SYLLABUS

I. INFORMATION AGE
A. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY OF
INFORMATION AGE
B. ISSUES AND CONCERN OF INFORMATION
AGE
II. BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY SOCIETY
A. BIODIVERSITY DEFINED
B. TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
C. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
D. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
E. INTERRELATEDNESS OF SOCIETY,
ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH
III. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
A. GENETIC ENGINEERINGS
B. GENE AND CELL THERAPY
IV. THE NANO WORLD
A. BACKGROUND OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
B. MICROSCOPY TOOLS IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY
C. CARBON NANOMATERIALS
D. ISSUES AND CONCERN IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY
E. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
V. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENERGY CRISIS
A. CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL
WARMING
B. NATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
C. ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
D. CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS
 NUMBER SYSTEM
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
➔ Sumerians developed Sexagesimal, a
IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS base-60 number system
STS 0002-15 | DATE | GROUP 1
➔ This system is still evident in today's era
◆ Timekeeping, geometry, etc.
EARLY CIVILIZATION
➔ The Stone Age began around 2.5 million
SAILBOAT
years ago when early humans developed
➔ Mesopotamia is situated between rivers
stone tools for hunting, food preparation,
➔ Needed water transportation for travel,
and shelter building
trade, and war
➔ Early Humans mastered the control of fire,
➔ Skin-float or raft made of hides stretched
which allowed them to cook food, stay warm,
over wood frames and a board, short boat
and have protection at night
made of water-proof material
➔ Made it easier to acquire foods that they
Nomadic Tribes
could not cultivate and produce in their own
➔ Consisting of hunter-gatherers
arms
➔ Moved from place to place in search of food
➔ Often relocating as resources become
WHEEL
scarce or with seasonal changes ➔ The wheel initially took the form of the
potter’s wheel
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ➔ A lighter and faster wheel was invented
CITIES AND ZIGGURATS around 2000 BCE and eventually, the idea of
➔ Their cities, such as Ur and Uruk emerged application of axle was thought of
around 4100 BCE and 3500 BCE ➔ Leading also to the development of milled
◆ Uruk - First true city wheel and lighter wagons
➔ A distinctive feature of these cities was the
Ziggurat PLOW
◆ Began appearing around 2200 BCE ➔ Increased the quality of crops
◆ Served as both religious and civic centers ➔ Tool or device that is used in farming for
initial cultivation of soil in preparation for
AGRICULTURE sowing seed or planting
➔ Sumerians developed agricultural ➔ Made mass production of food less difficult
techniques and methods to manage water ➔ Crop yields increased together with crop
resources and cultivate crops efficiently quality
➔ They constructed levees that served a
crucial role in preventing floodwaters from MEDICINE
their fields ➔ Superstitions, mysticism, astrology, and
magic played pertinent aspects
CUNEIFORM WRITING ➔ Believed that diseases were punishment
➔ One of the most significant innovations from God due to certain committed sins or
➔ It was a system of writing developed around wrong-doing or due to action of demons or
3200 BCE that was derived from pictographs bad spirits
and symbols of items engraved in soft clay ➔ Believed that priests had power to fight
tablets mystic force of disease and illness
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION ➔ Two major kingdoms were built along the
➔ After the Ur-based empire collapsed, Nile River
Samu-abum conquered Babylon and turned ➔ Under the rule of King Narmer
it into a small kingdom ◆ Considered the absolute ruler
➔ The city remained this way until six kings had ◆ Owner of all land, water, people, etc.
ruled ◆ Kings are referred as pharaohs
➔ Hammurabi became king and transformed ◆ Developed theocracy, ruled by religious
Babylon into a powerful empire leaders

