and gears with C and E
has 35 teeth and gears with an internal gear G. The gear G is fixed and is concentric with

En
the shaft axis . the compound gear D-E is mounted on a pin which projects from an arm
keyed to the shaft B. sketch the arrangement and find the number of teeth on internal gear

gin
G assuming that all gears have the same module. If the shaft A rotates at 110 rpm. Find
the speed of shaft B.

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41. An internal wheel B with 80 teeth is keyed to a shaft F. a fixed internal wheel C with 82

rin
teeth is concentric with B . a compound wheel D-Egears with the two internal wheels ; D
has 28 teeth and gears with C while E gears with B. the compound wheels revolve freely

g.n
on a pin which projects from a disc keyed to a shaft A cooxial with F. If the wheels have
the same pitch and the shaft A makes the same pitch and the shaft A makes 800 rpm.,
what is the speed of the shaft F? sketch the arrangement.
et
42. A compound epicyclic gear train in fig. the gears A, D and E are free to rotate on the axis
P. the compound gear B & C rotate together on the axis Q at the end of the arm F. all gear
s are equal pitch. The number of external gear teeth on the gears A, B and C are 18, 45
and 21 respectively. The gears D and E are annular gears. The gear A rotates at 100 rpm
in CCW and D rotates at 450 rpm CW. Find the speed and direction of the arm and gear
E.
43. In an epicyclic gear train of Sun and Planet type as show in fig. the pitch circle diameter
of internal toothed ring D is to be 216 mm and module 4 mm. when the ring D is
stationary. The spider A which carries three planet wheels C of equal in size is to be
make one revolution in the same sense as a sun wheel B for every five revolutions of the
driving spindle carrying the sun wheel B. Det. The suitable number of teeth for all
wheels.

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UNIT V - FRICTION
1. A single dry plate clutch transmits 9.5 kW power at 950 rpm. The axial pressure limited to
0.07 N/mm2 if the co efficient of friction is 0.25. find the mean radius and face width of
friction lining assuming the ratio of mean radius to face width as 4 and outer and inner radii
of the clutch plate
2. A single plate clutch with both sides effective has outer and inner radius 150 mm and 100
mm respectively. The maximum pressure intensity at the any point is not exceeds to 0.1
N/mm2. The co efficient of friction is 0.3. Det. The power transmitted by the clutch at a speed
of 2500 rpm for both uniform wear and uniform pressure theory.
3. A friction clutch multi plate is meant for transmitting a power of 55 kW at 1600 rpm. The co

ww efficient of friction is 0.1. Actual intensity pressure not exceeds to 0.16 N/mm2. The external
radius is 125 mm and is 1.25 times of internal radius. Det. the number of plate needed to

w.E
transmits the required torque.
4. The pitch of 50 mm mean diameter threaded screw of screw jack is 12.5 mm. The co efficient
of friction for screw is 0.13. Det. torque required on the screw to raise a load of 25 kN.

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Assuming load rotates with screw. Det. the ratio of torque required to raise and lowered the
load. And efficiency of the machine

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5. A load of 10 kN is raised by means of screw jack, having a square threaded screw of 12 mm
pitch and mean diameter 50 mm If the force of 100 N is applied at the end of the lever to rise

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the load what should be the length of the lever used? The co efficient of friction is 0.15. What
is the mechanical advantage obtained?.

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6. The following data is required to a screw jack the pitch of the thread screw is 8 mm and
diameter is 40 mm. The co efficient of friction is 0.1 (screw and nut) and load 20 kN.

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Assuming load rotates with screw. Det. the ratio of torque required to rise and lower and

g.n
efficiency of the machine
7. A screw jack of square thread of mean dia 60 mm and pitch 8 mm. the co efficient of friction
at screw thread 0.09. a load of 3 kN is used to lift 120 mm. Determine a torque required at

et
work done in lifting load through 120 mm. find also efficiency of screw jack.
8. The mean diameter of screw jack having pith of 10 mm is 50 mm. A load of 20 kN is lifted
through a distance of 170 mm. find the work done in lifting the load and efficiency of screw
jack when
Load rotes with screw jack and
The load rest on the loose head with does not rotate with the screw.
The external and internal diameter of bearing surface are 60 mm and 10 mm respectively.
The co efficient of friction for screw as well as bearing surface may be taken as 0.08.
9. A plate clutch has three discs on the driving side and two on driven side. The outside and
inside diameter is 240 mm and 120 mm respectively. Assuming uniform pressure and µ is
0.3. Find the total spring load passing plate together to transmit 285 k W at 1575 rpm.
If there are 6 springs each of stiffness 13 k N/m and each of the contact surface has worn
away by 1.25 mm, find the maximum power that can be transmitted assuming uniform wear.

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