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ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD

POWER TRANSMISSION

LINES.

D(x,y)

Participant Manual
Based on the specifications of the Federal Electricity Commission
^ January '10
 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
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CONTENT
CONTENT...................................................................................................................................................2
CONTENT...................................................................................................................................................5
TOPIC 4. LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE...............................6
GENERAL OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................7
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:...........................................................................................................................7
((When you know something, you maintain that you know it, and when you don't, you admit it, that is
true knowledge. )).....................................................................................................................................8
TOPIC 1........................................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES...................8
1.1. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................9
1.2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE...........................................................11
1.3. STANDARDIZED VOLTAGES IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS..........................................32
1.4. FLOOR PLANS, PROFILE AND PROJECT.............................................................................33
Conclusion of Topic 1. Introduction to Transmission Line Design.......................................................36
TOPIC 2......................................................................................................................................................37
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MECHANICAL DESIGNS FOR CONDUCTOR CABLES,
CONVENTIONAL GUARDS AND OPTICAL FIBERS.........................................................................37
Specific Objective: Upon completion of the topic, the participant will calculate mechanical designs for
conductor cables according to CFE specifications.................................................................................37
2.1- PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE THE USE OF A STRUCTURE....................................38
2.2- CATENARY EQUATION..........................................................................................................40
2.3- BASIC STARTING DATA AND PARAMETERIZATION OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE
PATH. 41
BASIC STARTING DATA:...................................................................................................................41
TRAJECTORY CHARACTERIZATION:............................................................................................42
2.4- DESIGN HYPOTHESIS.............................................................................................................52
2.5- CHANGE OF STATE EQUATION............................................................................................53
ALTERNATIVES TO DETERMINE THE PROPOSED PARAMETER IN THE STARTING
CONDITION (Temperature at 50°C, No Wind and No Ice):.................................................................54
3 .6- COORDINATION OF CATENARIES BETWEEN CABLES: CONDUCTOR AND GUARD 55
Conclusion of Topic 2. Criteria for selecting mechanical designs for conductor cables, conventional
guards and optical fiber...........................................................................................................................56
TOPIC 3......................................................................................................................................................57
ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES...........................................................................57

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3.1- ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE PARAMETERS IN TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN........58
3.1.2. NUMBER OF DISCHARGES THAT IMPACT A TRANSMISSION LINE (NDL).........60
3.1.3. TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE OF SHIELDING CABLES, CONDUCTORS, TOWERS
AND GROUND SYSTEM.....................................................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN CONDUCTORS.................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN GUARD CABLES.............................................................................64
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN STRUCTURES..................................................................................66
FLAMING CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATORS.........................................................................69
3.2 DETERMINATION OF SHIELDING ANGLE TO OBTAIN A DESIRED OUTPUT RATE..........70
3.2.1. SHIELDING ANGLE..........................................................................................................70
3.2.2. ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL......................................................................................71
CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE DRIVER..................................................71
MEAN HEIGHT OF TRANSMISSION LINE (Y)...............................................................................72
CALCULATION OF MINIMUM FLASHING CURRENT.................................................................72
IMPEDANCE PER PHASE:..................................................................................................................72
CRITICAL FLASHING TENSION (CFT)............................................................................................72
CRITICAL ARCHING DISTANCE:.....................................................................................................73
DRIVER HEIGHT PER UNIT OF ARCH:...........................................................................................73
3.2.3 INDEX OF OUTAGES ON TRANSMISSION LINES DUE TO SHIELDING FAILURE........75
SHIELDING FAILURE RATE..............................................................................................................75
SHIELDING FAILURE OUTPUTS......................................................................................................75
3.3. DETERMINATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE TO OBTAIN A REVERSE FLAME INDEX.....76
3.3.1. REVERSE FLAMES............................................................................................................76
3.3.2. NUMBER OF REVERSE FLAME EXITS.........................................................................76
3.3.3. GROUNDING SYSTEMS, DIAGRAMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF RESISTANCE
VALUES 76
VERTICAL ELECTRODES..................................................................................................................77
GROUNDING SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS FOR TRANSMISSION LINES...........................................78
3.4 ISOLATION COORDINATION.........................................................................................................81
3.4.1. CRITICAL FLASHING DISTANCES................................................................................81
CRITICAL LIGHTNING FLASH DISTANCE.....................................................................................81
CRITICAL DISTANCE PER MANEUVER.........................................................................................82
ELECTRODE FACTOR (GAP: K3, K2)...............................................................................................83
3.4.2. DETERMINATION OF INSULATOR LENGTH BY LIGHTNING.................................84
3.4.3. DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF INSULATORS BY MANEUVER..........................84

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3.4.4. DUE TO POLLUTION........................................................................................................84
EXPRESSIONS TO DETERMINE THE No. ISOLATORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION..............87
Conclusion of Topic 3. Electrical Design of Transmission Lines..........................................................88
TOPIC 4......................................................................................................................................................89
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE.................................................89
4.1. TEMPLATES FOR LOCATING STRUCTURES......................................................................90
PLASTIC FLOW IN CABLES (CREEP EFFECT)...............................................................................95
4.2. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES................................................................99
4.3. STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS.........................................................................................101
MANUAL.............................................................................................................................................101
COMPUTER ASSISTED (AUTOCAD)..............................................................................................101
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN SOFTWARE (PLS-CADD).........................................................101
4.4. CROSS PROFILES AND DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS........................................103
4.5. DISTRIBUTION LISTS............................................................................................................106
4.6. CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES.................................................................107
TRUSCA METHOD.............................................................................................................................108
METHODOLOGY USED BY PLS-CADD.........................................................................................108
DESIGN CHECKLIST.........................................................................................................................110
BASIC ENGINEERING.......................................................................................................................110
GENERAL TRAJECTORY AND TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE.........................................................110
PROJECT FEATURES........................................................................................................................110
SELECTION OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES.....................................................................................110
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE DRIVERS...................................................................................110
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND DISTRIBUTION
LISTS....................................................................................................................................................111
DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS..............................................................................................111
CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES............................................................................111
Conclusion of Topic 4. Location of structures on the topographic profile...........................................111
General Conclusion..................................................................................................................................112
LITERATURE.........................................................................................................................................114
Manual prepared by:.............................................................................................................................114
Jose Alejandro Vazquez Palomino.......................................................................................................114
2.1-
2.2- Basic starting data and parameterization of the trajectory of the Line of
Transmission…………………………………………………………………………………… 37

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2.3- Design hypothesis…………...…………………….………………………….………. 41
2.4- Change of state equation… ……………………………………………...…….. 42
2.5- Catenary coordination between cables; conductor and guard…..…………….. 45

TOPIC 3. ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES

3.1. Atmospheric discharge parameters used in the design of the Lines…. 48

3.1.1. - Ground lightning density………………….......................................................... 48
3.1.2. - Number of discharges affecting a Transmission Line……………… 50
3.1.3. - Transient impedance of guard cables, conductors, towers and ground
system…………...……….………………………………………………………………………. 53
3.2. - Determination of the shielding angle to obtain an output index
desired………………………………………………........................................................... 59
3.2.1. - Shielding angle…………………………………………………….……………… 59
3.2.2. - Electrogeometric model………..………………………………….……………… 60
3.2.3. - Transmission Line Output Rate Due to Shielding Failure…….………… 64
3.3. - Determination of ground resistance to obtain a reverse flashover
index…………………….………………………………………………………….……………… 65
3.3.1. - Reverse flashings…………………..…………………………………….……………… 65
3.3.2. - Number of reverse flashover exits…………………………..…….………… 65
3.3.3. - Grounding systems, schemes and improvement of grounding values
resistance.……………………………………………………...………………..…….………… 66

CONTENT
3.4. - Isolation coordination………………………………………………….………. 70
3.4.1. Critical phase-to-ground flashover distances…………………............................. 70
3.4.2. - Determination of the length of lightning insulators………………………………… 73
3.4.3. - Determination of the length of insulators by maneuver...…………….………. 73
3.4.4. - Due to contamination…………………………………………………………… ….. 74

TOPIC 4. LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE

4.1. - Templates for locating structures……………….……………….…………. 79

4.2. - Design criteria for Transmission Lines………………............................................ 84
4.3. - Location plans for structures………………………………………………… 86
4.4. - Cross profiles and determination of extensions..………….………………………. 88
4.5. - Distribution list of structures………………………………………………..…. 91
4.6. - Calculation of arrows and tensions……………………………………………………..…. 92

General conclusion ….. ……………………..……………..………………………….……... 98

Literature………..……………………………………………………………………...…….. 99

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GENERAL OBJECTIVE

At the end of the course, the participant will have the basic elements for the
electromechanical design of Transmission Lines according to CFE specifications.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

TOPIC 1
^ At the end of the topic, the participant will identify the basic concepts for the
electromechanical design of a Transmission Line according to CFE
specifications.

TOPIC 2
^ At the end of the topic, the participant will calculate the mechanical design for
conductor cables according to CFE specifications.

TOPIC 3
^ At the end of the topic, the participant will distinguish the aspects of the
electrical design to be considered in a Transmission Line according to CFE
specifications.

TOPIC 4
^ At the end of the topic, the participant will locate the structures of a
Transmission Line on the topographic profile according to CFE specifications.

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INTRODUCTION

As a result of the institution's commitment to consolidate our quality levels as a world-class

company, it is crucial to develop intellectual capital, focused on being more competent in our
field and thereby achieving continuous improvement in our processes.

This motivates us to evaluate the results obtained and measure the fulfillment of our internal
goals in our work centers, and thus be able to identify the areas of opportunity to take actions
aimed at transforming our weaknesses into strengths.

During these sessions we will identify the elements and aspects to be considered in order to be
able to prepare an Electromechanical Design of a Transmission Line, in accordance with the
specifications of the Federal Electricity Commission.

All this is possible with your participation and commitment during the development of this
course, as well as in the application of the knowledge acquired to define the methodology for
the electromechanical design of Transmission Lines.

In order to achieve the above, the course is structured by identifying the basic concepts and
definitions related to the electromechanical design of Transmission Lines, then we will calculate
the catenaries for conductor cables, we will continue with the electrical design aspects and
finally we will locate the structures of a Transmission Line on the topographic profile.

((When you know something, you maintain that you know it, and when you don't, you
admit it, that is true knowledge. ))

Confusio

TOPIC 1.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF

TRANSMISSION LINES
Specific Objective: At the end of the topic, the participant will identify the basic concepts
for the electromechanical design of a Transmission Line according to CFE
specifications.

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In this topic, the participant will be provided with definitions of the basic concepts related to
electromechanical design, which will position us as a starting point, so we will start with the
essentials, to become familiar with the terms that will be discussed in greater detail later.

To meet our learning objective, we will follow the following sequence:

^ Definition of a Transmission Line.

^ Concept of generation.
^ Transmission Concept.
^ Concept of consumption centers.
^ Basic components of a Transmission Line.
^ Standardized voltages in transmission systems.
^ Floor plans, profile and project.

1.1. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

DEFINITION OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE.- It is one that is made up of bare
conductors in a certain arrangement in space, which in turn form circuits that are insulated in air
by means of glass, porcelain and synthetic accessories, suspended and/or finished in support
structures, located along a path. Their purpose is to transport electrical energy from generation
points to transformation points and finally to consumption centers.

Structure of the electric power supply system

GENERATION.- Principle of conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy, through

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the operation of a generator, which uses different agents to produce this movement, the name
that describes the plant will depend on it, for example: HYDROELECTRIC,
THERMOELECTRIC, GEOTHERMOELECTRIC, NUCLEOELECTRIC, WIND POWER, ETC.

TRANSMISSION-. Once the electrical energy has been generated and raised to voltage levels,
it must be transported through a means of transport to the electrical substations to reduce the
voltage levels so that it can be supplied to the consumption centres (load).

CONSUMPTION CENTERS.- These are the end customers who consume energy for their
product or service transformation processes, which depending on the voltage level can be
classified as industrial, commercial, residential and domestic use.

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1.2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

SUPPORT STRUCTURES.- The basic function of the structures for overhead transmission
lines is to keep the conductors at a certain distance above the ground and from the obstacles
present along the path, providing safety to people and facilities located near the location of the
structures along the axis of the transmission line path. These can generally be made of
galvanized steel, wood and concrete.

TYPES OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES

2 circuit tower, vertical layout 1 circuit tower, Triangular layout 1 circuit tower, Horizontal layout

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TYPES OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES

2 circuit tower, triangular layout

4-circuit post, vertical layout Tower 1 circuit, with Structure formed by section I
retainers, Horizontal posts, Horizontal Arrangement
layout

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TYPES OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES

Truncated cone post, 2C, with Transposition Tower, 1 Circuit Truncated conical post, 2
isolated “akimbo” circuits, boundary
crosspieces type

Aerial-underground Transition Pole, 2 circuit tower, horizontal layout

2 Circuits

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CONDUCTING CABLES.- It is the means by which electrical energy is transported. The

section, its composition and the number of conductors per phase must be the most appropriate
to allow the optimal transfer of electrical power and also withstand the mechanical stresses to
which they will be subjected during the construction and operation of the Line.

The most commonly used conductors in overhead transmission lines are, firstly, aluminium
conductors arranged helically on a series of similarly arranged steel cables, used as
reinforcement, called ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel-Reinforced) and subsequently, cables
made exclusively of aluminium are described: AAC (All-Aluminium Conductor), conductors
made exclusively of an aluminium alloy: AAAC (All-Aluminium Alloy Conductor) and aluminium
conductors reinforced with alloy: ACAR (Aluminium Conductor Alloy-Reinforced).

Types of ACSR cables

Recently, conductor technologies are being used that consist of obtaining low sag and high
temperature, which are intended to use the existing structures of the Transmission Lines,
reducing costs for rights of way and increasing the conduction of current through the conductor.

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Wire Gauge 1113 ACSR 900 ACSR 795 ACSR 477 ACSR
Area (mm2): 603 515,2 468,5 281,1
Diameter without ice (mm): 31,980 29,510 28,140 21,800
Diameter with ice (mm): 41,980 39,510 38,140 31,800
Weight without ice (kg/m): 1,875 1,723 1,624 0,975
Weight with ice (kg/m): 2,3608 2,2109 2,0965 1,3567
Initial modulus of elasticity (kg/mm2): 5483,5 5202,2 5349,8 5856
Final modulus of elasticity (kg/mm2): 6587,1 6678,5 7156,5 7648,6
Initial expansion coefficient (1/°C): 0,0000205 0,00001828 0,0000174 0,00001753
Final expansion coefficient (1/°C): 0,0000208 0,00001926 0,00001882 0,00001882
Breaking Strength (kg): 14039 14650 14165 8820
Mechanical characteristics of ACSR conductor cables

GUARD CABLES.- The main function of guard cables is to prevent atmospheric discharges
from directly impacting the conductor cables of the phases of the circuits, capturing the current
intensity and conducting it through the steel structure to transmit it to the grounding systems
that are ultimately the dissipating elements.