THE CODE OF HAMMURABI TEMPLE

➔ A 282-law Mesopotamian text 1754 BCE ➔ Homes of the gods and goddesses
emphasizing justice, punishment, and ➔ Worshiped by temple priests and pharaoh
compensation ➔ Made of stones and walls covered with
➔ It's known for its emphasis on social justice, scenes that were carved into stone
equality, and protection of the vulnerable,
including women, children, and slaves MUMMIFICATION
➔ Believed in life after death
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON ◆ Wash the body and remove internal
➔ Built by King Nebuchadnezzar organs, placed in a canopic jar
◆ Made for his wife, Amyitis ◆ Inside of the body is rinsed with wine and
➔ No documentations, archeological evidence, spices
that the gardens ever existed ◆ Application of salt for 70 days
◆ Wrapped in linen cloth and placed in
BRONZE WEAPON sarcophagus
➔ Since Babylonian civilization transpired
during the Bronze age, warriors used bronze HIEROGLYPHICS
weapons to protect their territory and ➔ Egyptians developed a writing system called
conquer others hieroglyphics that combined pictures of
➔ These weapons were made from an alloy of living creatures and symbols of objects used
copper and tin, and included sharpened in daily living
tools such as sickle swords, socketed axes,
and spears Major Categories
➔ Logograms (Morphemes)
BABYLONIAN NUMBER SYSTEM ➔ Phonograms (Sound)
➔ A sexagesimal base-60 system, using digits ➔ Determinatives (Neither morpheme nor
and wedges to represent numbers sound)
➔ Used for arithmetic, geometry, and
astronomy, and was used to record math MEDICAL TECHNIQUES
problems, solve equations, and calculate pi ➔ Surgical practices and the use of herbs
to two decimal places ➔ Performed eye-surgery and dentistry
➔ Knowledge came from their practice of
embalming the dead
IRRIGATION SYSTEM HOUSES
➔ Farmers to water their crops ➔ The poor lived in rural areas or crowded
➔ Used ‘shadufs’, a hand-operated device for urban slums, while in large cities like Athens,
lifting water from the Nile River into buckets some lived in multi-story block apartments
➔ Used ‘Archimedean Screw’ to lift water from ➔ Larger houses were constructed around a
a low lying body of water into trenches courtyard with accommodation for a large
household and many slaves
MATHEMATICS
➔ Used fractions, decimals, addition, TRADE
subtraction, multiplication, division, and ➔ 150 years after 750 BC, the Mediterranean
basic ideas of geometry Sea and the Black Sea established trading
ties among one another and were soon
CALENDAR dominated by Greek maritime traders
➔ 12 months of 30 days = 360 days per year
➔ 4000 BCE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
◆ Added 5 days to get into line with the
solar year = 365 days per year ● Socratic Method
Socrates
○ Analyzing good and justice
WIGS ● Foundation of western
➔ During the ancient Egyptian times, worn for philosophy and science
health and wellness rather than for aesthetic ● Academy of Athens
Plato
purposes ○ First institution of higher
➔ Used to protect the shaved heads of the learning in the western
world
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of
the sun ● Empirical approach to
studying nature
Aristotle ● Theory of four causes
GREEK CIVILIZATION ○ Material, formal, efficient,
GREEK SOCIETY and final
➔ Focused on government, art, architecture,
● Water was the only substance
philosophy, and sports Thales that was the source of all
things
GREEK RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS Pythagoras ● Pythagorean theorem
➔ Reverence to gods and goddesses through
● Four fundamental elements
sacrifices, rituals, and festivals Empedocles
○ Fire, air, earth, and water
➔ They used large pantheons of gods, complex
Democritus ● Concept of atomism
mythologies, rituals, and cult practices
Archimedes ● Physical law of buoyancy

THEATER
➔ Large, open-air structures consisted of the ROMAN CIVILIZATION
seating area (theatron), a circular space for ➔ Founded in 753 BCE
the actors to perform (orchestra), and the ➔ Republic governed by the Senate and the
stage (skene) Roman people
ROMAN CITIES ROAD NETWORKS
➔ Focused on the forum, a large open plaza, ➔ The Roman road network was extensive,
surrounded by important buildings covering over 250,000 miles at its peak,
◆ Main temple, basilica, law courts, etc. facilitating trade and military movement
◆ Markets, latrines and public baths, etc. ➔ The road networks facilitated the movement
of people, goods, and military forces across
BUILDING MATERIALS the empire, enhancing trade and
Tufa | Native Volcanic Stone communication
➔ Before concrete
SANITATION SYSTEM
Travertine White Limestone ➔ The Roman sanitation system was advanced
➔ 2nd century BCE for its time, incorporating public toilets,
➔ Due to its durability baths, and sewage systems
➔ Off-white color that is an acceptable ➔ Public baths and toilets were symbols of
substitute for marble Roman civilization and civic responsibility
➔ The integration of sanitation into urban
Bricks and Tiles design emphasized civic responsibility and
➔ Commonly plastered over the concrete for improved the quality of life for residents
aesthetic purposes
➔ Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks GEOMETRY & MEASUREMENT
◆ Those dried in fire had the advantage of ➔ Geometry facilitated the empire's impressive
durability infrastructure and urban planning, it
◆ Could be carved just like stone to facilitated the layout of cities, including the
resemble standard architectural features arrangement of streets and public spaces,
ensuring functional and organized urban
Opus Caementicium environments
➔ Roman concrete was a revolutionary
building material that allowed for the ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
construction of durable and massive
structures The Pantheon ● Temple of all Roman Gods
➔ It allowed for new architectural forms and
● Largest amphitheater
techniques, such as domes and vaults, Colosseum
● Seating capacity of 50,000
which were not feasible with traditional stone
● Monumental arch
Arch of
● Built in recognition of
Septimius
AQUEDUCTS Roman victories over
Severus
➔ Monumental structures built to transport Parthians
water from distant sources into cities and ● Only temple that is
towns Maison Carree completely preserved up
➔ First Aqueduct - Aqua Appia (312 BC) to this day
➔ The primary purpose was to transport fresh
water from distant sources to cities and ROMAN NUMERALS
towns, ensuring a reliable supply for drinking, ➔ Roman numerals enabled effective
cooking, and bathing administration and commerce during this
period, as it provided a standardized system
 for representing numbers, facilitating trade
and transactions GUN POWDER
➔ Gunpowder was invented during the Tang

CHINESE CIVILIZATION Dynasty by Chinese alchemists

➔ Boasts a rich and extensive history of ➔ It is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal,

scientific and technological achievements and sulfur that, when ignited, produces an

➔ From ancient times through various dynastic explosive reaction

periods, China has made significant ➔ Initially used in fireworks and as a medicinal

contributions that have influenced not only compound, gunpowder quickly found

its own culture but also the broader world military applications
➔ It transformed warfare with the development

PAPER MAKING of gunpowder-based weapons such as

➔ Invented during the Han Dynasty by Cai Lun bombs, rockets, and firearms
around 105 CE, papermaking was a ➔ The impact of gunpowder on military
revolutionary advancement in the recording technology was profound, leading to
and dissemination of information significant changes in warfare tactics and
➔ Before the advent of paper, writing materials influencing global military advancements
were expensive and cumbersome, such as ➔
bamboo slips and silk
➔ Provided a more affordable and versatile
medium, which greatly facilitated the spread
of knowledge, literacy, and administrative
efficiency
➔ Instrumental in the development of
literature, education, and bureaucracy, and
its influence extended globally as paper
became a fundamental material for
communication and record-keeping

