Notes Key Topic 1.7 Rational Functions and End Behavior AP Pc
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Raad Al-Shaikh MD JDNotes Key Topic 1.7 Rational Functions and End Behavior AP Pc
Uploaded by
Raad Al-Shaikh MD JD𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: (Topic 1.
7) Rational Functions and End Behavior Solutions
A 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 is simply the quotient (fraction) of two ________________________.
𝑓(𝑥)
Rational Function: 𝑦 = where 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both polynomials and 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 (𝑥 )
The following are all examples of rational functions:
2 𝑥 $ − 3𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 $ + 4𝑥 − 6
𝑦= 𝑦= 𝑦=
𝑥+3 3𝑥 + 4 𝑥 % − 7𝑥 + 11
𝐄𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
The end behavior of a rational function is determined by the leading terms of the numerator and denominator:
𝑎𝑥 !
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑏𝑥 "
𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐈: The leading terms have the same degree (𝑛 = 𝑑)
𝑎
𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭: 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal asymptote: 𝑦 =
𝑏
𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐈𝐈: The denominator dominates the numerator (𝑛 < 𝑑)
𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭: 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal asymptote: 𝑦 = 0
𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐈𝐈𝐈: The numerator dominates the denominator (𝑛 > 𝑑)
𝑎
𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭: 𝑓(𝑥) has the end behavior of the polynomial 𝑦 = 𝑥 !#"
𝑏
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: If the degree of the numerator is exactly 1 more than the degree of the denominator, then 𝑓(𝑥) has a
slant (oblique) asymptote.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏: Determine if the following rational functions have a horizontal asymptote, slant asymptote, or neither.
If the function has a horizontal asymptote, write the equation of the asymptote.
3𝑥 $ + 4𝑥 − 7 2𝑥 − 5 2𝑥 $ − 4
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = b) 𝑦 = c) 𝑔(𝑥) =
5𝑥 $ − 3 𝑥$ + 3𝑥 + 2 5𝑥 + 9
same degree, 𝑛 = 𝑑 denominator dominates 𝑛 < 𝑑 numerator dominates, 𝑛 = 𝑑 + 1
horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = &
% horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 0 slant asymptote
4𝑥 + 5 3 4
d) 𝑦 = e) 𝑘(𝑥) = f) 𝑝(𝑥) = −
8𝑥 − 1 𝑥$ + 3𝑥 − 7 2𝑥 + 1
same degree, 𝑛 = 𝑑 denominator dominates 𝑛 < 𝑑 denominator dominates 𝑛 < 𝑑
' ) horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 0 horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 0
horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = ( = $
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.7 Rational Functions and End Behavior Created by Bryan Passwater
Solutions by Ted Gott [email protected]
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐: Write limit statements to describe the end behavior of the following rational functions
2𝑥 % + 4𝑥 − 1 5𝑥 $ − 8𝑥 + 9 −3𝑥 ' − 𝑥 $ + 𝑥
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = b) 𝑔(𝑥) = c) ℎ(𝑥) =
6𝑥 % − 𝑥 $ + 4 2𝑥 % + 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 % + 4𝑥 + 4
2 1 Left: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 Left: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
Left: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = = *→#, *→#,
*→#, 6 3
Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
2 1 *→, *→,
Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = =
*→, 6 3
d) e)
Left: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 Left: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −1
*→#, *→#,
Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 Right: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −1
*→, *→,
𝐒𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬
If the degree of the numerator is exactly 1 greater than the degree of the denominator, a rational
function will have a slant asymptote that is parallel to the ratio of leading terms.
𝑎𝑥 ! + ⋯ + 𝑐)
𝑓(𝑥) = where 𝑎𝑥 ! and 𝑏𝑥 " are the leading terms and 𝑛 = 𝑑 + 1,
𝑏𝑥 " + ⋯ + 𝑐$
𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) has a slant asymptote parallel to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑏
1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑: Which of the following rational functions has a slant asymptote parallel to the line 𝑦 = 𝑥?
2
𝑥$ + 3 𝑥 $ + 4𝑥 + 1 𝑥 $ + 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥' + 𝑥% + 5
I. 𝑓(𝑥) = II. 𝑔(𝑥) = III. ℎ(𝑥) = IV. 𝑘(𝑥) =
2𝑥 $ + 𝑥 + 6 2𝑥 % + 𝑥 $ + 2 2𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 $ + 𝑥 − 1
A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) III and IV only
)
𝑛 =𝑑+1 𝑦 = 𝑥
$
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬: Topic 1.7 Rational Functions and End Behavior Created by Bryan Passwater
Solutions by Ted Gott [email protected]