The guard cables used are generally made of galvanized steel or aluminum-coated steel, which
must be able to withstand the mechanical stresses and weather conditions of the areas where
they are installed.

Currently, some transmission lines are being equipped with aluminium-coated steel guard
cables with a core containing optical fibres, through which telecommunication signals are
transmitted to coordinate the protection elements in the collateral Electrical Substations
associated with the Transmission Lines.

1. .Dielectric central element.

2. Water-filled thermoplastic tubes, with 6 or 12 fibers per tube.
t
3. Water blocking tape or threads.
1
4. Aluminum tube.
5. Aluminum coated steel wires.

Optical Fiber Guard Cable (CGFO) –Condumex-

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aluminum tube

aluminium
coated steel
wires

aluminum alloy
threads
loose protection of
the fibers

water blocking and

hydrogen absorbing
compound

| A 36-fiber cable is shown |

Optical Fiber Guard Cable (CGFO)-Pirelli-

Cable Components

Optical Fiber Guard Cable (CGFO)-AFL-

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Type of guard cable 3/8" 7#8 PIRELLI CONDUMEX AFL

Area (mm2): 51,5 58,56 79 105 100,26
Diameter without ice (mm): 9,540 9,780 13,6 14,65 13,00
Diameter with ice (mm): 19,540 19,780 23,6 24,65 23,00
Weight without ice (kg/m): 0,406 0,3896 0,453 0,585 0,574
Weight with ice (kg/m): 0,6167 0,5945 ------ ------ ------
Initial modulus of elasticity (kg/mm2): 15742 15150 12110 11217 13400
Final modulus of elasticity (kg/mm2): 18137 16170 12110 11217 13400
Initial expansion coefficient (1/°C): 0,00001152 0,00001296 0.0000168 0,0000155 0,0000142
Final expansion coefficient (1/°C): 0,00001152 0,00001296 0.0000168 0,0000155 0,0000142
Breaking Strength (kg): 3160 7226 7000 7800 9286

Mechanical characteristics of conventional and optical fiber guard cables

INSULATORS.- These are glass, porcelain or polymeric elements, which when coupled
together and using the appropriate fittings, perform the function of holding the phase conductor
cables of the circuits to the support structure, as well as ensuring electrical insulation between
the potential of the phase conductor cables and the metal parts of the support structures.

In addition, the insulators must be chosen in such a way that they satisfactorily comply with the
electromechanical characteristics and facilitate maintenance once they are energized.

Disc type glass insulators

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Disc type insulator for light Disc type insulator for medium and high
decontamination environments pollution environments

Parts that make up a porcelain disc-type insulator

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Polymeric type insulation

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HARDWARE SETS.- Coupled insulators require elements that allow attachment to both the
crossarms of the support structures and the phase conductor cables of the circuits.

In the case of guard cables, these elements are those that attach directly to the support
structure.

The hardware assemblies must be able to withstand the mechanical stresses transmitted by
the phase conductor cables of the circuits and the guard cables, respectively. Hardware sets
can be classified according to the type of support structure, such as:

^ Suspension assemblies for phase conductor cable

^ Tension sets for phase conductor cable
^ Transposition sets for phase conductor cables

^ Suspension assemblies for conventional guard cable

^ Tensioning assemblies for conventional guard cable

^ Suspension assemblies for guard cable with optical fibers

^ Tension sets for guard cable with optical fibers

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Fig. 36 VERTICAL SUSPENSION ASSEMBLY FOR ONE DRIVER PER PHASE

No. Description Quantity (pcs)

1A Long Ball “Y” Fork 1
2A Long Eye Skull 1
3 Suspension clamp without protective rods 1
1B Short Ball “Y” Fork 1
2B Skull Eye Short 1

Fig. 45 VOLTAGE SET FOR ONE DRIVER PER PHASE WITH A STRING OF INSULATORS

Length

Quantity
No. Description (pcs)
1A Long Ball “Y” Fork 1
2A Skull Hairpin “Y” Long 1
5 Compression Conductor Tension Clamp 900-1113 1
1B Short Ball “Y” Fork 1
2B Skull Hairpin “Y” Short 1

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Fig. 40 "V" SUSPENSION ASSEMBLY ONE DRIVER PER PHASE

No. Description Quantity (pcs)

1A Long Ball “Y” Fork 2
2A Skull Hairpin “Y” Long 2
3 Triangular Yoke V1 1
4 Short Eye “Y” Fork 1
5 Suspension clamp without protective rods 1
1B Short Ball “Y” Fork 2
2B Skull Hairpin “Y” Short 2

Fig. 49 GUARD CABLE SUSPENSION ASSEMBLY

No. Description Quantity (pcs)

1 Link 1
2 Suspension Clamp for Guard Cable 1
3 Cable-Cable Compression Connector 1
4 Cable-Solera Compression Connector 1

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No. Description Quantity

Tension Clamp for Cable Guard Compression Cable-Solera Connector (pcs)

BONE SUSPENSION ASSEMBLY

No. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT No. PIRELLI CATALOGUE

FETTER 1 PIECE GN-16T

2 CHAIN LINK 1 PIECE ESP-16

3 SUSPENSION CLAMP 1 PIECE GAS-3/13.5

4 NEOPRENE COATING 1 PIECE MGAS-3/33.5
5 PREFORMED RODS 1 GAME VPGSAL 13.3/.EFT

6 GROUND CONNECTOR 1 PIECE GCSAL-8/14

7 PARALLEL CONNECTOR 1 PIECE GPC-11/28

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SET DETAIL OF
OPEO VOLTAGE WITHOUT OPTICAL SPLICING
GOFO TENSION ASSEMBLY
No. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT No. PIRELLI CATALOGUE

1 FETTER 4 PIECES GN-16T

2 EXTENSION LINK 2 PIECES TA-1/300

3 SCREWED TENSION CLAMP 2 PIECES PA-1/13.5

4 GROUND CONNECTOR 1 PIECE CC2TT-50/11Q0

GOFO TENSION ASSEMBLY

No. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT No. PIRELLI CATALOGUE

1 FETTER 4 PIECES GN-16T

3
EXTENSION LINK

SCREWED TENSION CLAMP

2 PIECES

2 PIECES
TA-1
PA-1/13.5
/600

4 GROUND CONNECTOR 2 PIECES

CC2mT-

SET DETAIL OF
TENSION WITH OPEO SPLICING

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GROUNDING SYSTEM.- It is the set of elements formed by counter antennas and vertical
electrodes that are determined based on the resistivity measurements of the ground, to obtain
a minimum resistance at the foot of each structure that allows the dissipation of the currents
produced at the time of the incidence of atmospheric discharges on the support structure or
along the interpostal spans on the guard wires.

GROUNDING DETAILS ON SOIL FOOTINGS

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WIRE-ROD-WIRE STEP

WIRE-ROD BUTT

Typical connections in grounding systems

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SHOCK ABSORBERS.- Because the conductor cables are exposed to the action of the wind,
mainly when it occurs at low speeds, which produce high frequency vibrations. The amplitude
of this vibratory movement can reach high values that produce fatigue in the conductor cables
near the termination and/or suspension points of the support structures, with the risk of
breakage of the helically arranged wires. To avoid this risk, damping studies are carried out to
determine the type, quantity and distance of dampers to be installed on each transmission line,
according to the climatic and topographic conditions of the route as well as the tensions
transmitted by the conductor cables.

Stockbridge type shock

absorber

No. OF SHOCK ABSORBERS PER

CLEAR CASH DRIVER

Up to 450 meters 2 pieces (1 on each end)

451 -650 meters 4 pieces (2 on each end)

651 meters and higher 6 pieces (3 on each end)

Number of shock absorbers to be installed on the conductor cable

Typical installation distances for shock absorbers from the coupling or tension points range
from 1m to 1.30m and the separation distance between shock absorbers is between 0.75m and
1m.

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SEPARATORS.- In the case where the Transmission Lines have 2 or more conductors per
phase, it is necessary to apply separators to keep the conductors spaced 45 cm apart along
each interpostal span. These must have the capacity to withstand short circuit currents.

The placement of these accessories can typically be found in the range from 55 to 80 m,
distributed along the span, taking special care that the distances between separators are not
equidistant, the reason is to counteract the wave amplitudes due to the galloping effect.

Preformed separator for 2 conductors per

phase

Separator-shock absorber for 3 and 4 conductors per phase

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TRANSMISSION LINE UNDER CONSTRUCTION 50m —J

(PROJECT)
PLAN VIEW GUARD CROSSHEAD
DRIVER CROSSHEAD

RED PAINT (8)

DRIVER CROSSHEAD STRAIGHT
BODY

BUOYS.- Aluminum or fiberglass sphere, installed on guard cables to signal the maximum
height of Transmission Lines, at intersections with other Transmission Lines, at branches or
junctions with Transmission Lines and in inter-postal clearings in deep ravines. This is done to
avoid accidents during air traffic, preventing possible impacts with the cables of the
Transmission Lines.
DRIVER CROSSHEAD

YELLOW PAINT (17)

YELLOW PAINT (17)

GUARD CABLE
FRONT
BUOYS VIEW

GUARD CABLES
UPPER DRIVER
AVERAGE DRIVER
LOWER DRIVER

LOWER HEIGHT TRANSMISSION LINE

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PROFILE VIEW

It should be noted that the above diagram is only demonstrative, the placement of buoys must
be based on the reference standard NRF-042-CFE "SIGNALING OF OVERHEAD AND
UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION LINES (POWER CABLES), FOR AERIAL INSPECTION,
AIR, MARITIME AND LAND TRAFFIC"

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Materials
Brand Amount Description
1 2 Bipartite aluminum sphere
2 4 Aluminum hardware for fastening
3 8 * 3/8" x 1" screw
4 4 3/8" x 1 3/4" screw
5 4 * 3/16" x 3/4" screw
6 1 Centering

Total Weight 4.50 Kg

Includes the supply of screws, nuts, flat and pressure washers.

* Include 2 pieces of flat washer.

Features of the Aluminum Buoy

Buoys for aerial signaling
Item Description Unit Amount
1 Total Weight (including: screws and fastening hardware) Kg 4.50

2 Inside diameter mm 510

3 Thickness of aluminum sheet (minimum) mm 0.80 (18 gauge)
4 Final finish. Color Orange

Parts that make up an aluminum buoy

Aluminum buoys installed on transmission lines

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1.3. STANDARDIZED VOLTAGES IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

The nominal voltages used for the transmission of electrical energy in our country are greater
than 115 kV, which are considered high voltages and are classified as follows:

PREFERRED.- These are the voltage levels that must be used throughout the national
electrical system: 115kV, 230kV and 400kV.

RESTRICTED.- Refers to voltage levels that cannot be eliminated due to the degree of
development and the value of existing facilities, but no future expansions are planned, we are
talking about: 138kV and 161kV.

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1.4. FLOOR PLANS, PROFILE AND PROJECT

GENERAL TRAJECTORY: A plan generally at a scale of 1:50,000, in which the polygonal line
representing the trajectory of the Transmission Line is drawn on topographic maps published
by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI), starting from the
origin Substation to the final point, which may be the destination Substation or the connection
point to an existing Transmission Line.

This document provides us with the following information:

Number of inflection points (IP)

Type of terrain (flat, rolling or mountainous)
Total length of the Transmission Line
Types of crossings along the path

Extract from a general trajectory plan

PLAN AND TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE: Plan Once the path of the Transmission Line has
been defined, the topographic survey is carried out in the field, which will begin at the central

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point of the frame of the bay of the origin substation and will be called 0+000 of the chain and
will end in the center of the frame of the bay of the destination substation with the chain
corresponding to the actual length of the Transmission Line.

The final result is to obtain the “Topography, Plan and Profile” plans that will be produced in
non-deformable polyester film formats with a millimetric grid and the scales that will be used
are:

HORIZONTAL SCALE
TYPE OF TERRAIN
SCALE VERTICAL
On flat terrain, hills or gentle mountains. 1:2000 1:200
In very rough terrain 1:2000 1:500

Which contain in greater detail the characteristics along the entire path of the line, among
others it provides us with: The elevations of the terrain, the exact distances of the tangents, the
changes of direction (Inflection Points), the crossings such as: railroads, roads, navigable
rivers, types of terrain, urban areas, with other transmission lines, the astronomical directions of
each tangent

PLAN, PROFILE AND PROJECT PLANS: Topographic survey plans in plan and profile in
which the location and height of the structures necessary to comply with the safety distances
and clearances for each of the obstacles along the path are shown.

The information contained in these plans is as follows:

Mileage of the site where the structures have been located

Consecutive number of structures, starting with the first structure after the
finishing frame.
Type of structure
Level of the structure
Effective clearance, average horizontal clearance and vertical clearance
Lowest points of the catenaries

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Extract: Floor plan, profile and project

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Conclusion of Topic 1. Introduction to Transmission Line Design

As seen in this topic, it is important to know the concepts, definitions, components and basic
tensions, as well as the result of an electromechanical design of a Transmission Line, the floor
plans, profile and project.

We start by defining that the purpose of a Transmission Line is to conduct electrical energy
from the generation points to the consumption centers, in the structure of the electrical energy
supply.

The elements that make up a Transmission Line are: Support structures, conductor cables,
guard cables, insulators, hardware, grounding system, shock absorbers, separators, and
signaling buoys.

The standard voltages for transmission systems are: Preferred, 115kV, 230kV and 400kV and
the restricted ones are: 138kV and 161kV.

Finally, we mention that to obtain the floor, profile and project plans, we need to capture the
location and height of structures in the topographic plans, complementing with the following
data: Location mileage, type of structure, Consecutive number, Span values: effective, average
horizontal and vertical, lowest points of the catenary.

Self-Assessment Questions:

What is the purpose of Transmission Lines in the structure of the electric power supply?

Mention 5 components of a Transmission Line?

What are the preferred voltages in transmission systems?

What are the restricted voltages in transmission systems?

Mention 3 data that we can obtain from the floor plans, profile and project?

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TOPIC 2.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MECHANICAL DESIGNS FOR

CONDUCTOR CABLES, CONVENTIONAL GUARDS AND OPTICAL
FIBERS.
Specific Objective: Upon completion of the topic, the participant will calculate
mechanical designs for conductor cables according to CFE specifications.

In this topic, the participant will be provided with basic starting data, including parameters for
the use of structures, mechanical characteristics of the cables, weather conditions in the area
of influence of the Transmission Line, design hypotheses and the state change equation to
calculate and coordinate the catenary curves between cables: conductor and guard.