COMPASS
➔ The magnetic compass was developed
during the Han Dynasty and refined during
the Song Dynasty
➔ It utilizes the Earth's magnetic field to provide
directional guidance
➔ The Compass revolutionized navigation,
particularly maritime travel
➔ By enabling accurate navigation over long
distances, it facilitated exploration, trade,
and cultural exchange
➔ Crucial for the Age of Exploration, influencing
global trade routes and leading to
significant historical developments in
exploration and colonization
 GUNPOWDER
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
➔ During the Early Medieval there’s constant
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS wars and that urged the people to invent
STS 0002-15 | DATE | GROUP 1
Gunpowder and other development
techniques for casting metals and iron
MIDDLE AGES ➔ It was also mentioned in Chinese Civilization
➔ Christian Scholasticism is a method of
learning that places a strong emphasis on
MINING AND METALLURGY
Platonic reasoning and deduction working
➔ Metallurgy advanced with the production of
within a background of fixed religious dogma
cannons for warfare, using bronze, an alloy
and Aristotelian Philosophy
of copper and tin
➔ However, bronze was expensive, making it
TECHNOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE AGES
difficult for widespread use, so an
➔ Known as Enormous Advances in Science
alternative—iron-casting techniques—was
and Technology
developed
➔ Involved various recovery, preservation, and
➔ This required improvisation, but the
modification of earlier technical
challenge was in smelting iron
achievements of the ancient that focused on
➔ This led to the invention of the Medieval Blast
Metallurgy and Agricultural Production
Furnace, which helped melt iron and other
metals efficiently
POWER SOURCES
➔ Search for alternative sources of power and
OTHER NOTABLE INVENTIONS
a necessity of labor saving machinery
➔ Mechanical Clock, Artesian Well,
➔ Main Sources: Humans, Draft Animals, Water
Wheelbarrow, Spectacles, and Mirrors

NORSE MILL OR WATER MILL

ALCHEMY
➔ These mills were often powered by water,
➔ Ancient branch of natural philosophy with a
utilizing the natural flow of streams or rivers
long philosophical and pseudo-scientific
to turn the millstone and grind the grains
tradition, originating in Greco-Roman Egypt
during the first few centuries
AGRICULTURE AND CRAFTS
➔ It focused on the four main elements: Earth,
➔ During this time, there was a tool called the
Air, Water, and Fire, and alchemists believed
Iron Plowshare, which was first used by the
that combining these elements in various
Teutonic tribe from Western Europe
proportions could transform one type of
➔ It functioned like a plow in their era
matter into another (Alchemical Symbols)
➔ For woolen cloth production, there were tools
➔ Alchemists accidentally laid the foundation
like the Spinning Jenny or Spinning Wheel,
for modern chemistry, as their studies of the
along with the Fulling Mill
elements led to the construction of early
➔ These were used to make yarn and other
laboratories
woolen fabrics, with the Fulling Mill utilizing
wooden hammers raised by cams on a
ASTROLOGY
driving shaft
➔ Astrology is a pseudoscience that claims to
divine information about human affairs and
terrestrials events by studying the
 movements and relative relations of celestial AGE OF DISCOVERY OR THE AGE OF
objects EXPLORATION (1400-1800)
➔ Astrological Horoscopes ➔ The compass was an addition to the ancient
method of navigating the base, the sightings
MEDIEVAL MATHEMATICS of the sun and stars
➔ The study of arithmetic, geometry, and ➔ It was invented by the Chinese
astronomy started using the Roman ➔ Compass, Astrolabe, Jacob’s Staff, Quadrant,
Numeral System together with an Abacus Theodolite, Octant
➔ Medieval Abacus ➔ Nautical Maps are used for delineating not
just the geography of the lands they found
Leonardo of Pisa but also the seaward routes and ocean
➔ Fibonacci Sequence currents that led them there
➔ Contribution to European mathematics in his
role in spreading the use of Hindu-Arabic THE EMERGENCE OF WESTERN
numeral system, throughout Europe
TECHNOLOGY (1500 -1700)
➔ Telescope, by Galileo. It is used to observe,
Nicole Oresme navigate, mapmaking, and laboratory
➔ System of rectangular coordinates before experiments
Rene Descartes ➔ Telescope
➔ First to use graphical analysis

METALLURGY AND MINING

Nicholas of Cusa ➔ Steady expansion in mining for minerals
➔ Infinite and infinitesimal directly influenced other than coal or iron
➔ Ideas about the universe and the Earth’s ➔ Charcoal, Fuel, Iron, Zinc
position

AGRICULTURE
RENAISSANCE ➔ Unprecedented increase in agricultural
➔ “Rebirth” productivity
➔ It marks the transition of Europe from the
Middle Ages to modernity Jethro Tull
➔ While the medieval scholars of the 12th ➔ Perfected a horse-drawn seed drill in 1700
century focused on studying Greek and ➔ Economically sowed the seeds in neat rows
Arabic works of natural sciences, philosophy,
and mathematics INVENTION OF PRINTING
➔ The renaissance scholars studied the Johannes Gutenberg
cultural literary and historical texts ➔ First version of the printing press with
➔ It is best known for its artistic developments movable type
and contributions just like the polymaths
Leonardo Da Vinci and Michael Angelo SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
➔ 1543 - 1687
➔ Intellectual movement that accompanied
the Renaissance
➔ One characteristic of this new knowledge ➔ His greatest contribution to the astronomical
was that they were developed using the theories is his ability to collect data but he
evolving scientific method has limited knowledge in mathematics
which prevented him from making much
REVIVAL OF THE STUDY OF NATURE (16TH sense out of the data

