Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of People's Power for Education

EU Institute “Mary Help of Christians II”
Jorge Coll – Nueva Esparta State

FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS

Made by:
Serra Roses Yrrael A. No. 27
Maclachlan, Alfredo No. 12
Padron, Eros No. 22
Leon, Brandon No. 04
Lugo, Ivan No. 05
Marquez, Anthony No. 10
3rd
Year “A”

Jorge Coll, October 2015

 INTRODUCTION

Physics is one of the natural sciences that has contributed most to the
development and well-being of man, because thanks to its study and
research it has been possible to find in many cases, a clear and useful
explanation for the phenomena that occur in our daily lives.

Physics (from the Greek “physis”, reality or nature) is the fundamental

systematic science that studies the properties of nature with the help of
mathematical language. It is also that exact and reasoned knowledge of
some phenomenon, based on its study through the scientific method. Studies
the properties of matter, energy, time, space and their interactions.

Physics is not only a theoretical science, it is also an experimental

science. Like all science, it seeks to ensure that its conclusions can be
verified through experiments and that the theory can make predictions about
future experiments. Given the breadth of the field of study of physics, as well
as its historical development in relation to other sciences, it can be
considered the fundamental or central science, since it includes chemistry
and biology within its field of study, in addition to explaining their phenomena.
Fundamental concepts of physics.

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 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS

Fundamental physical concepts are those that appear in every physical

theory of matter, and therefore are concepts that appear in very different
physical theories ranging from classical mechanics to quantum field theory,
passing through the theory of relativity and non-relativistic quantum
mechanics. The fundamental nature of these concepts is reflected precisely
in the fact that they are present in every physical theory that reasonably
describes matter, regardless of the assumptions and simplifications
introduced.

Among these concepts we have:

Physics
It is the natural science that studies the properties and behavior of
energy and matter (as well as any change in it that does not alter its nature),
as well as time and space and the interactions of these four concepts with
each other.

Space
Physical space is the space where objects are located and in which the
events that occur have a relative position and direction.

Subject
Matter is everything that
has mass and occupies a place
in space.

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 Time
Time is a physical magnitude with which we
measure the duration or separation of events, subject
to change, from systems subject to observation.

Lengths and units of measurement

For measuring lengths, the
international standard accepted is
the standard metre. Originally the
standard metre was defined as one
ten-millionth of the distance
between the equator and the North
Pole, measured on a line passing
through Paris.

Later, after numerous

measurements, it was found that the relationship established for the definition
of the meter was not exact, so from 1872 to 1960 it was adopted as the
standard for the length of the same ruler.

Measurement
Measurement is a basic process of
science that consists of comparing a
selected pattern with the object or
phenomenon whose physical
magnitude is to be measured to see
how many times the pattern is
contained in that magnitude.

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Measure
To determine the length,
extension, volume or capacity of
something by comparison with an
established unit that is taken as a
reference, generally by means of an
instrument graduated with said unit.

Types of measurements:
 Direct: These are those that are well defined when using the
measuring instrument and comparing it with what we want to measure.

 Indirect: These are those that require calculations to be well defined.

The subway
It is the main unit of length in the
International System of Units. A meter is the
distance that light travels in a vacuum in an
interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

Magnitude
A physical quantity is a
measurable property or quality of a
physical system, that is, one to which
different values can be assigned as a
result of a measurement. Physical
quantities are measured using a standard that has that magnitude well
defined, and taking as a unit the quantity of that property that the standard
object possesses.

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Classification of magnitudes.
Magnitudes are classified according to:

Its origin:
 Fundamental magnitudes: are those that serve as a basis for writing
the other magnitudes.
 Derived magnitudes: are those magnitudes that are expressed in
terms of fundamental magnitudes.
 Supplementary magnitudes: they are not really fundamental or derived
magnitudes; however, they are considered fundamental magnitudes.

By its nature:
 Scalar magnitudes: are those that are completely defined by a number
and the units used for their measurement.
 Vector magnitudes: are those that are characterized by a quantity
(intensity or module), a direction and a sense. In a Euclidean space, of
no more than three dimensions, a vector is represented by an oriented
segment.
 Extensive and intensive magnitudes. An extensive magnitude is a
magnitude that depends on the amount of substance that the body or
system has. Extensive magnitudes are additive. An intensive
magnitude is one whose value does not depend on the amount of
matter in the system. Intensive magnitudes have the same value for a
system as for each of its parts considered as subsystems.
Classification of units

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  Fundamental units: are units of
fundamental magnitudes that,
freely chosen, are established
as the bases of the system.
 Derived units: are those that
come from the combination of
the fundamental units.
 Secondary units: are the
multiples and submultiples of
the fundamental and derived
units.

Systems of units
A system of units is a
consistent set of units of measurement. They define a basic set of units of
measurement from which the rest are derived. There are several unit
systems:

International System of Units or SI

It is the most used system. Its
basic units are: the meter, the kilogram,
the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the
candela and the mole. The other units
are derived from the International
System.