To meet our learning objective, we will follow the following sequence:

^ Parameters that determine the use of a structure.

^ Catenary equation.
^ Basic starting data and parameterization of the Transmission Line trajectory.
^ Design hypothesis.
^ State change equation.
^ Coordination of catenaries between cables; conductor and guard.

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2.1- PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE THE USE OF A

STRUCTURE.
DEFLECTION (°): It is the maximum angle of change of direction in the trajectory of the
Transmission Line that the structure under study allows without affecting its stability, according
to the structural and electrical design.

MEAN HORIZONTAL SPAN (MHS): It is the semi-sum of spans adjacent to the structure and
is used to calculate the transverse loads acting on the structure due to the action of the wind on
the cables.

VERTICAL SPAN (VS): It is the sum of the horizontal distances between the lowest points of
the catenaries of the conductor cables adjacent to the structure and is used to determine the
vertical loads, acting on the structure, due to the weight of the conductor and guard cables.

USE: The combination of the three previous parameters designates the use of the structure,
expressed: DEFLECTION/AVERAGE HORIZONTAL SPAN/VERTICAL SPAN (°/CMH/CV).

REPRESENTATION OF THE USE PARAMETERS OF A STRUCTURE

CMH=C1+C2 USING THE DEGREES / CMH / CV

2 STRUCTURE

TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE ON THE AXIS OF THE TRAJECTORY OF THE LINE

Structure 1 Structure 2 Structure 3

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COORDINATION OF TRANSMISSION AND TRANSFORMATION PROJECTS

22303502 sh •- h fiñi GR abe dlHU-pehhzM81d2e22i
00'ZI--------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl'LC

Basic silhouette of a structure illustrating its use.

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2.2- CATENARY EQUATION

CATENARY: is the curve described by a chain suspended by its ends and which is subject to a
uniform gravitational field. The word derives from the Latin catenarius, meaning chain.

Likewise, the catenary curve is the one that describes a cable of finite length and constant
density supported by two points; for example, it is the curve that describes an electric cable
between two supports or posts.

Catenary parameter or constant (P): It is defined by the following equation:

T
P = [meters
w

T= Cable tension in the interpostal span (kg) W= Unit weight of the cable (kg/m)

Catenary (y): It is defined by the following equation:

Cosh⎜ x ⎟ -
y =
1 ⎝p⎠
p. ⎢
P=Catenary parameter or constant (m) x=value on the x-axis and x=value on the y-axis

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2.3- BASIC STARTING DATA AND PARAMETERIZATION OF THE

TRANSMISSION LINE PATH.
BASIC STARTING DATA:

The mechanical characteristics of the conductor and guard cables must be as follows:
AND Area mm2
FAI Diameter without ice mm
TH
Fi
Diameter with ice mm
laughe
d Weight without ice kg/m
FJI
Weight with ice kg/m
F Initial modulus of elasticity kg/
but Final modulus of elasticity kg/
EE
Initial expansion coefficient 1/°C
rn
Final expansion coefficient 1/°C
m Breaking Strength kg

We must keep in mind the clearances established in the Specification for the design of
Overhead Lines:

' ' FEDERAL ELECTRICITY COMMISSION

A company SUB-DIRECTORATE OF CONSTRUCTION
UFE Pe world class .
CLEARANCES AND MINIMUM CLEARANCES AT CROSSINGS

MINIMUM CLEARANCES 115 138 kV 230 kV 400 kV

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS AREAS 7.00 7.5C 8.50 10.65

RAILWAYS 15.00 15.00 16.00 18.00
REEL RAS-STREETS-ROADS 9.00 9.2C 10.00 12.20
CULTIVATION FIELDS (CEREALS, LEGUMES. VEGETABLES. ETC.) 7. C0 7.55 9.00 11.00
ORCHARD AREAS (CITRUS FRUITS. APPLE TREES. PLUM TREES. GUAVA 11.00 11.50 12.00 15.CD
COFFEE GROWING AREAS AND “LIVING” FENCES 11.00 11.50 12.00 15.CD
CANE CULTIVATION 13.00 13.2C 14.00 16.CD
NAVIGABLE WATERS 13.00 13.2C 14.00 16.00
FLOOD PRONE AREAS 7.00 - 7.50 + 8.50- TIME 10.65-
TIME TIME TIME
CROSSINGS WITH ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION LINES | 115 kV | 138 KV | 230 KV | 400 kV |
LT UP TO 50 kV 2.74 2.95 3.65 6.10
LT 69 kV 2.93 3.15 3.85 6.29
LT 115 kV 3.39 3.6C 4.31 6.75
LT 138 kV 3.62 3.80 4.54 6.98
LT 161 kV 3.85 4.05 4.77 7.21
LT 230 kV 5.46 7.90
LT 400 kV 9.60
LINES OF COMMUNICATION. TRAM LINES. TROLLEYBUSES OR TRAINS WITH ELECTRIC 5.00 5.50 7.00 8.00
OVERHEAD TRACKS

GRADES:
1. TIME = Maximum Expected Flood Depth
2. Clearances and separations in windless emes and final arrow at 50°C
3. Distances in meters

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From the selected family of structures we obtain the uses and maximum tensions of the
crossarms for conductor and guard cables.

Considering the following criteria:

The use of the structure must correspond to the most predominant one, which are
generally the suspension ones.
The maximum tensions of the conductor cable crossbars and guard must
correspond to the finishing structures.

To obtain the wind pressures on cables, the topographic factors of the terrain, the average
heights of the cables, the operating altitudes are considered and their calculation is described
in the specification: “Towers for Subtransmission and Transmission Lines –J1000-50”.

TRAJECTORY CHARACTERIZATION:

Once the characteristics of the transmission line have been defined in the Electric Sector
Works and Investment Program (POISE), the area of geographic influence is delimited, so the
task of obtaining meteorological data that describe the behavior in terms of the environment is
undertaken, citing mainly the parameters and data source used to be in a position to begin our
specific design.

REFERENCE DOCUMENT FOUNTAIN

National Meteorological System (SMN)
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources
Meteorological database
(SARH)
National Water Commission (CNA)
Ground lightning density
Lightning to ground isodensity map (IIE)
Regional wind speeds Isotach maps (MOC – CFE)
Pollution levels
Contamination of external insulation (CFE-IIE)
From these sources we obtain the following data:

Maximum temperature °C
Average temperature °C
Minimum temperature °C
Regional speed at 10 years km/h
Pollution levels Presence of
ice
Relative and absolute humidity
Ground lightning density Rays/km2/year
PROJECT PARTICULARITIES.- Refers to the special conditions or restrictions that must be
taken into account for our design, these can be due to:

Environmental (protected areas, forests, mangroves)

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Compensatory (irrigated crops, orchards, limits of private properties)

Private (Future expanding companies, railways)
Dependencies (Federal, State, Municipal)
Coexistence with other projects (distribution lines, oil pipelines, gas pipelines,
aqueducts, optical fibers, medians, underground lines, roads).

These restrictions imply additional considerations, in addition to those already described above
(meteorological, topographical, electrical data), which impact the following concepts:

Special bypasses (railways, forests, mangroves, orchards)

Special clearings
Locations of mandatory structures
Types of special structures
Reduced rights of way
Sharing rights of way

Each of these special zones must be captured in the topographic survey plans, to be identified
at the structure location stage.

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AREA : PROJECT COORDINATION OF REVISION No ■ 0

Eep FOR Ezue TRANSMISSION AND TRANSFORMATION
KF2 "FE QUALIFICAT
ION :
WORK INSTRUCTION FOR: PARTICULAR DATE: 18/SEPT/97
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINES
NI 7500-A TRANSMISSION
CLUE: PAGE 6 OF 6

ANNEX “A”

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSMISSION LINES

LT Vallarla Power - Vallarla I Length 12.0 km

CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................................2
CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................................5
TOPIC 4. LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE................................6
GENERAL OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................................7
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:.............................................................................................................................7
((When you know something, you maintain that you know it, and when you don't, you admit it, that is
true knowledge. ))......................................................................................................................................8
TOPIC 1.........................................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES.....................8
1.1. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................9
1.2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE............................................................11
1.3. STANDARDIZED VOLTAGES IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS...........................................32
1.4. FLOOR PLANS, PROFILE AND PROJECT..............................................................................33
Conclusion of Topic 1. Introduction to Transmission Line Design.........................................................36
TOPIC 2.......................................................................................................................................................37
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MECHANICAL DESIGNS FOR CONDUCTOR CABLES,
CONVENTIONAL GUARDS AND OPTICAL FIBERS..........................................................................37
Specific Objective: Upon completion of the topic, the participant will calculate mechanical designs for
conductor cables according to CFE specifications...................................................................................37
2.1- PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE THE USE OF A STRUCTURE.....................................38
2.2- CATENARY EQUATION...........................................................................................................40
2.3- BASIC STARTING DATA AND PARAMETERIZATION OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE
PATH. 41
BASIC STARTING DATA:....................................................................................................................41
TRAJECTORY CHARACTERIZATION:..............................................................................................42
2.4- DESIGN HYPOTHESIS...............................................................................................................52
2.5- CHANGE OF STATE EQUATION.............................................................................................53

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ALTERNATIVES TO DETERMINE THE PROPOSED PARAMETER IN THE STARTING

CONDITION (Temperature at 50°C, No Wind and No Ice):..................................................................54
3 .6- COORDINATION OF CATENARIES BETWEEN CABLES: CONDUCTOR AND GUARD..55
Conclusion of Topic 2. Criteria for selecting mechanical designs for conductor cables, conventional
guards and optical fiber............................................................................................................................56
TOPIC 3.......................................................................................................................................................57
ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES............................................................................57
3.1- ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE PARAMETERS IN TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN..........58
3.1.2. NUMBER OF DISCHARGES THAT IMPACT A TRANSMISSION LINE (NDL)..........60
3.1.3. TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE OF SHIELDING CABLES, CONDUCTORS, TOWERS
AND GROUND SYSTEM......................................................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN CONDUCTORS..................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN GUARD CABLES..............................................................................64
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN STRUCTURES...................................................................................66
FLAMING CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATORS..........................................................................69
3.2 DETERMINATION OF SHIELDING ANGLE TO OBTAIN A DESIRED OUTPUT RATE...........70
3.2.1. SHIELDING ANGLE............................................................................................................70
3.2.2. ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL.......................................................................................71
CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE DRIVER....................................................71
MEAN HEIGHT OF TRANSMISSION LINE (Y).................................................................................72
CALCULATION OF MINIMUM FLASHING CURRENT...................................................................72
IMPEDANCE PER PHASE:...................................................................................................................72
CRITICAL FLASHING TENSION (CFT).............................................................................................72
CRITICAL ARCHING DISTANCE:......................................................................................................73
DRIVER HEIGHT PER UNIT OF ARCH:.............................................................................................73
3.2.3 INDEX OF OUTAGES ON TRANSMISSION LINES DUE TO SHIELDING FAILURE.........75
SHIELDING FAILURE RATE...............................................................................................................75
SHIELDING FAILURE OUTPUTS........................................................................................................75
3.3. DETERMINATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE TO OBTAIN A REVERSE FLAME INDEX.......76
3.3.1. REVERSE FLAMES.............................................................................................................76
3.3.2. NUMBER OF REVERSE FLAME EXITS...........................................................................76
3.3.3. GROUNDING SYSTEMS, DIAGRAMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF RESISTANCE
VALUES 76
VERTICAL ELECTRODES...................................................................................................................77

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GROUNDING SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS FOR TRANSMISSION LINES.............................................78

3.4 ISOLATION COORDINATION..........................................................................................................81
3.4.1. CRITICAL FLASHING DISTANCES.................................................................................81
CRITICAL LIGHTNING FLASH DISTANCE......................................................................................81
CRITICAL DISTANCE PER MANEUVER...........................................................................................82
ELECTRODE FACTOR (GAP: K3, K2)................................................................................................83
3.4.2. DETERMINATION OF INSULATOR LENGTH BY LIGHTNING..................................84
3.4.3. DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF INSULATORS BY MANEUVER............................84
3.4.4. DUE TO POLLUTION.........................................................................................................84
EXPRESSIONS TO DETERMINE THE No. ISOLATORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION................87
Conclusion of Topic 3. Electrical Design of Transmission Lines...........................................................88
TOPIC 4.......................................................................................................................................................89
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE...................................................89
4.1. TEMPLATES FOR LOCATING STRUCTURES.......................................................................90
PLASTIC FLOW IN CABLES (CREEP EFFECT)................................................................................95
4.2. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES.................................................................99
4.3. STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS..........................................................................................101
MANUAL..............................................................................................................................................101
COMPUTER ASSISTED (AUTOCAD)...............................................................................................101
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN SOFTWARE (PLS-CADD)...........................................................101
4.4. CROSS PROFILES AND DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS.........................................103
4.5. DISTRIBUTION LISTS.............................................................................................................106
4.6. CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES...................................................................107
TRUSCA METHOD..............................................................................................................................108
METHODOLOGY USED BY PLS-CADD..........................................................................................108
DESIGN CHECKLIST..........................................................................................................................110
BASIC ENGINEERING........................................................................................................................110
GENERAL TRAJECTORY AND TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE...........................................................110
PROJECT FEATURES..........................................................................................................................110
SELECTION OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES.......................................................................................110
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE DRIVERS....................................................................................110
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND DISTRIBUTION LISTS
................................................................................................................................................................111

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DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS...............................................................................................111
CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES..............................................................................111
Conclusion of Topic 4. Location of structures on the topographic profile............................................111
General Conclusion....................................................................................................................................112
LITERATURE...........................................................................................................................................114
Manual prepared by:..............................................................................................................................114
Jose Alejandro Vazquez Palomino.........................................................................................................114

Lead wire (type): 795 ACSR/AS

Conductors per phase: One

Guard Cable or Optical Fiber if applicable (type): 7#8Alumoweld

Annual temperatures ( °C )

CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................................2
CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................................5
TOPIC 4. LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE................................6
GENERAL OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................................7
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:.............................................................................................................................7
((When you know something, you maintain that you know it, and when you don't, you admit it, that is
true knowledge. ))......................................................................................................................................8
TOPIC 1.........................................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES.....................8
1.1. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................9
1.2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE............................................................11
1.3. STANDARDIZED VOLTAGES IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS...........................................32
1.4. FLOOR PLANS, PROFILE AND PROJECT..............................................................................33
Conclusion of Topic 1. Introduction to Transmission Line Design.........................................................36
TOPIC 2.......................................................................................................................................................37
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MECHANICAL DESIGNS FOR CONDUCTOR CABLES,
CONVENTIONAL GUARDS AND OPTICAL FIBERS..........................................................................37
Specific Objective: Upon completion of the topic, the participant will calculate mechanical designs for
conductor cables according to CFE specifications...................................................................................37
2.1- PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE THE USE OF A STRUCTURE.....................................38
2.2- CATENARY EQUATION...........................................................................................................40
2.3- BASIC STARTING DATA AND PARAMETERIZATION OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE

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PATH. 41
BASIC STARTING DATA:....................................................................................................................41
TRAJECTORY CHARACTERIZATION:..............................................................................................42
2.4- DESIGN HYPOTHESIS...............................................................................................................52
2.5- CHANGE OF STATE EQUATION.............................................................................................53
ALTERNATIVES TO DETERMINE THE PROPOSED PARAMETER IN THE STARTING
CONDITION (Temperature at 50°C, No Wind and No Ice):..................................................................54
3 .6- COORDINATION OF CATENARIES BETWEEN CABLES: CONDUCTOR AND GUARD..55
Conclusion of Topic 2. Criteria for selecting mechanical designs for conductor cables, conventional
guards and optical fiber............................................................................................................................56
TOPIC 3.......................................................................................................................................................57
ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES............................................................................57
3.1- ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE PARAMETERS IN TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN..........58
3.1.2. NUMBER OF DISCHARGES THAT IMPACT A TRANSMISSION LINE (NDL)..........60
3.1.3. TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE OF SHIELDING CABLES, CONDUCTORS, TOWERS
AND GROUND SYSTEM......................................................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN CONDUCTORS..................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN GUARD CABLES..............................................................................64
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN STRUCTURES...................................................................................66
FLAMING CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATORS..........................................................................69
3.2 DETERMINATION OF SHIELDING ANGLE TO OBTAIN A DESIRED OUTPUT RATE...........70
3.2.1. SHIELDING ANGLE............................................................................................................70
3.2.2. ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL.......................................................................................71
CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE DRIVER....................................................71
MEAN HEIGHT OF TRANSMISSION LINE (Y).................................................................................72
CALCULATION OF MINIMUM FLASHING CURRENT...................................................................72
IMPEDANCE PER PHASE:...................................................................................................................72
CRITICAL FLASHING TENSION (CFT).............................................................................................72
CRITICAL ARCHING DISTANCE:......................................................................................................73
DRIVER HEIGHT PER UNIT OF ARCH:.............................................................................................73
3.2.3 INDEX OF OUTAGES ON TRANSMISSION LINES DUE TO SHIELDING FAILURE.........75
SHIELDING FAILURE RATE...............................................................................................................75
SHIELDING FAILURE OUTPUTS........................................................................................................75
3.3. DETERMINATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE TO OBTAIN A REVERSE FLAME INDEX.......76

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3.3.1. REVERSE FLAMES.............................................................................................................76

3.3.2. NUMBER OF REVERSE FLAME EXITS...........................................................................76
3.3.3. GROUNDING SYSTEMS, DIAGRAMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF RESISTANCE
VALUES 76
VERTICAL ELECTRODES...................................................................................................................77
GROUNDING SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS FOR TRANSMISSION LINES.............................................78
3.4 ISOLATION COORDINATION..........................................................................................................81
3.4.1. CRITICAL FLASHING DISTANCES.................................................................................81
CRITICAL LIGHTNING FLASH DISTANCE......................................................................................81
CRITICAL DISTANCE PER MANEUVER...........................................................................................82
ELECTRODE FACTOR (GAP: K3, K2)................................................................................................83
3.4.2. DETERMINATION OF INSULATOR LENGTH BY LIGHTNING..................................84
3.4.3. DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF INSULATORS BY MANEUVER............................84
3.4.4. DUE TO POLLUTION.........................................................................................................84
EXPRESSIONS TO DETERMINE THE No. ISOLATORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION................87
Conclusion of Topic 3. Electrical Design of Transmission Lines...........................................................88
TOPIC 4.......................................................................................................................................................89
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE...................................................89
4.1. TEMPLATES FOR LOCATING STRUCTURES.......................................................................90
PLASTIC FLOW IN CABLES (CREEP EFFECT)................................................................................95
4.2. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES.................................................................99
4.3. STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS..........................................................................................101
MANUAL..............................................................................................................................................101
COMPUTER ASSISTED (AUTOCAD)...............................................................................................101
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN SOFTWARE (PLS-CADD)...........................................................101
4.4. CROSS PROFILES AND DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS.........................................103
4.5. DISTRIBUTION LISTS.............................................................................................................106
4.6. CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES...................................................................107
TRUSCA METHOD..............................................................................................................................108
METHODOLOGY USED BY PLS-CADD..........................................................................................108
DESIGN CHECKLIST..........................................................................................................................110
BASIC ENGINEERING........................................................................................................................110
GENERAL TRAJECTORY AND TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE...........................................................110

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PROJECT FEATURES..........................................................................................................................110
SELECTION OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES.......................................................................................110
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE DRIVERS....................................................................................110
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND DISTRIBUTION LISTS
................................................................................................................................................................111
DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS...............................................................................................111
CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES..............................................................................111
Conclusion of Topic 4. Location of structures on the topographic profile............................................111
General Conclusion....................................................................................................................................112
LITERATURE...........................................................................................................................................114
Manual prepared by:..............................................................................................................................114
Jose Alejandro Vazquez Palomino.........................................................................................................114

Regional maximum wind speed (km/h)

For a 50-year return period: 160 kin/h. 140 km/h (For 10 years)
Contamination level (mg/em-): 0.25 (High)
Location of the maximum level of contamination km 0^000 to km 12+000 and km to km
Ground lightning density (lightning/km2): 3
Maximum altitudes above sea level (m): 100 m above sea level
Minimum altitudes above sea level (m): 10 masl
Type of structures proposed to be used: 2-circuit towers and poles, standardized
Self-supporting Steel Towers. TAR302P, TAD602P. TASG2P. 1219DMP. 1216DMP 1213DMP, 1210SMP. '
............................................................................... ........................................................
Observations: THE TRUNK-CON1CO POSTS WILL BE INSTALLED IN URBAN AREAS

RELATIVE HUMIDITY: 70%, ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY: 7.7 g/nP

Example of input data from a Transmission Line:

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2.4- DESIGN HYPOTHESIS

The design hypotheses for each Transmission Line are directly associated with the
environmental conditions (temperatures, regional wind, presence of ice) and are regulated in
the “Overhead Line Design Specification”.

Ice Description
Conditions
Temp. ºC Wind (Pa) (mm)
Daily curve (EDS): Its purpose is to ensure that the tensions
reached in this case are in accordance with the tensions allowed to
Annual limit wind vibrations, as well as to establish the daily work of
0 0 Finals
Average
the structure. It must not exceed 22% of the breaking voltage of
the conductor cable.
Maximum Arrow: Its purpose is to guarantee the minimum vertical
clearances to any obstacle to be crossed. With the result of this
Maximum condition we obtain the curve with which we will locate structures on
0 0 Finals
(=>50°C) the topographic profile. It must not exceed 22% of the breaking
voltage of the conductor cable.

Maximum Wind: This condition is the most critical and implies the
Maximum greatest stresses to which the project will be exposed, so it must be
Wind carefully analyzed and special care must be taken not to exceed the
Coincident 0 Initials
Pressure design load trees of the structures. It must not exceed 33% of the
breaking voltage of the conductor cable.

Minimum Arrow: It verifies lower or higher vertical crossing distances

Minimum with other transmission or subtransmission lines, and maximum
0 0 Finals tensions in the laying stages. It must not exceed 33% of the breaking
(<=-10°C)
voltage of the conductor cable.

Reduced Wind: This condition is considered the vertical load of the

Pressure
Minimum ice and implies the greatest stresses to which the project will be
Wind 5 Initials
(<=-10°C) exposed, so it must be carefully analyzed and special care must be
Reduced
taken not to exceed the design load trees of the structures. It must not
exceed 33% of the breaking voltage of the conductor cable.
Balancing: Its purpose is to determine the balancing angles to verify
critical distances to natural prominences or lateral constructions. It
16 285 or 187 0 Finals
must not exceed 22% of the breaking voltage of the conductor cable.

Lightning condition: This checks the vertical distances of the upper

phases with respect to the guard wires to determine the optimal
15 41.2 0 Finals shielding along the inter-phase spans. There is no limitation regarding
the breaking voltage since its resulting tensions are covered by the
rest of the load hypotheses.

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2.5- CHANGE OF STATE EQUATION

The purpose of carrying out the change of state in the different design hypotheses is to verify
that the results obtained in each of the conditions are within the values established by the
mechanical restrictions of the conductors or crossarms of the structures proposed for our
project.

The expressions for the state change equation are:

2
S.Z1 -T1 + B(t2 -
M ≈A ⎤ t1)
T1

A ≈γ
2E
≈
N A (S.Z2) 2

Τ1 ≈HA1
B≈ α.E
W
γ C
H2 ≈ T2A* A

W .S2 f
8.H2
≈ C

(WC+Wh)2+W 1/2
Z2 V2
(WC)2
≈
WV PV *D

H
WC
Where:

H1 : Stress under initial conditions (kg)

t1 : Control temperature at which H1 is considered (ºC)

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Z1 : Cable overload under initial conditions without ice and without wind.

T1 : Horizontal component of stress under initial conditions (kg/mm2)

H2 : Desired tension (kg)

Z2 : Cable overload at final conditions

t2 : Temperature corresponding to H2 (ºC)

T2 : Horizontal component of stress in final conditions (kg/mm2)

S: Base span considered (m)

A : Cable section (mm2)

α : Coefficient of linear expansion of the cable (1/°C)

D : Cable diameter (mm)

γ : Unit weight of the cable divided by the area (kg/m-mm2)

E : Final elasticity modulus of the cable (kg/m)

Wc : Unit weight of the cable (kg/m)

Wh : Weight of ice deposited on the cable (kg/m)

Wv : Force due to wind pressure on the conductor.

f : Cable deflection as a function of H2 (m)

A,B,M,N: Constants for calculating T2

Pv: Wind pressure (kg/ ). m2

ALTERNATIVES TO DETERMINE THE PROPOSED PARAMETER IN THE STARTING

CONDITION (Temperature at 50°C, No Wind and No Ice):

1 .- We consider a value less than 20% of the breaking voltage (Tr) of the conductor cable and
subsequently verify that the base span (CB) does not exceed the CMH of the structure.

T50 C° =Tr( 2000)≤

P = °C
50
[meters]
w
2 .- We consider the base span (CB) less than or equal to the CMH of the structure and apply
the expression:
⎜⎛(CB) ⎟⎞ 2

8f ⎠

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CB= Clear base

f= Arrow
P= Parameter
T50°C= Tension at 50°C
w= Cable weight
f = hc - L
hc= Height to the lowest driver's hitch point
L= Ground clearance according to the voltage level of the Transmission Line

With the above we will be defining our starting condition: 50°C, s/v, s/h, final conditions.
3 .6- COORDINATION OF CATENARIES BETWEEN CABLES:
CONDUCTOR AND GUARD
We must take into account that the changes of state are made for the conductor cable, since it
is the one that will largely determine the distribution of structures in the topographic profile, once
the values of the parameter for the catenary curve have been determined in the condition of
50ºC, without wind and without ice (Hot curve).

However, for the purposes of perfect shielding, it would be desirable for the catenary curves of
the conductor and the guard wire to be parallel in all design hypotheses. This is impossible
because the physical composition of the materials that make up both the conductor and the
guard wire are different.

Therefore, we must choose the condition that fulfills the function of adequately shielding our
Transmission Line along all the interpostal spans. This can be achieved by keeping the
distances between the guard wire crossbars with respect to the first lower conductor of our
structure constant. This hypothetical condition is: atmospheric discharge (no wind and at a
matching temperature).

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A=Distance from the guard wire crosshead to the crosshead to the lower conductor
hc=Attachment point of the lowest conductor

L=Bypass to floor

Conclusion of Topic 2. Criteria for selecting mechanical designs for

conductor cables, conventional guards and optical fiber.

As discussed in this topic, it is important to select the correct mechanical tension parameters of
the cables in the design, because this will guarantee the correct operation of the Transmission
Line in each of the weather conditions to which it will be exposed.

We start by defining the parameters that determine the use of a structure, being: Deflection,
Horizontal Average Span, Vertical Span.

We continue to define and understand the expression of the catenary curve, which is the
fundamental part for analyzing the behavior of the conductor cables in a Transmission Line
supported at its ends by structures.

We must keep in mind that within the starting data to be able to determine our values for the
catenary curve, the mechanical characteristics of the conductors, the clearances according to
the voltage level, the temperatures, wind speeds, pollution levels, presence of ice, relative
humidity, and density of lightning to ground are considered.

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Finally, we learned the design hypotheses and equations to analyze our resulting tensions for
each of the weather conditions to which our Transmission Line will be exposed, as well as to
provide adequate shielding by coordinating the catenary curves of the guard wire with respect to
the conductor cable in the condition of atmospheric discharges.

Self-Assessment Questions:

How is the use of a structure defined?

What is catenary?

Describe 3 starting data that are considered to determine the catenary curve?

What are the design assumptions for a Transmission Line?

What does it mean to coordinate catenaries between cables, conductor and guard?

TOPIC 3.

ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Specific Objective: At the end of the topic, the participant will distinguish the aspects of
the electrical design to be considered in a Transmission Line according to CFE
specifications.

In this topic, the participant will be provided with the considerations that must be taken into
account in order to properly design the shielding of a Transmission Line. To do so, we will learn
about the effects that arise from atmospheric discharges and how to contribute to minimizing
the rate of outages due to this phenomenon.

To meet our learning objective, we will follow the following sequence:

^ Atmospheric discharge parameters used in the design of Transmission Lines.

^ Determination of shielding angle to obtain a desired output rate.
^ Determination of ground resistance to obtain a reverse flashover index
^ Isolation coordination.

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3.1- ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE PARAMETERS IN

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN.
3.1.1. LIGHTNING DENSITY TO GROUND: Atmospheric discharges are the source that
produces the greatest number of disturbances and damages in high voltage systems,
producing the highest rate of service interruptions and sometimes even total damage to the
systems, especially in Transmission Lines, this produces significant expenses in electric
companies and inconvenience in users, trying to incorporate high quality indices in the supply
of electric energy, the study of these phenomena to adopt adequate design criteria, allows to
consider from the project stage a significant improvement in the behavior of the Transmission
Lines and other elements, under the condition of atmospheric discharges.

The way to measure the intensity of atmospheric discharges is through the concepts:

CERAUNIC LEVEL (DT): Represents the average number of days with annual storms at the
site. This concept was established in the 1920s to analyze the effect of atmospheric discharges
on transmission systems and is measured by observation at meteorological stations,
determining the days with storms. In a geographical area of a region of a country, the points or
places that have the same ceraunic level are joined together forming an isoceraunic map. The
ceraunic levels are established with periods of 11 years, the reason is because all possible
seasonal variations in a region are covered.