CENTURY)
➔ The medicine of the 15th and 16th centuries Girodano Bruno
emphasized the use of vegetable remedies ➔ Italian monk
➔ Leonardo da Vinci and others sketched ➔ Theories were not based on empirical
minute details of plants and books with evidence that were recognized as
great skill. Some botanical figures of the 16th antagonistic and incompatible to the
century are considered among the best ever teachings of the Church
produced
Johannes Kepler
Otto Brunfels ➔ Continue to search for an ideal geometric
➔ Botany first began with his work with Leonard scheme for the planetary system
Fuchs ➔ Mysterium Cosmographicum “The
➔ Fuchs produced guide to collecting medical Cosmographic Mystery”
plants ➔ De Stella Nova “The New Star”
➔ Three laws of planetary motion
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
➔ Created modern anatomy Galileo Galilei
➔ He is a student and professor in Belgium and ➔ He is known as the
Paris, and he is well-versed in the ◆ Father of observational astronomy
anatomical works and theories of the ◆ Father of modern physics
ancient Greek physician Galen ◆ Father of scientific method
➔ De Humani Corporis Fabrica On the Fabric of ◆ Father of modern science
the Human Body” ➔ Most well known and successful scientist of
the Scientific Revolution

THE NEW ASTRONOMY (1510-1600)

Nicolas Copernicus ASTRONOMY AND THE NEW PHYSICS
➔ Disputed the theory of Aristotle about the (1590-1666)
universe which was supported by the church Galileo Galilei
in his time ➔ Developed a number of criticisms of the
➔ He assumed that the universe was spherical Aristotelian physics
and finite, ending at the range of the stars ➔ Laws of physics operated equally
and that the motion of all heavenly bodies everywhere
was perfectly circular
➔ De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium “On Sir Isaac Newton
the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies” ➔ Invented calculus
◆ Heliocentric theory ➔ First edition of “Opticks”
➔ Solidified laws of motion
Tycho Brahe
➔ A Danish nobleman, astronomer, and writer
ADVANCEMENT IN MATHEMATICS ➔ Use of both eyes for depth perception

(1591-1655)
➔ The scientists of the early Scientific Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
Revolution knew that there were forces ➔ One of the greatest scientists of all time
acting on the physical world that would ➔ First to service the formula of centripetal
explain the phenomena they observed, but force and correct laws of elastic collision
they had no way to quantify these forces ➔ Wave Theory of Light
and apply them to the geometry of the
physical world THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES (1590-1666)
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Francois Viete (1540-1603) ➔ Recognized as the father of chemistry, he is
➔ Origin of modern algebra and trigonometry one of the pioneers of modern experimental
can be said began when he used letters as scientific method
symbols to represent unknown (numerical)
quantities in 1591 and applied this algebraic Antoine Lavaisier and John Dalton
method to geometry ➔ Put modern chemical science on a firm
theoretical basis in the beginning of the 19th
Fleming Simon Stevin (1548-1620) century
➔ Worked with geometry during the late 16th ➔ For the most part, pharmacies still relied
century, applying it to the physics of inclined upon recipes based on herbs and other
planes and the hydrostatic surface tension natural products, but the systematic
of water preparation of these eventually led to the
discovery of useful new drugs
John Napler (1550-1617)
➔ Invention of logarithms BIOLOGY (1600-1680)
➔ Saved astronomers time and limited errors Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)
of calculations ➔ A physician and professor of science at
Padua, Italy
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ➔ Named first Introduced the quantitative
➔ 1637, presented the modern Cartesian approach into medicine
coordinate system
➔ He discussed how motion may be Willlam Harvey (1578-1657)
represented as a curve along a graph, ➔ Studied in the University of Padua
defined by its mathematical relation to pon ➔ First to demonstrate, by dissection and in
or form of an object Descartes was able to detail, the continuous systemic circulation
unite explanation mathematics and physics and properties of blood being pumped to
the brain and body by the heart in his
John Wallis Anatomical Exercises on the Movement of
➔ Invention and development of differential the Heart and Blood (De motu cordis)
calculus
➔ Study of optics Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694)
➔ Founder of microscopic anatomy and
Johannes Kepler histology
➔ Founder of modern optics ➔ Father of physiology and embryology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
➔ Father of Microbiology
➔ Pioneering work in microscopy and
establishment of microbiology as a scientific
discipline

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
➔ Era in which largely agricultural, rural, and
"pre industrial" cultures in Europe and
America became industrial and urban as
people moved to cities to work in factories
➔ This revolution began in Great Britain, where
the majority of crucial technical innovations
occurred, but swiftly extended throughout
continental Europe and North America

TEXTILE INDUSTRY
➔ First modern production method
➔ Prior to this era, textiles were made in
people’s homes in 1764

STEAM TURBINE
➔ Sir Charles Parsons in 1884
➔ By 1880’s electricity had been a demand
which resulted in another invention
➔ Constituted a major technological
innovation