 Decimal metric system: First

unified system of measurements.
 CGS system or CGS: so named because its basic units are the
centimeter, the gram and the second.

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  Natural System: in which the units are chosen so that certain physical
constants are valid exactly.
 Technical system of units: derived from the metric system with units
from the previous one. This system is obsolete.

Unit of length.
There are different units of measurement that are used to measure
length, and others that were used in the past.

 Scientific Notation: Scientific notation (or standard index notation) is a

quick way to represent a number using powers of base ten. This
notation is used to easily express very large or very small numbers.
 Time, unity and time scale.
 Time: is a physical magnitude with which we measure the duration
or separation of events, subject to change, of the systems subject
to observation; that is, the period that elapses between the state of
the system when it presented a state X and the instant in which X
registers a variation perceptible to an observer (or measuring
device).
 Unit: Quantity chosen to measure by comparison all of its kind.
 Time scale: the time scale is a magnitude that only has a module,
which is why it differs from vector magnitudes in that it has a
module, direction and sense. So now the concrete answer in
conclusion is: a scalar with dimensions in: seconds, minutes, hours,
etc.
Static
Study bodies in equilibrium.

Kinematics

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 It is the branch of physics that studies the laws of movement of bodies
without considering the causes that originate it (the forces) and is limited,
essentially, to the study of the trajectory as a function of time.

Dynamic
Dynamics is the branch of physics that describes the evolution over
time of a physical system in relation to the causes that provoke changes in
physical state and/or state of motion. The objective of dynamics is to describe
the factors capable of producing alterations in a physical system, quantify
them and propose equations of motion or evolution equations for said
operating system.

The kilogram
It is the basic unit of mass of the International
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasaSystem of Units (SI), and its standard is
defined as the mass of the international prototype.

Mass
It is a measure of the quantity of
matter that a body possesses. It is an
extrinsic property of bodies that
determines the measurement of inertial
mass and gravitational mass. The unit
used to measure mass in the
International System of Units is the
kilogram.
Physical System
It is the set of bodies that act in isolation.

Physical Phenomenon

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 A physical phenomenon is
any observable natural event that
can be measured with some device
or instrument, where the
substances involved generally do
not change, and if they do change,
the change occurs at the subatomic
level in the nucleus of the
intervening atoms (nuclear
reactions).

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 CONCLUSION

Physics is the way that man found to study nature, based on

mathematics. The importance lies in trying to understand how nature works.
Through physics we have come to understand that the same force that
causes an apple to fall from a tree is responsible for the moon rotating around
the earth, and the earth around the sun. That light is an electromagnetic field,
that matter is composed of tiny elementary particles called atoms. That there
are bodies with so much concentrated mass that not even light escapes from
them.

Physics has experienced great development thanks to the efforts of

notable scientists and researchers, who by inventing and perfecting
instruments, devices and equipment have enabled man to sharpen his
senses by detecting, observing and analyzing phenomena.

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 LITERATURE

2nd
Menendez, Maria. The World of Physics. Edition. Oceano-Success
Publishing House. Barcelona Spain 1986. 386 pages.

3rd 3rd
Navarro Eugenio. Fiscal year. Edition. Disza Publishing House.
Caracas 1990. 410 Page.

9th 4th
Brett. Ely. Theory and Practice of Taxation. Grade of Basic Education.
Edition. Descolar Publishing House. Caracas 2002. 400 Pages,

Electronic Pages
liliyapiccoli.blogspot.com/p/conceptos-fisicos-fundamentales.html
www.buenastareas.com › Home page › Various Topics
www.fisica.ru/dfmg/.../Unidad_de_knowledge_fisica_decimo_1.pdf
saberyconocermas.blogspot.com/.../conceptos-fundamentales-de-la-fisica...

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 INDEX
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS..................................................2

Physics.........................................................................................................2

Space........................................................................................................... 2

Subject......................................................................................................... 2

Time............................................................................................................. 3

Lengths and units of measurement..............................................................3

Measurement............................................................................................... 4

Measure....................................................................................................... 4

Types of measurements:..........................................................................4

The subway..................................................................................................4

Magnitude.................................................................................................... 5

Classification of magnitudes.....................................................................5

Classification of units....................................................................................6

Systems of units...........................................................................................7

International System of Units or SI...........................................................7

 Decimal metric system: First unified system of measurements..........7

Unit of length................................................................................................7

 Time, unity and time scale..................................................................8

Static............................................................................................................ 8

Kinematics....................................................................................................8

Dynamic....................................................................................................... 8

The kilogram.................................................................................................9
 Mass.............................................................................................................9

Physical System...........................................................................................9

Physical Phenomenon..................................................................................9

CONCLUSION...............................................................................................10

LITERATURE.................................................................................................11