Atmospheric activity is classified into the following ranges:

Stormy Days (DT) Level

5 -15 Low
15 - 30 Half
30 - 90 High

> 90 Very high

GROUND LIGHTNING DENSITY (Ng): Measures the number of atmospheric discharges to

ground that are of interest for the study of electrical systems. This concept was developed at
the CIGRE (International Conference on Large Electrical Networks) and consists of recording,
using a “lightning counter” with a measuring area of 20 km around its installation point, the
variation in the intensity of the electric field in the atmosphere at the time of the discharge. The
measurement period is 11 years.

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The relationship between the ceraunic level and the density of lightning strikes to ground is
expressed by empirical formulas:

CIGAR Ng=(0.12 – 0.20)DT (rays/km2)

IEEE Ng=0.04DT1 .25
(rays/km2)
LATITUD

LATIT

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3.1.2. NUMBER OF DISCHARGES THAT IMPACT A TRANSMISSION LINE (NDL)

NDL= (0.04)DT1 { 0.0133(ht+2hg) + 0.1Sg} (lightning/100km-year)

.25

Where:
ht=Equivalent height of the phase conductor in the Line (m)
hg=Height of the tower guard cable (m)
Sg=Separation between guard wires (m)

Sg=0

Guard cable

Phase conductor

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Guard cable

Phase conductor

hm

CLEAR INTERPOSTAL

hm=Distance from the lowest point of the phase to the floor (m)
f= Conductor arrow at mid-span at maximum temperature.

For flat terrain

ht=hc-{2/3(hc-hm)}
For undulating and mountainous terrain
ht=hg

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Atmospheric discharges can be direct or indirect, taking into consideration that in a

Transmission Line the design elements that intervene to limit the effect of lightning surges are:

The shielding provided by the relative position of the guard wires with respect to
the phase conductors.
The insulation provided by chains of insulators between phase conductors and
grounded parts.
The resistance at the foot of the structure depends on the resistivity of the ground
and the design of the earth network.

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3.1.3. TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE OF SHIELDING CABLES, CONDUCTORS, TOWERS AND

GROUND SYSTEM.

TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN CONDUCTORS

The theory of traveling waves assumes that the lightning current is divided into two parts from
its point of impact, so that the value is now ½, moving in a unidirectional manner and producing
a voltage in the conductors. When the shielding fails due to being deficient or missing, the
discharges affect the phase conductors and the voltage that appears is:

Vc=I/2 (Zc)

Zc= 60 ln (ht/d)

Where:

Vc= Induced voltage (V)

I= Lightning current (A)
Zc= Characteristic impedance ( Ω )
d= Diameter of the phase conductor (cm).
ht = Equivalent height of the phase conductor in the Line

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TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN GUARD CABLES

When discharges occur in the guard cables, the voltage wave that travels due to the
capacitance effect between the guard cable and the phase conductor, produces an electric field
coupling effect such that a voltage is induced in the phase conductors.

Vc=CVg

Vg = 2I Zg

Where:

C= Coupling factor
Vg= Voltage on the guard wire
Zg= Characteristic impedance of the guard cable
hg= Height of guard wire
r= Radius of guard thread

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TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN STRUCTURES

Atmospheric discharges can also have a direct impact on structures, since they behave as
electrodes by being protruding points above ground level. Thus the lightning current produces a
voltage rise from the tip of the tower to the ground and is determined as:

VT=ZTI

Where:

ZT= Characteristic impedance of the tower

I= Lightning current

The characteristic impedance of the tower depends on its geometry (height, diameter,
silhouettes) and has been calculated experimentally using scale models, so that from these the
basic models are obtained to determine the characteristic impedance of the structures:
Sg=0

Conical
silhouette

( hg2
⎜+
2N

ZT = 30 2 1
⎟⎞⎥⎤
ln r ⎠⎦
⎝

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Cylindrical
silhouette

⎛hg⎞ ⎛ hg
ZT = 60ln + 90 ⎞ 60

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FLAMING CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATORS

From the point of view of the insulation design of the Lines, to take into consideration the
reverse flashover voltage, the coupling voltage of the guard cable to the phase conductors
must be incorporated through the coupling factor C. It is also assumed that at the moment a
discharge occurs the Line is energized, that is, there is a sinusoidal voltage from phase to
neutral that is superimposed on the lightning wave.

The voltage that appears in the chain of insulators by reverse effect is:
RZ RZ Z - RL di ZR say
You i(t) - C i(t) + Z +R L ±
R +Z R +Z Z + R dt Vfndt
go =
The terms of the above equation are:

Resistive component of voltage drop

Inductive component for resistive drop due to guard wire coupling

Inductive component of the voltage drop whose value depends on the dielectric
index.
= α
dt current rise

Inductive component of inductive voltage drop

Phase to neutral voltage of the sine wave peak value for discharge, the + sign is
taken when the positive maximum is superimposed and – when the negative
maximum of the wave is considered.

The above equation can be written for the lightning current that produces reverse flashover as
follows:

Z +R Z - R and Z + R
i(t) = CL± Vfn
RZ(1 - C)
Vais RZ dt RZ(1 - C)

When calculating the value of the lightning current that produces reverse flashover, it is
assumed that the voltage in the insulator chain is the basic level withstand voltage.

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3.2 DETERMINATION OF SHIELDING ANGLE TO OBTAIN A

DESIRED OUTPUT RATE.
3.2.1. SHIELDING ANGLE

The function of guard wires on transmission lines is to provide shielding or protection against
direct discharges.

In general, it can be established that lines with two guard wires provide more effective shielding
than those with only one guard wire.

In practical terms, shielding is expressed as an angle between the guard conductors and the
conductors of the external phases of the line.

⎜⎛a
α= ⎟⎞⎝
b⎠
tan -1

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ANGLE h
NEGATIVE

GUARD CABLES

4
DEFINITION OF SHIELDING
PHASE DRIVERS ANGLE

POSITIVE
ANGLE

3.2.2. ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL

This model can be applied to current structures, that is, those in operation, to review their
performance in the face of the phenomenon of atmospheric discharges, or to new structures
and in this way, find the best location for the guard cables in relation to the phase conductors,
based on the concept of the attraction distance, in order to be able to predict the final impact of
a downward discharge approaching the ground.

CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE DRIVER.

For flat terrain:

Yt = Yc – 2/3 f

For undulating terrain:

Yt=Yc

For mountainous terrain:

Yt= 2Yc

where:

Yt = Equivalent phase height of the Line

Yc = height from floor to driver
f = driver's arrow at midpoint of span

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MEAN HEIGHT OF TRANSMISSION LINE (Y)

Y = %Mountainous(Yt) + %Undulating(Yt) + %Flat(Yt)

CALCULATION OF MINIMUM FLASHING CURRENT

I 2TCF
=
Zc

Where: TCF = Critical Flashover Voltage

Zc = Impedance per phase

IMPEDANCE PER PHASE:

2Y
Zc = 60Ln
R

Where : R = Geometric mean radius

GEOMETRIC MEAN RADIUS

(1/N
⎞(N-1)⎤ )

R= N(r)
⎜⎜

2Sen⎜
Where: r = radius of the conductor in meters
πS ⎟⎞ ⎟⎟
⎛ per= phase
separation between conductors per phase (0.450m) N=Number of conductors

⎝
CRITICAL FLASHING TENSION (CFT)

TCF
NBAI ⎝N⎠⎠
= 0
.961CORRECTION.
ALTITUDE

∂= e( H/8150)

∂
CORRECTED TCF = TCF x

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CRITICAL ARCHING DISTANCE:

rc = 9.4 (1.1 I ) 2/3

rg = 0.67(h0.6)(I 0.74)

Where:

h= Total height of the structure

DRIVER HEIGHT PER UNIT OF ARCH:

AND
rc

The space C at half the span per unit of tonnage is:

C
rc

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Dg

Dg = GDARDA THREAD PROTECTION AREA

rg

Tower 4BR2+(DH) 10+1

Electrogeometric model

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3.2.3 INDEX OF OUTAGES ON TRANSMISSION LINES DUE TO SHIELDING FAILURE

SHIELDING FAILURE RATE

R(P(I ≥ Io)NDL
IFB = Flaming / 100km / year
1000
PROBABILITY FOR LIGHTNING CURRENTS

P(I ≥ Io) =⎜1 ⎟

⎜⎜ ⎜⎛I ⎟⎞ 2.6 ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎝31⎠ ⎠
1+

⎛R =
Antilog⎜ α ⎞
⎝ Hg75 1,95⎟-
SHIELDING FAILURE OUTPUTS
NSFB = 0.91(IFB)Departures/100km/year

Where:

Shielding failure rate

No. From departures due to
IFB= shielding failure
NSFB= No. Of rays that strike the LT
NLD= Io= Critical flashover current
α = Hg= Shielding angle
Height of guard wire

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3.3. DETERMINATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE TO OBTAIN A
REVERSE FLAME INDEX
3.3.1. REVERSE FLAMES

When lightning strikes or hits a structure, the potential at the top is determined by the current
and the resistance at the foot of the tower. If the voltage on the structure exceeds the voltage
of the insulator string, flashover will occur.

3.3.2. NUMBER OF REVERSE FLAME EXITS

ISFI = NDL(P(I ≥ Io)0.6 Outputs /100km/year

NDL= (0.04)1.25 { 0.0133(ht+2hg) + 0.1Sg} (lightning/100km-year)

PROBABILITY FOR LIGHTNING CURRENTS

P(I ≥ Io) = 1
2,6⎟
⎟
Where: ⎠
ISFI= Reverse Flashover Exit Index NLD= No. Of rays that strike the LT Io = Critical
flashover current
3.3.3. GROUNDING SYSTEMS, DIAGRAMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF RESISTANCE
VALUES

Grounding systems are the elements of a Transmission Line, responsible for dissipating
transient currents produced by atmospheric discharges into the ground.

Grounding systems are responsible for reducing or avoiding electrical overvoltages in

insulating assemblies, in turn reducing the possibility of service interruptions and damage to
facilities.

The basic elements in the installation of a ground network in overhead line structures are:

COUNTER ANTENNAS

Bare metallic conductor, buried and laid horizontally in a single direction, at a variable depth
and length, which must be connected to the leg of the structure.

Algebraic expression

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δ ⎛ 2L
R C= ⎜ ln - 1
2L⎝ r

VERTICAL ELECTRODES

Conductive body or filling of cylindrical shape, buried and vertical.

Algebraic expression

δ ⎛ 4L
R E= ln - 1
2L⎝ r

Where:
RE, RC= Resistance in Ω
8=Ground resistivity Qm
L= Length of the electrode or counter antenna
r= Radius of the vertical electrode or counter antenna

The total resistance at the base of the structure is the parallel of the counter antennas and
electrodes.

R tower foot = RE // RC

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GROUNDING SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS FOR TRANSMISSION LINES

Depending on the resistivity of the ground, the necessary arrangements are defined to obtain a

resistance <10 Ω.

VERTICAL ELECTRODE

-JE If TO-W

FOR GROUND RESISTIVITIES LESS THAN 100 OHMS/m. FOR GROUND RESISTIVITIES BETWEEN 100 TO 299 OHMS/m.

FOR GROUND RESISTIVITIES BETWEEN 300 TO 499 OHMS/m.

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FOR SOIL RESISTIVITIES BETWEEN 500 TO 749 QHMS/m. FOR GROUND RESISTIVITIES BETWEEN 750 TO 1000 OHMS/m.

DISE ÑO OF THE R ED OF LAND

COUNTER- QUANTITY OF OHMS
RESISTIVITY ANTENNA ELECTRODES
INTERVAL LENGTH IN m PER COUNTER- NETWORK
(OHMS/m) (4 PIECES) RESISTANCE
ANTENNA
LESS THAN
3m 5,58
100
100 to 299 6m 2 8,65

300 to 499 12 m 3 9,02

500 or 749 24 m 5 9,31

750 to 1000 30 m 6 8,66

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In cases where the ground resistivity result exceeds 1000 Ω .m, the design is called "special"
to which a chemical filler and particular electrodes are added with the purpose of improving the
properties of the ground to adequately dissipate the transient currents produced by
atmospheric discharges.

Some chemical fillers used in Transmission Lines

ID Sample content

CuSO4 Copper Penta Hydrated Sulfate

Bentonite Bentonite

QIN National intensifying chemical

Mineral coal Coking coal

Charcoal Cisco Charcoal

QII Imported Intensifying Chemical

Salt NaCl sodium chloride, common salt

Land Topsoil

Mix 1 75% Mineral Coal, 20% Gypsum and 5% Copper Sulfate

Mix 2 75% Charcoal, 20% Gypsum and 5% Copper Sulfate

And so Calcium Sulfate, Gypsum

Mix 3 75% Bentonite, 20% Gypsum and 5% Copper Sulfate

Mix 4 75% Gypsum, 20% Bentonite and 5% Copper Sulfate

Mix 5 75% Bentonite, 20% Gypsum and 5% Copper Sulfate

Polymer Super-absorbent polymer

Coal from Rio Escondido Rio Escondido Mineral Coal (non-coking)

Ash Coal Ash from Rio Escondido.

MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate

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3.4 ISOLATION COORDINATION
Insulation coordination consists of adjusting the insulation distances with respect to the
induced voltage values, due to overvoltages generated by an atmospheric discharge or by
some maneuver. It must also be covered with the total leakage distance according to the level
of contamination in the areas where the Transmission Line crosses.

3.4.1. CRITICAL FLASHING DISTANCES

The critical phase-to-ground flashover distances are calculated using the following expressions

CRITICAL LIGHTNING FLASH DISTANCE

TCFC
d ray
K3

⎜⎛NBAI*Ka
TCFC ⎟⎞
=
⎝ 0.961 ⎠

h ⎟⎞

8150 ⎠
Ka =
e
Where:

drayo= k3= Critical lightning flashover distance (m)

TCFC= Electrode factor (dimensionless)
NBAI= Critical flashover voltage corrected to operating altitude (kV)
Ka= h= Basic impulse insulation level (kV)
Altitude correction factor (Dimensionless)
Altitude above sea level (masl)

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CRITICAL DISTANCE PER MANEUVER

The calculation of the critical distance per maneuver is used for voltages equal to or greater
than 230kV, given that the energization or re-energization of three-phase lines generates
overvoltages.
TCMC
maneuver K2

⎜⎛ NBAM * Ka ⎟⎞
TCMC
⎝ = 0.922 ⎠

h ⎟⎞

8150 ⎠
Ka =
e
Where:

Dmaneuver= Critical flutter distance per maneuver (m)

K2= Electrode factor (dimensionless)
TCMC= Critical flashover voltage per maneuver corrected to operating altitude
(kV)
NBAM= Basic insulation level per switch (kV) Altitude correction factor
Ka= h= (Dimensionless) Altitude above sea level (masl)

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BASIC LEVEL OF BASIC LEVEL OF
NOMINAL LIGHTNING IMPULSE INSULATION TO IMPULSE
SYSTEM STRAIN INSULATION (NBAI), PHASE- BY MANEUVER (NBAM),
VOLTAGE (Tn) IN MAXIMUM DESIGN GROUND IN kV PHASE-GROUND IN kV
kV Vm IN kV
115 123 550 ---

230 245 1050 ---

400 420 1425 1050

Normalized voltage levels

ELECTRODE FACTOR (GAP: K3, K2)

According to laboratory tests, different GAP values have been obtained, which are of great
importance, since they are used depending on the geometric configurations of the
Transmission Lines, as a tool to obtain the minimum distances between phase-to-ground
conductors to avoid disruptive discharge in the insulating medium, in this particular case it is
air.