Richard Trevithick
➔ First railway steam locomotive

GASOLINE ENGINE
➔ Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz
◆ First motorcycle
◆ First motorcar respectively with engines
of their own design in 1885
➔ Meantime, the light high - speed gasoline
(petrol) engine predominated
➔ The first applications of the new engine to
locomotion were made in Germany
➔ G
 Incommensurability
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
➔ Science guided by one paradigm
IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE ➔ Absence of a common unit of measurement
STS 0002-15 | DATE | GROUP 2
➔ When they cannot be 'traded off' against
each other
PARADIGM SHIFT AND THE NATURE ➔ Impossible to measure or compare in value
OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS or size or excellence
Thomas Kuhn ◆ Methodological - There is no common
➔ Introduced the concept of paradigm shifts in measure because the methods of
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) comparison and evaluation change
◆ Perceptual/Observational - Evidence
Paradigm Shifts cannot provide a common basis for
➔ Fundamental changes in basic concepts theory comparison, since perceptual
and practices in science experience is theory-dependent
➔ Occur when anomalies in existing ◆ Semantic - The fact that the languages
paradigms can no longer be explained of theories from different periods of
➔ Lead to scientific revolutions, which contrast normal science may not be
with normal science (working within an inter-translatable presents an obstacle
existing paradigm) to the comparison of those theories

Scientific Revolution Scientific Development Associates

➔ Specific events that fundamentally change
how phenomena are explained Lavoisier Application of balance

Mathematization of the
Kuhn’s Distinction Maxwell electromagnetic field as
➔ Scientific revolutions differ from the historical paradigms

"Scientific Revolution" (16th-18th centuries) Account of gravitation; action

Newton at a distance with no
underlying explanation
THOMAS KHUN: SCIENTIFIC
Copernicus Heliocentric model
REVOLUTION
Revolutionary Science
➔ Revision to existing scientific belief or COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
practice Geocentric Model
➔ The revolutionary phases are not merely ➔ Also known as the “Ptolemaic Model”

periods of accelerated progress, but differ ➔ A theory where the Earth is assumed to be

➔ qualitatively from normal science the center of the universe

Disciplinary Matrix Claudius Ptolemy

➔ Consensus on exemplary instances of ➔ 2nd century Greek mathematician and

scientific research astronomer

➔ An entire theoretical, methodological, and ➔ Standardized the Geocentric Model in the

evaluative framework within which scientists 2nd Century

➔ conduct their research

Nicolaus Copernicus
➔ Renaissance polymath and astronomer
➔ Father of Modern Astronomy
NEWTON’S WORKS
Heliocentric Model Law of Universal Gravitation
➔ The antithesis of the Geocentric Model ➔ Written at the age of 45
formulated by Copernicus, where it ➔ Governs the paths of heavenly bodies
mentioned that the Earth and other planets ➔ The force that caused the apple to fall from
revolve around the Sun instead a tree was the same force that kept the
➔ Existed for thousands of years; during 5th moon in place
century, Greek philosophers Philolaus and ➔ Two objects attract each other with a force
Hicetas suggested that the Earth must’ve of gravitational attraction that’s proportional
been circling a fiery object; two centuries to their masses and inversely proportional to
later, Aristarchus of Samos suggested that the square of the distance between their
the object was the sun centers
➔ Includes:
◆ The order of planets in the Solar System Laws of Motion
◆ Earth’s 3 motions ➔ Foundation of classical mechanics
◆ Sun at the center ➔ To describe and understand motion
➔ Helped him arrive at his theory of gravity
Published Works ◆ Law of Inertia: Any object will remain at
➔ Commentariolus (1514) “Little Commentary” rest unless acted upon an external force
➔ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI ◆ Law of Acceleration: Force is equal to
(1543) “Six Books Concerning the Revolutions mass times acceleration and change in
of the Heavenly Orbs” motion is proportional to the force
➔ Tabulae prutenicae (1551) “Prutenic Tables”, applied
published by German astronomer Erasmus ◆ Law of Interaction: For every action, there
Reinhold is an equal and opposite reaction

NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION Infinitesimal Calculus

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) ➔ Developed along with Gottfried Leibniz
➔ Mathematician, Astronomer, Philosopher,
and Physicist Theory of Color
➔ Born to an illiterate farmer but grew to be a ➔ Elucidated on the nature of light (white light
celebrated scientist due to his many coming from the sun can be refracted using
contributions a glass prism into a spectrum of different
➔ Brought about a comprehensive colors)
understanding of the physical world ➔ Using a second prism will combine the
➔ Developed a mechanical model for the spectrum to form back white light
workings of the universe that is devoid of ➔ Observed colors of objects are due to their
spiritual influence selective interaction with the different colors
➔ Fun Facts: ➔ of the visible light spectrum
◆ Gravity
◆ Designed reflecting telescope Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
◆ Knighted by Queen Anne of England in Mathematica “Principia”
1705, making him Sir Isaac Newton ➔ Published in 1687
➔ “Mathematical Principles of Natural Joseph Priestley
Philosophy” ➔ Discovered oxygen which provided crucial
➔ Contains his laws and theories, including the evidence for Lavoisier’s theories on
concept of universal gravitation (all matter disproving the theory of phlogiston
in the universe will be affected by the force
of gravity in the same manner) After Studying the Oxygen in Combustion
➔ Unified the physical world under a ➔ Lavoisier introduced standardized terms and
mechanical model, removing spiritual methods in chemistry and
influences ➔ disproved the theory of phlogiston by
showing that combustion required a gas

CHEMICAL REVOLUTION (oxygen)

Robert Boyle
➔ The “Father of Chemistry” was not the Traité Élémentaire de Chimie
figurehead of the Chemical Revolution ➔ Published in 1789 by Lavoisier
➔ Contained essentially all of Lavoisier’s

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier contributions to chemistry