The definition of GAP is derived from having two electrodes separated at a certain distance “x”
meters and at a reference pressure, where one electrode has a test voltage and the other will
have a reference voltage value equal to zero. This reference value can be ground or a metal
structure, depending on the type of configuration being tested.

CONFIGURATION TYPE K3 K2

Conductor – structure 550 1,25

Driver – window 550 1,20
Factor of electrodes used in Transmission Lines

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3.4.2. DETERMINATION OF INSULATOR LENGTH BY LIGHTNING

d
No.ofInsulators = and

Pa

Where:

drayo= Critical lightning flashover distance (m)

Pa= Insulator pitch (m)

3.4.3. DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF INSULATORS BY MANEUVER

No.ofInsulators = dmaneuver
Pa

Where:

Dmaneuver= Critical flutter distance per maneuver (m)

Pa= Insulator pitch (m)

Creepage Diameter Step

Short description Electromechanical Classification/Material
distance(mm) (mm) (mm)
resistance (kN)

25SVC111 292 111 254 146 Normal/Glass

25SPC111 292 111 254 146 Plain/Porcelain

25SVC111C 292 111 254 146 Corrosive/Glass

25SPC111C 292 111 254 146 Corrosive/Porcelain

25SVC111CC 432 111 254 146 Corrosive-contaminant/glass

Corrosive-
25SPC111CC 432 111 254 146 contaminant/porcelain
Insulator data sheet
3.4.4. DUE TO POLLUTION

External insulations are affected by contamination during normal operation of the equipment at

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system frequency and this parameter influences from a design point of view specifically the
insulation creepage distance, defined as the shortest insulator distance, or the sum of shortest
distances along the contour of the external surface of the insulating material, the relationship
between this distance and the maximum phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground voltage
determines the specific creepage distances.

In the presence of combined environments, the phenomenon of flashover and disruptive

discharge occurs in the external insulation. This becomes more critical in the presence of
drizzle, dew, fog and snow.

These conditions are more severe when the contaminant layers are completely wet without
significant washing, with which the leakage current flows through the contaminant layer,
forming dry bands that decrease the withstand voltage due to the insulation presenting partial
discharges.

The level of contamination is quantified by the amount of milligrams of salt that accumulates
over a certain period of time in an area of one square centimeter of the insulator surface; this
amount is known as: Deposited Salt Equivalent Density (DESD).

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LEVEL OF DESD
TYPICAL ENVIRONMENTS MINIMUM SPECIFIC
CONTAMINATION (mg/cm2)
DISTANCE (m/kV)

- Areas without industry and with a low density of

houses equipped with heating.
- Areas with low density of industries or houses but
subject to frequent winds and/or rain.
Light 16 0.03 – 0.06
- Agricultural areas.
- Mountainous areas.
- All these areas must be located at least 10 to 20
km from the sea and must not be exposed to winds
directly from the sea.
- Areas with industries that do not produce
particularly polluting smoke and/or an average
density of houses equipped with heating,
- Areas with high density of industries or houses
but subject to frequent winds and/or rain.
Half 20 0.06 – 0.12
- Areas exposed to sea winds, but not too close to
the coast (at least several km away).

- Areas with high industrial density and suburbs of

large cities with high density of heaters that
High produce pollution. 25 0.12 – 0.24
- Areas close to the sea or exposed to strong winds
from the sea.

- Moderate extension areas subject to conductive

dusts and industrial fumes that produce conductive
deposits
- Areas of moderate extension very close to the
coast and exposed to the sea breeze or strong
Very High 31 0.24 – 0.48
winds and sea pollutants.
- Desert areas characterized by long periods of
rain, which carry sand and salt subject to regular
condensation.

Pollution levels

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Creepage distance of an insulator

Insulator for light pollution environments Insulator for medium and high
environments
pollution

EXPRESSIONS TO DETERMINE THE No. ISOLATORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION.

⎛Vm⎞ Dft
Dft = Dme⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ No.ofInsulators =
Dfa

Where:

Dft= Total leakage distance

Dme= Specific minimum distance
Vm= Maximum design voltage Dfa= Insulator creepage distance

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Conclusion of Topic 3. Electrical Design of Transmission Lines

According to what has been analyzed in this topic, it is confirmed that the most constant
phenomenon that causes effects on Transmission Lines are atmospheric discharges, because
they are exposed at all times. In view of this, it only remains to take the considerations within
our reach to try to minimize the effects, for which we must adequately select the design
elements: shielding angles, the resistance at the base of the structure and the insulation
coordination of the structures that will support the Transmission Line.

Once we know the trajectory of the Transmission Line and its topographic profile, we will be
able to evaluate an estimate of the number of discharges that will affect them and assess the
dimensions of the effects.

The electrogeometric model will allow us to evaluate our proposed support structures,
determining whether the shielding angles are optimal or, failing that, making the decision to
change the type of structure that covers this optimal shielding condition. With this, we will be
taking actions to reduce the number of outputs due to shielding failure in the Transmission Line.

Reverse flashovers occur when the voltage in the structure exceeds the voltage of the insulator
strings. This is caused by not having a good grounding system in the support structure. This is
another factor to analyze and detect in a timely manner the appropriate grounding system for
each specific type of terrain where the structures are located, this aimed at reducing the output
of lines due to reverse flashing.

Finally, with the insulation voltage levels for lightning impulse or maneuver resistance, the
critical flashover distances are calculated and consequently the number of insulators for this
consideration, and it is also verified according to the contamination levels, the creepage
distances of the insulators are adequate, if not, the type of insulator must be changed for one
with a greater creepage distance, with this the insulation is coordinated both by distance and by
contamination.

Self-Assessment Questions:

What design elements are involved in limiting the effect of lightning surges?

What is the purpose of applying an analysis by the electrogeometric model to the support
structures?

Under what conditions does reverse flutter occur?

What is isolation coordination?

For what voltage levels should insulation coordination be calculated per switch?

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TOPIC 4.

LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Specific Objective: At the end of the topic, the participant will locate the structures of a
Transmission Line on the topographic profile according to CFE specifications.

In this topic, the participant will be provided with the necessary tools to locate the structures on
the topographic profile, to finally obtain the electromechanical design of a Transmission Line,
identifying the main design results.

As a final point, exercises will be carried out to locate structures on the topographic profile
using the manual method and the development of skills and knowledge will be evaluated.

To meet our learning objective, we will follow the following sequence:

^ Templates for locating structures.

^ Design criteria for transmission lines.
^ Location plans of structures.
^ Cross profiles and determination of extensions.
^ Structure mailing list.
^ Calculation of arrows and tensions.

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4.1. TEMPLATES FOR LOCATING STRUCTURES

The template for locating the structure is the graphic representation of the catenary curves
captured in a transparent solid material, generally acrylic is used.

Once all the restrictions established in the design specifications have been met, the template of
the carenary curves is drawn, applying the expression indicated in the
topic 2.2.
-1
CONTENT....................................................................................................................................................2
CONTENT....................................................................................................................................................5
TOPIC 4. LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE...............................6
GENERAL OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................7
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:............................................................................................................................7
((When you know something, you maintain that you know it, and when you don't, you admit it, that is
true knowledge. )).....................................................................................................................................8
TOPIC 1........................................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES...................8
1.1. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS................................................................................................9
1.2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE...........................................................11
1.3. STANDARDIZED VOLTAGES IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS..........................................32
1.4. FLOOR PLANS, PROFILE AND PROJECT.............................................................................33
Conclusion of Topic 1. Introduction to Transmission Line Design........................................................36
TOPIC 2......................................................................................................................................................37
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MECHANICAL DESIGNS FOR CONDUCTOR CABLES,
CONVENTIONAL GUARDS AND OPTICAL FIBERS.........................................................................37
Specific Objective: Upon completion of the topic, the participant will calculate mechanical designs for
conductor cables according to CFE specifications..................................................................................37
2.1- PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE THE USE OF A STRUCTURE....................................38
2.2- CATENARY EQUATION..........................................................................................................40
2.3- BASIC STARTING DATA AND PARAMETERIZATION OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE
PATH. 41
BASIC STARTING DATA:...................................................................................................................41
TRAJECTORY CHARACTERIZATION:.............................................................................................42
2.4- DESIGN HYPOTHESIS..............................................................................................................52
2.5- CHANGE OF STATE EQUATION............................................................................................53
ALTERNATIVES TO DETERMINE THE PROPOSED PARAMETER IN THE STARTING
CONDITION (Temperature at 50°C, No Wind and No Ice):.................................................................54

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3 .6- COORDINATION OF CATENARIES BETWEEN CABLES: CONDUCTOR AND GUARD.55

Conclusion of Topic 2. Criteria for selecting mechanical designs for conductor cables, conventional
guards and optical fiber...........................................................................................................................56
TOPIC 3......................................................................................................................................................57
ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINES...........................................................................57
3.1- ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE PARAMETERS IN TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN.........58
3.1.2. NUMBER OF DISCHARGES THAT IMPACT A TRANSMISSION LINE (NDL).........60
3.1.3. TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE OF SHIELDING CABLES, CONDUCTORS, TOWERS
AND GROUND SYSTEM.....................................................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN CONDUCTORS.................................................................................63
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN GUARD CABLES.............................................................................64
TRANSIENT IMPEDANCE IN STRUCTURES..................................................................................66
FLAMING CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATORS.........................................................................69
3.2 DETERMINATION OF SHIELDING ANGLE TO OBTAIN A DESIRED OUTPUT RATE..........70
3.2.1. SHIELDING ANGLE..........................................................................................................70
3.2.2. ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL......................................................................................71
CALCULATION OF THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE DRIVER...................................................71
MEAN HEIGHT OF TRANSMISSION LINE (Y)................................................................................72
CALCULATION OF MINIMUM FLASHING CURRENT..................................................................72
IMPEDANCE PER PHASE:..................................................................................................................72
CRITICAL FLASHING TENSION (CFT)............................................................................................72
CRITICAL ARCHING DISTANCE:.....................................................................................................73
DRIVER HEIGHT PER UNIT OF ARCH:............................................................................................73
3.2.3 INDEX OF OUTAGES ON TRANSMISSION LINES DUE TO SHIELDING FAILURE........75
SHIELDING FAILURE RATE..............................................................................................................75
SHIELDING FAILURE OUTPUTS......................................................................................................75
3.3. DETERMINATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE TO OBTAIN A REVERSE FLAME INDEX.....76
3.3.1. REVERSE FLAMES............................................................................................................76
3.3.2. NUMBER OF REVERSE FLAME EXITS.........................................................................76
3.3.3. GROUNDING SYSTEMS, DIAGRAMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF RESISTANCE
VALUES 76
VERTICAL ELECTRODES..................................................................................................................77
GROUNDING SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS FOR TRANSMISSION LINES...........................................78
3.4 ISOLATION COORDINATION.........................................................................................................81
3.4.1. CRITICAL FLASHING DISTANCES................................................................................81

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CRITICAL LIGHTNING FLASH DISTANCE.....................................................................................81

CRITICAL DISTANCE PER MANEUVER.........................................................................................82
ELECTRODE FACTOR (GAP: K3, K2)...............................................................................................83
3.4.2. DETERMINATION OF INSULATOR LENGTH BY LIGHTNING.................................84
3.4.3. DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF INSULATORS BY MANEUVER...........................84
3.4.4. DUE TO POLLUTION........................................................................................................84
EXPRESSIONS TO DETERMINE THE No. ISOLATORS DUE TO CONTAMINATION...............87
Conclusion of Topic 3. Electrical Design of Transmission Lines..........................................................88
TOPIC 4......................................................................................................................................................89
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE.................................................89
4.1. TEMPLATES FOR LOCATING STRUCTURES......................................................................90
PLASTIC FLOW IN CABLES (CREEP EFFECT)...............................................................................95
4.2. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES................................................................99
4.3. STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS.........................................................................................101
MANUAL.............................................................................................................................................101
COMPUTER ASSISTED (AUTOCAD)..............................................................................................101
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN SOFTWARE (PLS-CADD)..........................................................101
4.4. CROSS PROFILES AND DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS........................................103
4.5. DISTRIBUTION LISTS............................................................................................................106
4.6. CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES.................................................................107
TRUSCA METHOD.............................................................................................................................108
METHODOLOGY USED BY PLS-CADD.........................................................................................108
DESIGN CHECKLIST.........................................................................................................................110
BASIC ENGINEERING.......................................................................................................................110
GENERAL TRAJECTORY AND TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE..........................................................110
PROJECT FEATURES.........................................................................................................................110
SELECTION OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES......................................................................................110
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE DRIVERS...................................................................................110
LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND DISTRIBUTION LISTS
...............................................................................................................................................................111
DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS..............................................................................................111
CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES............................................................................111
Conclusion of Topic 4. Location of structures on the topographic profile...........................................111
General Conclusion..................................................................................................................................112

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LITERATURE..........................................................................................................................................114
Manual prepared by:.............................................................................................................................114
Jose Alejandro Vazquez Palomino........................................................................................................114

To graph the catenary curve, we will assign values to “x” to obtain its corresponding value to
“y”.

To define the range of values that we will assign to the ordinate axis (x), it depends on the
following:

For a substantially flat terrain and gentle hills, the maximum span should be 800
m and at least the base span considered for the analysis of the design
hypotheses.

For mountainous terrain, the maximum span should be 1500m and at least the
base span considered for the analysis of the design hypotheses.

The catenary constant or parameter (P), is the value considered for the analysis of each of the
design hypotheses.

The catenary curve graph must correspond to the vertical and horizontal scales of the
topographic survey plans.

The curves drawn on the template must at least contain the following:

Hot bend for conductor cable (50ºC, no wind and no ice).