➔ A french chemist ➔ Lavoisier’s effort to standardized chemistry
➔ Began studying the role of oxygen in made him the figurehead of the Chemical
combustion in 1772 Revolution and the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”

Combustion and the Attack on Phlogiston

Combustion EINSTEINIAN REVOLUTION
➔ A chemical process in which a substance Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
(typically a fuel) reacts with an oxidizing ➔ Considered one of the greatest physicists
agent to produce heat and often light since Newton

Phlogiston Special Theory of Relativity

➔ A concept in early chemistry, developed in ➔ Proposed that time and motion are relative,
the 17th century, was the dominant theory on countering Newton's view of fixed space and
the nature of combustion time

Before Lavoisier General Theory of Relativity (1915)

➔ The dominant on the nature of combustion ➔ Interwoven gravity with space and time,
was the phlogiston theory surpassing Newton's ideas

According to Phlogiston Theory Annus Mirabilis (Miracle Year) Papers

➔ Combustible materials contained phlogiston (1905)
➔ When these materials burned, they released ➔ Published groundbreaking papers on:

phlogiston into the air ◆ Special Theory of Relativity

➔ The more phlogiston a material contained, ◆ Photoelectric Effect

the more easily it burned ◆ Brownian Motion

◆ Mass-Energy Equivalence (E=mc2)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Darwin Observations in Different Species
➔ Awarded for his work on the photoelectric ➔ Galápagos Tortoises that live in areas with
effect, which connected wave theory of light tall plants have long necks and legs
with quantum theory ➔ Galápagos Finches that live in areas with
➔ Einstein’s ideas marked a shift when physics hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks
was thought to be complete, influencing
modern technologies Fossil and Geological Evidence
➔ Discovered fossils of prehistoric species that

OTHER INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS resemble living ones

Kuhn’s Focus ➔ Discovered fossilized shells high in the Andes

➔ Primarily on physical sciences, limiting mountains

examples from other fields ◆ Ex: Glyptodon and Armadillo have similar
look and structure but different eras

Charles Darwin ➔ Identical larvae, different adult body forms.

➔ Though briefly discussed by Kuhn, Darwin’s Similar embryos, diverse organisms
contribution to science, especially with his ◆ Ex: Adult crab, larva, and adult barnacle
theory of evolution, can be considered
revolutionary (Richards, 2012) Theory of Natural Selection
➔ Natural selection is how a living creature
adapts to its surroundings by preferentially
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
reproducing modifications to its genotype, or
➔ Known for his theory of evolution by natural
genetic makeup
selection
➔ Heritability alludes to the ability of a trait to
➔ On the Origin of Species (1859), species
be passed on
evolve over time through a process of
variation, competition, and survival of the
Four Primary Principles
fittest
➔ Variation - Natural variation in genetic code,
➔ The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin argued
due to mutations
that humans and apes share a common
➔ Overproduction - Producing more offspring
ancestor
than will survive to maturity
➔ Adaptation - Ability to withstand changes in
Evolution
➔ Natural process by which species or the environment

populations' genetics change over time ➔ Descent with Modification - The mutation of

➔ Genetic drift, mutation, and migration are genes into other forms

merely three instances of evolutionary

processes FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Adaptation of Animals to Environment ➔ Considered to be a scientific revolutionary
➔ An adaptation is an aspect which enables a based on premise (Weinert)
species to better survive in its environment ➔ First attempted to explain human behavior in
➔ Species that can adapt to their surroundings terms of psychological events, which he
can result in genetic changes in a would then abandon for the Psychoanalytic
population Theory
➔ Believed that man is essentially not in full
control of his mind and thought

FREUD’S WORKS
Psychoanalytic Theory
➔ Behavior arises from the interaction of the
conscious and unconscious dimensions of
the human mind

Mental Disorders
➔ Arises from psychological repression,
wherein unpleasant thoughts and memories
were being put out of the mind, only to be
hidden in the unconscious
➔ Can be understood by the interpretation of
dreams, examination of verbal slips, and
analyzing the results of free association

The Unconscious Mind

➔ Proposed that a large part of mental life is
unconscious, meaning it operates beneath
the level of awareness
➔ This idea challenged the traditional view that
human thought and behavior are fully
rational and controllable
➔ The part of the mind that cannot be
controlled nor cannot be directly understood