Hot bend for guard cable (50ºC, no wind and no ice).
Cold bend for conductor cable (Minimum temperature, reduced wind, ice).
Cold curve for guard cable (Minimum temperature, reduced wind, ice).
Ground clearance curve (according to voltage level).
Curves for the levels of structures used.

The additional data that the template must contain are:

22 Mechanical characteristics of the cables used
Z3 Clear base considered for the calculation of the catenary curve
22 Numerical values corresponding to: Parameter, Tension, deflection and % cable
breakage.

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PLASTIC FLOW IN CABLES (CREEP EFFECT)

Cables in Transmission Lines, due to climatic variations, normally experience changes in their
longitudinal tensions. Over time, there is also a permanent additional elongation along the
length of these cables and a consequent increase in the magnitude of the sag.

Equations for ACSR type conductors

ε=k.⎡T(100) ϕ
UTR (θ )
Where:

Daily driver stress, kg.

Conductor breakdown voltage, kg.
T= UTR= Time, hours.
ε θ
t= = = Creep deformation, mm/kg
k= β, ϕ,
Driver temperature in EDS condition, ºC.
Creep coefficient
γ= Creep Constants

CONSTANTS
Driver
k
β ϕ σ
1,4 1,3 0 0,16
ACRS R>7.5%
0,24 1,0 1,0 0,16
ACRS R<=7.5%

Percentage ratio of the area of steel to the area of aluminum in the composition of the
conductor.

R=.
⎢⎡
Asteel (100 ⎥⎤
)
A, aluminum

Δθ=
ε
α
Where: Temperature change, ºC.
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 1/ºC.
Δ
Based on the above, there are two ways to perform temperature compensation.
1 .- Consider the maximum temperature of the conductor, increased by the equivalent

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Δθ of the “creep”, in the structure location curve (template).

2 .- Over-tensioning the conductor cable at the moment of sagging, to a value
equivalent to the change in temperature.

It should be noted that according to the design specifications for CFE Transmission Lines, an
aging period of 10 years is contemplated.

Plastic flow in cables (Creep effect)

In Transmission Lines with ACSR type conductors, the increases reflected in the vertical arrows
and consequently the reduction in the clearance distances from the lowest conductor cable to
the floor, can be found from 40cm to 1.60m, this depends on the length of the interpostal span,
the differences in level between the supports of the adjacent structures and the temperatures of
the area in which the Transmission Line will operate.

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COORDINATES TO GRAPH THE CATENARY CURVE

Parameter (C) 1425 m y=P Cosh ⎜ x ⎟ - 1 ⎥

⎢⎣ ⎝ P ⎠ ⎦
Range of X Values Scales

Cosh ⎜ ⎟ P. Cosh⎜
x x
⎟ - 1
Horizontal Vertical

⎝P⎠ ⎢
⎣ ⎝P⎠ ⎦ ⎥
2000 500 200

X AND AND

-400 1,04 56,51 -200,00 282,55 113,02

-380 1,04 50,97 -190,00 254,84 101,94
-360 1,03 45,72 -180,00 228,58 91,43
-340 1,03 40,75 -170,00 203,77 81,51
-320 1,03 36,08 -160,00 180,41 72,16
-300 1,02 31,70 -150,00 158,48 63,39
-280 1,02 27,60 -140,00 137,99 55,19
-260 1,02 23,79 -130,00 118,93 47,57
-240 1,01 20,26 -120,00 101,29 40,52
-220 1,01 17,02 -110,00 85,08 34,03
-200 1,01 14,06 -100,00 70,29 28,12
-180 1,01 11,38 -90,00 56,92 22,77
-160 1,01 8,99 -80,00 44,96 17,98
-140 1,00 6,88 -70,00 34,41 13,77
-120 1,00 5,06 -60,00 25,28 10,11
-100 1,00 3,51 -50,00 17,55 7,02
-80 1,00 2,25 -40,00 11,23 4,49
-60 1,00 1,26 -30,00 6,32 2,53
-40 1,00 0,56 -20,00 2,81 1,12
-20 1,00 0,14 -10,00 0,70 0,28
0 1,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
20 1,00 0,14 10,00 0,70 0,28
40 1,00 0,56 20,00 2,81 1,12
60 1,00 1,26 30,00 6,32 2,53
80 1,00 2,25 40,00 11,23 4,49
100 1,00 3,51 50,00 17,55 7,02
120 1,00 5,06 60,00 25,28 10,11
140 1,00 6,88 70,00 34,41 13,77
160 1,01 8,99 80,00 44,96 17,98
180 1,01 11,38 90,00 56,92 22,77
200 1,01 14,06 100,00 70,29 28,12
220 1,01 17,02 110,00 85,08 34,03
240 1,01 20,26 120,00 101,29 40,52
260 1,02 23,79 130,00 118,93 47,57
280 1,02 27,60 140,00 137,99 55,19
300 1,02 31,70 150,00 158,48 63,39
320 1,03 36,08 160,00 180,41 72,16
340 1,03 40,75 170,00 203,77 81,51
360 1,03 45,72 180,00 228,58 91,43
380 1,04 50,97 190,00 254,84 101,94
400 1,04 56,51 200,00 282,55 113,02

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DRIVER 795 ACSR/AS

PARAMETER AT 50°C = 1,455.00 m
TENSION AT 50T
PARAMETER A
7#8 AA GUARD WIRE?
PARAMETER AT 50"C 1,584.72
TENSION AT 50°C = 605.5:
PARAMETER AT -10°C 1,894.21

GUARD CABLE WITH OPTICAL FIBER

PARAMETER AT 50'C 1,574.24 m
VOLTAGE AT 50°C = 855.44
PARAMETER A -WC 1,911.64 m

HORIZONTAL SCALE
VERTICAL SCALE

o
oL
L
r
I
—

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U

Abengod Mexico-ElecnorNo. FROM REVIE

W
PROTECTION: PIE—002/2004 JUN./05

FEDERAL ELECTRICITY
COMMISSION CONSTRUCTION SUB-
DIRECTORATE
COORDINATION OF TRANSMISSION AND
TRANSFORMATION PROJECTS
PROJECT 104 SLT 706 NORTH SYSTEMS (1A.
: (L8) DURANGO II - CANATLAN
PHASE)
230 kV-2C-TA/PA-56.7 km L-56.7 km C-1113 ACSR/AS- C/F-
Tend. 1st Cío.
CLEAR IN METERS QUALIFI
CATION
TEMPLATE FOR LOCATION OF
TOWERS (CONDUCTOR 795 ACSR/AS
: 115 kV)
Abengoa-Abengoa RESPON NAME 30/
Mexico-Elecnor SIBLE
REVIE LAURA C. TORRES
UUN10/0
Consortium 5
W: MARTINEZ 30/UUNI
I JOSE A. BARRERA 30/
10/05
VERIF MARTINEZ JUNI0/05
Y IENN A. CABARGO
No. FROM ARAD CFE
ARCHIVE
OE IDENTIFIER OE QUALITY ASSURANCE:
NLN0101025 E01IE0013

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
World-class VLE

4.2. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TRANSMISSION LINES

The criteria for the design of Transmission Lines applicable to the design of Location of
structures is very extensive for the reason that a large number of variables are considered, but
in this topic we will try to be more precise and mention the most essential ones:

Define the way of considering the plastic effect in the conductive cable (Creep).
Optimize the location of structures in the topographic profile while respecting the
ground clearance at all times.
The first and last structure in a line must be a finishing structure and will be
located between 40 and 60 m towards the finishing frame or junction.
If possible, we will keep the interpostal clearing very similar to the base clearing.
At inflection points, tension towers should be installed at the lowest possible
levels.
In tangents of considerable lengths, finishing towers must be installed as
breakers at the lowest possible levels.
If possible, do not exceed the uses of the structures.
On Transmission Lines with towers, install termination towers on a tangent to not
exceed lengths of 6.5 km
On Transmission Lines with poles, install termination poles on a tangent to not
exceed lengths of 2.3 km
For crossings with Transmission Lines the following must be considered:

Project/Existing 400kV 230kV 115kV <115kV

115kV Below Below Indistinct Above
230kV Below Indistinct Above Above
400kV Indistinct Above Above Above

Perform calculations for state changes with the mechanical characteristics of the
cables to be used.
Check which conditions govern the design. The following cases may occur: 1.-
Maximum wind in the conductor cables, 2.- Minimum temperature in the
conductors, 3.- Maximum tensions in the guard cable crossbars with optical fibers
due to the own weight of the guard cable with optical fibers.
In Transmission Lines with lengths greater than 150km, transposition towers must
be installed (on flat terrain) at 1/6, ½ and 5/6 of the total length.
At intersections with railways and highways, end towers must be installed on both
sides of the intersection.
Mark with the insulation chain symbol on voltage towers. Draw with symbols the
safety distances at each obstacle to be crossed.

It is worth mentioning that the design of a Transmission Line will also be evaluated
economically, for this reason we must keep in mind which concepts we can optimize when

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
World-class VLE

defining the location, level and clearances of catenaries with respect to the minimum
clearances established to cross at each voltage level.

Concepts that affect the optimization of a Transmission Line, from the electromechanical
approach:

Family of structures - Suspension, deflection and finishing - (shielding angles,

maximum stresses in crossarms, operating altitude, weight)
Proposed parameter for the starting condition (50ºC, no wind and no ice) Location
of structures on the topographic profile (levels, uses of structures, equivalent
spans and catenaries)

To the extent that we select the above concepts appropriately, they will directly impact us in the
following amounts:

Structural Steel Supply Conductor Cable Supply

Additionally, the volume of work will increase in the execution of civil and electromechanical
works.

It is important to mention that the amount of supplies represents 75% to 85% of the total cost of
building a Transmission Line.

These supplies are broken down into the following percentages:

55% structural steel

30% conductor cable (one conductor per phase)
15% insulation, hardware, grounding systems.

For Transmission Lines with 2 or more conductors per phase, the percentage behavior leans in
favor of the conductor cable, placing structural steel in second place and finally the rest of the
materials such as insulation, hardware and grounding systems.

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
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4.3. STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS

Once the parameter for conductor and guard cables has been determined and the curve
template has been prepared, the structures are located on the topographic survey plans. To do
this, the following methods are used:

MANUAL

Obstacles and special restrictions to be crossed must be identified on the floor plans and
topographic profile and crossing distances must be indicated or marked according to those
indicated in the Transmission Line design specifications.

Mark the inflection points, since they will be mandatory points for installing deflection or
finishing structures.

Create cards that contain marked useful heights according to the levels to be used in our
project.

Drag or superimpose the rigid acrylic template physically over the topographic survey plans,
always preserving the previously marked floor clearances and placing the useful height cards
at the ends to define the level of the structures.

Once the clearances have been completed, we finally trace the curve using a colored pencil,
using the acrylic template as a guide.

COMPUTER ASSISTED (AUTOCAD)

Using current tools, software is used in a CAD (Computer Aided Design) environment, which
allows us to execute activities directly on the screen.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN SOFTWARE (PLS-CADD)

Currently there are specialized software on the market for the Electromechanical Design of
Transmission Lines. At CFE, the software called PLS-CADD (Power Line System – Computer
Aided and Design Drafting) has been specifically acquired.

PLS-CADD is a complete Windows platform software package for the analysis and design of
Transmission Lines, which integrates all the data and algorithms necessary for the structural
and geometric design of the Line. It also allows for the joint work of: Surveyors, transmission
line designers, civil engineers and draftsmen.

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
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It carries out the following tasks: Layout of the general route of the transmission line, structural
design of towers, poles and finishing frames of different materials, optimal distribution of
structures, calculations of arrows and tensions, production of floor plans, profile and project for
its construction.
PROCESSES

3-D TERRAIN STRIP

OF
CLASSIFICAT LAND.
ION OF LAND CROSSINGS
IN THE PATH
REPORTS:
CHARACTERIS - Bill of
materials
-Arrows and
tensions -
Chain
TICKETS 3-D LINE balancing -
BOOKSTO Structure
RES MODEL
utilization
DESIGN graphs.
CRITERIA. DRAWINGS:
SAFETY -Floor plans,
DISTANCES. profile,
GEOMETRY OF project and 3-
STRUCTURES. D, exported to
CABLE ALGORITHM CALCULA
PROPERTIES. S TIONS
LOCATION ARROWS
- AND
Automatic TENSIONS.
-Manual BYPASS.
CABLE LOAD
LAYING. TREES.
ARROWED. SWINGS.
Functional structure of PLS-CADD

Regardless of the method used to locate structures on the topographic profile, the final result is
the topographic plans, in plan, profile, showing the structures and catenary curves, these must
contain the following information:

Mileage of the site where the structures have been located

Consecutive number of structures, starting with the first structure after the
finishing frame.
Type of structure
Level of the structure
Effective span, average horizontal span and vertical span Lowest points of the
catenaries

4.4. CROSS PROFILES AND DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS

In order to be able to determine the extensions of the structures, we must have the following

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
World-class VLE

documents:

CROSS PROFILES: These are topographic surveys that show the unevenness of the terrain
with respect to the central point (boundary marker) of the structure, of the alternate legs, that is,
from 1 to 3 and from 2 to 4.

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
World-class VLE

DIAGONAL TEMPLATES: Document on transparent paper, in which the geometry of the

structure is reflected, at the bottom-panel level, including the extensions, based on the slopes
obtained from the assembly plans.

Finally, the procedure to determine the extensions consists of superimposing the template
diagonally on the cross profile and aligning the axis of the level of the corresponding structure
in the central part and consequently we will verify on the sides the extension that corresponds
to each leg.

TOWER EA4A22MA -5 USE: SUSP. 3°/450m/750m

DIAGONAL SECTION TEMPLATE FOR
DETERMINING EXTENSIONS
Notes: m
Scale: 1:100

CENTRAL FROM
QUOTA TOWER

+2.0

+3.0

+4.0

+5.0

+6.0

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
World-class VLE

4.5. DISTRIBUTION LISTS

Document where all the information of the structure location plans is concentrated, that is, they
are summary sheets of the structure location project, these must contain the following
information:

Summary of structures by type and level

Effective clearance, average horizontal clearance and vertical clearance
Magnitude of tipping points
Consecutive mileage of location of the structures
Crossings along the path
Reference to the location plans of structures
Consecutive number of structures, starting with the first structure after the
finishing frame.
Four-legged leg extensions

CLEAR IN METERS EXTENSION CROSSINGS

VERTICAL CLEARANCE

TYPES AND HEIGHT OF

1st n2
MEDIUM HORIZONTAL

LOCATION OF THE

LEGS No.
No. FROM TOWER

No. FROM TOWER

TOWERS IN MTS.

OBSERVATIONS
CLEAR CASH

kM EQUALITY

DEFLECTION

No. OF LEAF

PATH 0ROAD

WIREFENCE 0RIDE
CLEARANCE

DRAINAGE RAILS
TOWERS

• L. TRANSMISSION • L.

RIVER

CONSTRUCTION

START END
RAILWAY

PHONE

1 2 3 4
DISTRIBUTION

4
L -1 3
•TELEGRAPH

•CHANNEL

LENGTH IN
0STREAM

0RAVINE

METERS
•CROP
0DAM

0,00
197,00 15,40 1 FRAME 0,00 1 VALLARTA POT.
LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
30,79 SUMMARY OF POSTS
TAR302P 29º36'44"D PI No 1
281,00 57,50 2
+0 ER
30,79 +0 +0 +0 +0 2
LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
84,21 B 1213 DMP 1
106,00 119,61 3 1213 DMP 115,00 3 SUMMARY OF TOWERS
155,00 X TO TASG2P -3 3
TAD602P TASG2P+6 2
86,00 149,40 4
+0
270,00 +0 +0 +0 +0 4 LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
143,81 1 B B TO TASG2P+3 1
45º07'56D PI No 2 TASG2P+0 7
446,00 364,16 5 2W2 + 12 ER
413,81 +0 +0 +0 +0 5
LAYING 2 CIRCUITS TAD602P + 3 1
584,52 TO B B TO TAD602P + 0 3
39º55'51"D PI No 3
645,00 518,71 6 2W2 + 8 ER
998,33 +0 +0 +0 +0 6
LAYING 2 CIRCUITS TAR302P+0 4
452,89 B TO
TASG2P+ 2W2 + 12 1
443,00 415,84 7
6
1451,22 +0 +0 +0 +0 7 LAYING 2 CIRCUITS 2W2 + 8 1
378,79 TO B X TO
TASG2P+
289,00 355,20 8
3
1830,01 +0 +0 +1 +0 8 LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
TOTAL = 24
331,60 TO B B X TO
TAD602P 08º23'00"D PI No. 4
480,00 385,00 9
+3 ER
2161,61 +0 +0 +0 +0 9
LAYING 2 CIRCUITS 4 "AS BUILT" JAVP SHHM JLCL Aug 27,
438,39 TO B X TO X 2002
TASG2P+ TOWER IN I
325,00 331,54 10
6
2600,00 -1 +1 +1 +0 10 ESCURRIDERO No. DESCRIPTION. EXECUTED. I REVIEW
APPROVE
DATE
224,70 TO B LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
TAD602P 24º28'06"L PI No 5
170,00 227,00 11
+0 EFT
2824,70 +0 +0 +0 +0 11
LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
CHANGES
229,30 TO TO
292,50 287,65 12
TASG2P+
3054,00 +0 +0 +0 +0 12 LAYING 2 CIRCUITS
FEDERAL ELECTRICITY COMMISSION
0
346,00 2 TO B TO X
TAR302P 5º39'06"LE CONSTRUCTION SUB-DIRECTORATE
167,00 280,30 13
+0 FT
3400,00 +0 +0 +0 +0 13 PI-5A
214,60 TO B TO COORDINATION OF TRANSMISSION AND TRANSFORMATION
TAR302P+ 90º00'00"L
82,00 132,98 14
0 EFT
3614,60 +0 +0 +0 +0 14 PI-6 PROJECTS
51,35 TO TO X
TAR302P+ 16º17'06"D PI6BIS PROJECT:
110,00 150,62 15 3668,43 3665,95 +0 +0 +0 +0 15 LT VALLARTA POT - VALLARTA I
0 ER EQUALITY
249,89 115 KV - 2C - 11.0 KM - 795 ACSR - TA/PA (LAYING OF THE 1ST. CIRCUIT
303,00 232,95 16 TASG2P 3918,32 +0 +0 +1 +2 16 )
216,00 +0 TO X
152,50 264,20 16a TASG2P-3 4134,32 +0 +0 +0 +0 16a TITLE: DISTRIBUTION OF TOWERS
312,39 TO
TASG2P+ SIGNATU
282,00 274,84 17
0
4446,71 +1 +0 +0 +1 17 NAME
RE
DATE
237,29 B
TASG2P+ EXECUT ING. JOSE ALEJANDRO VAZQUEZ
354,00 227,65 18
0
4684,00 +0 +0 +0 +0 18
ED: PALOMINO.
AUG/01
218,00 TO
340,00 264,00 19 TASG2P 4902,00 +0 +0 +0 +0 3 19
REVIEW
ING. Juan Gabriel Mendoza Guizar AUG/01
-3 :
310,00 TO X
TASG2P+ I
137,00 318,00 20
0
5212,00 +0 +0 +0 +0 20
VERIFY:
ING. Saulo Humberto Hernandez Mata AUG/01
326,00 TO TO
510,00 394,00 21
TASG2P 5538,00 +2 -1 -1 +1 21 VALID: ING. Jose Luis Castillo Lara AUG/01
462,00 -3 TO
TASG2P+ NO. OF PROJECT KEY:
290,00 345,60 22
0
6000,00 -1 -1 +2 +1 22 CONSTRUCTION. NLN98788 SHEET 1 OF 4
229,20 TO TO 6HRN1
TASG2P+ No. CFE FILE:
374,00 355,66 23
0
6229,20 +0 +0 +1 +1 23
482,13 4 TO TO
TAD602P 41º45'31"D QUALITY ASSURANCE IDENTIFIER:
449,00 416,34 350,56 24
+0 ER
6711,33 +0 +0 +0 +0 24
TO TO
PI No. 7 NLN98788E00LT005

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
World-class VLE

4.6. CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES

They are calculated for cable sections between tension structures under average temperature
conditions, without wind and without ice, in order to provide the deflection values for each
interpostal span and the tensions at the ends of the tension structures.

This calculation helps us to detect stress differentials in the deflection structures and thus be
able to take corrective actions prior to laying the conductor cable.

Remember that if the compensation for the “creep” effect is based on adjusting temperatures in
the arrow, the decrease in the temperature value previously calculated in point 4.1 must be
considered.

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
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Attachment point

Laying curve

Attachment point Attachment point

Hot curve

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
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The basis for preparing the calculation is based on the following concepts:

REAL SPAN (Cr): It is the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by the base span and the
difference in level between the cable attachment points between two adjacent structures.

Actual clear = NCb2 +d2

Where:
d= Difference in level between support points of conductors

RULING SPAN (CR): Called regulating span or equivalent and is a fictitious span equivalent to
a succession of effective spans and unevenness of the continuous structures between two
tension structures.

Clear rule =
∑

TRUSCA METHOD

∑
Cr3
Cb C
2Cr Cr2C

∑ Cb
b

METHODOLOGY USED BY PLS-CADD

Cb4 ∑ Cr
Clear rule = 1 ∑ Cr

Tension structure

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
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PROJECT: LT TEPIC II - SANTIAGO 115 kV 1 or 2 circuits 795 ACSR conductor cable

GENERAL DATA OF THE TOWERS TEMPERATURE OF -10°C TEMPERATURE OF -5°C
PREVIOUS TOWER SECTION NUMBER CLEAR (m) UNEVENNESS (m) TENSION (kg) PARAMETER (m) ARROW (m) TENSION (kg) PARAMETER (m) ARROW (m)
TOWER C. DETERM.
LATER (m)

21 22 1 203,00 2,000 2,64 2,75

22 23 1 328,00 22,000 8,73 8,89
23 24 1 357 5,000 10,65 10,81
24 25 1 371 5,000 11,64 11,80
25 26 1 469 2,000 19,68 19,85
26 27 1 270 4,000 5,44 5,59
27 28 1 258 8,000 352,45 2442,48 1503,99 4,86 2404,90 1480,85 5,00

28 29 2 382 5,000 382,00 2384,10 1468,04 12,44 2353,18 1449,00 12,61

Listing forms of arrows and tensions

structure #2 to structure #3
Cable 477 Hawk', Ruling span (m) 413.61 Parameter (m) 1432

Span Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Left Span
Length Span Span Span Span Span Span Span Span Span Span Span Struct Vertical
Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Number Projection
0 C 5 C 10 C 15 C 20 C 25 C 30 C 35 C 40 C 45 C 50 C
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
422.2 12.85 13.06 13.28 13.50 13.71 13.92 14.13 14.34 14.55 14.76 14.96 1 -86.44

Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz Horiz
Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain Strain
0 C 5 C 10 C 15 C 20 C 25 C 30 C 35 C 40 C 45 C 50 C
(N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N) (N)
16134 15868 15610 15361 15125 14892 14673 14458 14251 14053 13859

Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary Catenary
Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant
0 C 5 C 10 C 15 C 20 C 25 C 30 C 35 C 40 C 45 C 50 C
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
1772 1743 1714 1687 1661 1636 1612 1588 1565 1543 1522

Listing forms of arrows and tensions

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
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World-class VLE

DESIGN CHECKLIST

The purpose of this document is to verify that the input data for each of the design stages were
actually obtained and to detect deficiencies or deviations in a timely manner, before proceeding
to formalize the design.

The verification points of an electromechanical design of Transmission Lines will be listed

below:

BASIC ENGINEERING
22 The POISE sheet is available that indicates the basic characteristics of the
Transmission Line.
2? A general trajectory map is available.
23 Arrival, departure and junction plans are available.

GENERAL TRAJECTORY AND TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE

22 The turning points are clearly defined.
22 The chain starts from the origin substation bay.
E-3 The end point of the Transmission Line path is clearly defined.
The obstacles shown in plan coincide with those drawn in profile.
The conductor cables are drawn at intersections with existing lines. They indicate
the type of terrain and classify the vegetation along the path. The topographic
survey scales are correct.

TRAJECTORY CHARACTERIZATION
There are supports that show how to determine the temperatures of the area of
influence.
The wind pressure calculation memory was verified.
The isodensity map is available
The level of contamination was classified along the trajectory.
The presence of ice in the area of influence was validated.

PROJECT FEATURES
There are special bypasses in some protected areas.
There are special requirements at crossings with private railroad tracks.
There are special requirements for private properties with future expansions.
There are obligatory structures

SELECTION OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES

23 The structures comply with mechanical uses
The structures comply with the electrical aspects
22 The structures comply with environmental aspects
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE DRIVERS
The mechanical data of the conductor and guard cables correspond to the
suppliers of those that will finally be installed.
The maximum design tensions of the conductor cable crossarms and guard were

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
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verified.
The breaking voltage percentages of the conductor cable are met in all design
hypotheses.
The maximum design tensions of the guard cable crossarms are not exceeded.
The calculation of the plastic flow of the conductor cable was considered for aging
for 10 years.
The structure location template complies with the scales of the topographic
survey.

LOCATION OF STRUCTURES ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE AND DISTRIBUTION

LISTS
The location plans of structures comply with all the information
The information contained in the structure distribution list corresponds to that
shown in the structure location plans.
The summary of structures corresponds to the quantity, type and level of the
structures on each sheet of the distribution list.
The uses of structures are exceeded

DETERMINATION OF EXTENSIONS
E2 The slopes of the structures were verified to prepare the diagonal templates.
E2 The scales are correct for the cross profiles
23 The last revision of the assembly plans was verified

CALCULATION OF ARROWS AND STRESSES

The stress differential in deflection structures was verified
Temperature adjustment was made to compensate for the “creep” effect.
The values of the rule span of the line sections are approximated with respect to
the base span.

Conclusion of Topic 4. Location of structures on the topographic profile

According to what has been analyzed in this topic, to carry out an optimal location of structures,
certain elements must be taken into account that guarantee that we meet the design criteria for
a Transmission Line.

Starting from the preparation of the template for the location of structures, which must contain
the hot and cold curves for conductor and guard cables, the floor clearances, in the scales
corresponding to the topographic survey plans.

To locate structures on the topographic profile, we must choose the method that we master,
whether manual, computer-assisted or by some specific design software, the above with the
purpose of carrying out our design in the best way and avoiding possible omissions of input
data.

To obtain the extensions of the self-supporting towers, it is vital to obtain the diagonal
templates starting from the assembly plans (location of stubs), where we must verify the slopes

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
f^EpA company ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
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of the tower.

By calculating arrows and tensions, we verify possible differences in tensions in deflection

towers in adjacent sections of the line (derived from clearing rules different from the base span
or due to large differences in level) and thereby evaluate the increase or decrease in parameter
values to balance the tensions as much as possible.

In the structure location plans, the structure distribution lists, the determination of extensions
and the calculation of arrows are the main electromechanical design results of a Transmission
Line.

Finally, a design checklist was added that will help us check that we have met the standardized
design criteria and also gives us the opportunity to take corrective actions if necessary before
validating our design.

Self-Assessment Questions:

What should a structure location template contain?

What do we mean by design criteria?

At what point can we determine unbalanced tensions in deflection towers?

What are the main electromechanical design results of a Transmission Line?

What is the use of a Transmission Line Design Checklist?

General Conclusion
A good electromechanical design depends on the skill and knowledge of the designer, as well
as his vision of all the aspects to which the Transmission Line will be exposed. This will allow
us to properly select each of the elements.

The input data for each Transmission Line construction project must be known in detail and in a
timely manner, as well as identifying the documents or reference sources in order to be able to
validate them.

By evaluating the topographic, mechanical, environmental, electrical and design particularities,

we will adjust each of the components to ensure that they correctly fulfill their function within the
Transmission Line, in order to finally achieve the reliability of electric power transmission.

Finally, after completing the electromechanical design of a Transmission Line, it is essential to

verify the results, to validate that our considerations correspond to CFE specifications.

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 ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
A COMPANY ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
WORLD-
CLASS EV
LITERATURE
Qualificatio Power Transmission Lines
Author(s): Luis Maria Checa
Editorial: Alphaomega - marcombo
Year: 2000
Country: Colombia
Isbn: 970-15-0576-X
Qualificatio
Specification for the design of overhead lines
n:
Author(s): CFE
Editorial: CFE
Year: 2003
Country: Mexico City
Isbn: S/N
Qualificatio
Electromechanical design of transmission lines
n:
Author(s): College of Civil Engineers of Mexico
Editorial: College of Civil Engineers of Mexico
Year: 2001
Country: Mexico City
Isbn: S/N
Qualificatio
Insulation coordination tutorial course.
n:
Author(s): Eng. Gilberto Enriquez Harper, Eng. Carlos Ramirez Pacheco.
Editorial: IEEE Mexico Section.
Year: 2003
Country: Mexico City
Isbn: S/N

Qualificatio Selection of electrodes and chemical fillers for grounding systems in

n: transmission lines
Author(s): Eng. Ignacio Cortes Canchola
Editorial: CFE
Year: 2004
Country: Mexico City
Isbn: S/N

Manual prepared by:

Jose Alejandro Vazquez Palomino
Transmission Line Design Office
Western Regional Construction Residence

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