Oedipus Complex
➔ Named after Oedipus, the king of Thebes
➔ Later unknowingly kill his father and sleep
with his mother as a part of his prophecy
➔ An unconscious sexual yearning for the
parent of different sex and hatred for the
other parent
➔ g
 ◆ Taking care of animals for food, rituals,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
and bond
IN THE PHILIPPINES ◆ Food production for lean seasons
STS 0002-15 | DATE | GROUP 3
◆ Interpretation of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climate
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD ◆ Medicinal uses of plants
CHARACTERISTICS ◆ Irrigation systems
➔ Simple level of technological developments
◆ Tools for hunting and security
➔ They were self-sufficient and autonomous
◆ Musical Instruments
communities before the Spaniards came
◆ Known as “metal age” influence as seen
➔ Because of the abundance of natural
in the use of gold and silver for jewelry
resources and sparse population, they lack a
pressure for inventions and innovations for
PROMINENT INVENTIONS
early Pilipinos
Baybayin
➔ Utilized trading with neighboring countries at
➔ The earliest writing system of the Filipino.
the time for other essentials they might not
➔ Incorrectly known as “Alibaba”
have direct access to
➔ From the root word “baybay”
➔ Form of communication that is utilized for
SHORT TIMELINE everyday use and is well respected
➔ 3000 B.C
◆ Production adzes ornaments of seashells.
Concept of Time
➔ 1st Century A.D
➔ Use of astrological components to tell time
◆ Weaved cotton, smelted and refined iron
(from ores), made pottery and glass
“Taon” as an indicator of time
ornaments, and engaged in agriculture
➔ Means “assembly of many”
➔ 10th Century A.D
➔ Does not pertain to a unit of time but refers
◆ Built boats, and warships called
to a cosmological, environmental,
“caracao”
agricultural, and religious element that come
◆ Engaging with trade
together to mark the beginning of a season
➔ Tagalog Interpretation of “taon”
SPREAD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ◆ Pagkakataon (opportunity)
➔ The spread of science and technology
◆ Nagkataon (by chance)
experienced a rather slow pace because of
◆ Nataon (occur at the same time)
the following obstacles:
◆ Itinaon (to set a schedule)
◆ Archipelagic condition
◆ Panahon (weather)
◆ Different dialect
➔ Visayan Interpretation of “taon”
◆ Close-minded to new ideas
◆ Taon, pertain to harvest (Taon na didto
◆ Superstitiousness
dile - It’s already harvest)
◆ Tuig, coming of period events like rain
USE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and menstruation
➔ Use of science and technology in the era are ◆ Dag-on, spring or time for blooming of
summarized as follows: trees and plant
◆ Planting crops

Sun and Moon as Time Markers

➔ The sun as the main indicator for the face of ➔ The science in schools being taught would
day and night be about anatomy, botany, and zoology
◆ Arao (Araw) from native name of sun ➔ This also included technology but only
that means day limited to basic toolsmith and its uses
◆ Gab-i (Gabi) stands for night ➔ The study of medicine was also tackled in
➔ Moon phases display shifting of one month colleges and universities, but its growth was
to another stunted due to superstitious beliefs and
◆ Gimata, the moon seems to open its eyes religion being the forefront of Spanish
◆ Katin, third phase. teachings
◆ Malamsumbang, new moon.
➔ Tagalog elaborate descriptions of the AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND TRADE
division of night and day THE GALLEON TRADE
◆ Day division ➔ 1565 to 1815
● Bukang liwayway, breaking of dawn. ➔ Gave way for the Philippines to connect to
● Katanghalian, high noon or midday. the west
● Pagsikat ng talang baquero, begins ➔ The merchants mainly came from Fujian,
around 3:30 in the morning. China, supplying and selling the Spaniards
● Pagsikat ng batang batugan, light spices, porcelain, ivory, silk cloth, and many
first appears on the horizon other valuables
● Mababa na, two o’clock sun position ➔ Used to change culture, language, and
● Lulunod na, four o’clock sun position environment for both the Philippines and
◆ Night division Mexico
● Takipsilim, dusk. ➔ Served as the main communication between
● Malalim na ang gabi, around 10 or 11 mainland Spain and the Spaniards stationed
in the evening in the Philippines
● Hatinggabi, midnight ➔ Two galleons (ships) were used:
◆ Acapulco to Manila – ₱500k worth of
Weights and Measurement goods, spanning 120 days at sea.
➔ It was almost natural that the system of dry ◆ Manila to Acapulco – ₱250k worth of
measures would revolve principally around goods, spanning 90 days at sea.
the staple food, rice, but the system was also ➔ Caracoas, refined plank built warships, were
used to measure salt, mongo, and others. used for inter-island trading.
➔ The main system of measurement is based ◆ Butuan, Philippines to Champa, Vietnam
on the body parts: ◆ Ma’l(Mindoro) to China
◆ Dakot (handful), most common unit of ➔ Had a negative effect on the Philippines’
measurement economy due to Spanish capital being
◆ Kaban, wholesale or bulk transactions devoted to speculation in Chinese goods

SPANISH REGIME REAL SOCIEDAD ECONÓMICA

➔ Main focus was to bring education, trading, ➔ The Real Sociedad Económica de los Amigos

and other science based advancements to Del País de Filipinas, founded by Governador

the Philippines Jose Basco y Vargas in 1780

➔ Carried over their culture and practices, as ➔ Promoted the act of advancing agriculture

well as taught subjects and disciplines and industry

➔ The proponents being cultivation of the ➔ After the Jesuits surrendered the San Ignacio
industries producing indigo, cotton, to civil authorities from Spain, the institution
cinnamon, and silk was ordered for foreclosure in 1768
➔ In 1789, the opening of imports and exports in ➔ It reopened in 1783 under the name
Manila occurred, establishing an era of Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos
exporting rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and ➔ The institution was granted university status
indigo to new highs in 1948 and became the University of San
◆ On the other hand, the imports of Carlos (USC)
manufacturing goods also reached an
all time high UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
➔ The Bachelor’s Degree in Pharmacy was ➔ Formerly known as the Colegio de Nuestra
granted to its first few graduates, six in total, Señora del Rosario
including Leon Ma. Guerrero, dubbed as the ➔ Established in 1611 by Bishop Miguel de
Father of Philippine Pharmacy, due to his Benavidez, the third Archbishop of Manila
works on Medicinal Plants of the Philippines ➔ Gained its university status in 1645, gaining
the title of “Oldest Existing University in Asia”

EDUCATION AND INSTITUTIONS and “Largest Catholic University in the World

➔ Engineering schools were yet to be by Population
established, still, a four year course for Pilot ➔ Initially, it offered degrees only in Theology,
of Merchant Marine was offered, wherein it Philosophy, and Humanities
included the following subjects: ➔ Later on, it expanded faculties to offer
◆ Arithmetic jurisprudence, canonical law, medicine, and
◆ Algebra pharmacy
◆ Geometry
◆ Trigonometry OTHER INSTITUTIONS
◆ Physics ➔ Multiple other institutions were founded
◆ Hydrography during the Spanish Rule, but only flourished
◆ Meteorology and made significant advancements and
◆ Navigation progress during the upcoming eras such as
◆ Pilotage the American Regime and Commonwealth
➔ Significant tertiary educational institutions Period
were founded during this time, notably ◆ Manila Observatory
Colegio de Manila, Colegio de San Ildefonso, ◆ Ateneo de Manila
and Colegio de Nuestra Senora del
Santisimo Rosario AMERICAN REGIME
➔ The Americans have more influence in the
COLEGIO DE MANILA development of science and technology in
➔ Founded in 1590 by the first Spanish Jesuits the Philippines compared to the Spaniards
who landed in the country by 1581 ➔ Science mainly focused on improving
➔ Recognized as the first Royal and Pontifical agriculture, food production, medicine, and
University in Asia pharmacy
➔ Renamed Colegio de San Ignacio in 1626, ➔ Not much attention was given to developing
later changed to Universidad de San Ignacio industrial technology
in 1626
➔ The Americans did everything to ➔ The Philippine General Hospital became a
“Americanize” the Filipinos part of University of the Philippines through
executive order No. 94 in 1948
EDUCATION ➔ In the field of medicine, the Philippine
➔ In basic education, science education Commission offered as many scholarships
focuses on nature studies and sanitation, as there were officially established provinces
until it became a subject formally known as in the country
“Science”
➔ The teaching of science in higher education COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
has also greatly improved and modernized. ➔ Inaugurated in 1935 which gave the
Research was done to control malaria, Philippines the start of political
cholera, tuberculosis and other tropical independence
diseases
➔ They established the public education EDUCATION
system ➔ The Constitution acknowledged the
➔ They established a mode research university, importance of promoting scientific
the University of the Philippines, and created development for the economic development
more public hospitals than the former of the country by incorporating a provision
colonial master (Article XIII, Section 4) declaring that "The
State shall promote scientific research and
UNIVERSITIES ESTABLISHED invention, Arts and Letters shall be under its
➔ Philippine College of Commerce in 1904 (now patronage..."
Polytechnic University of the Philippines) ➔ The government at the time which was fully
➔ Philippine Normal School in 1901 (now under Filipino management brought the
Philippine Normal University) concern for the growing number of
➔ Colegio Filipino in 1900 (now National schoolchildren to light which then prompted
University) the expansion of the public school system
➔ University of the Philippines in 1908 [Act no. ➔ The government abolished Grade VII as the
1870 of the Philippine Assembly] terminal grade in the elementary curriculum
➔ The government instituted the
HEALTHCARE “double-single session” plan which reduced
➔ Americans portrayed Filipinos as highly the time allotment or dropping certain
superstitious, believing every diseases and subjects in elementary school
misfortunes were “God’s will” ➔ The government enacted Commonwealth
➔ The Philippine Commission established the Act No. 180 (Nov 13 1936) which reestablished
Bureau of Government Laboratories on July 1, the Office of Private Education which was
1901, which was then replaced by the Bureau then abolished in 1932
of Science in 1905 ➔ Higher education was mainly provided by
➔ The National Research Council of the the private sector
Philippines on December 8, 1933 ➔ By 1936, there were 425 private schools
➔ The Philippine Medical School was recognised by the government
established in 1905 which was later ➔ 64 were institutions at the college level
absorbed into the University of the ➔ 7 were universities which together had a
Philippines total of 19575 college students
 ◆ Centro Escolar University ➔ In spite of all these efforts, the
◆ Far Eastern University Commonwealth government was unable to
◆ National University achieve economic self-reliance. This was
◆ Philippine Women’s University because of the following reasons:
◆ Siliman University ◆ Foreign trade and tariff policies remained
◆ University of Manila under the control of the American
◆ University of Santo Tomas government
◆ Free trade relations also continued and
ECONOMICS thus perpetuated the preferential
➔ The Commonwealth government worked treatment of exports of agricultural raw
towards the development of economic materials
self-reliance which would be necessary to ◆ The Pacific War broke out in 1941 and the
sustain genuine political independence Philippines was occupied by Japanese
➔ Created the National Economic Council to troops
prepare an economic program and advise
the government on economic and financial OTHER INFORMATION
questions ➔ The occupation of the Philippines during the
➔ Several government corporations were war brought both educational, economic,
reorganized and new ones were created to and scientific activities to a halt as the
perform such varied functions as: population joined the resistance against the
◆ Exploitation and development of natural Japanese
resources (e.g., the National Power ➔ A big portion of the country was in ruins due
Corporation); to the battles fought for liberation that took
◆ Development and promotion of local place in 1944-1945
industries (such as the National ➔ Manila, the capital which was the center of
Development Company (NDC) and its all the educational and scientific work
subsidiaries, the National Abaca and mentioned, was left in ruins along with the
Other Fibers Corporation); work that was built before
◆ Promotion of agricultural production and ➔ Due to the condition of the Philippines after
marketing; and the like the Pacific War as an independent state, the
➔ The Commonwealth government also government had to rebuild all that was lost
adopted measures to encourage and ➔ The government had to make plans for
provide assistance to private Filipino economic reconstruction, normalization of
businessmen in the establishment of operations, and planning the direction of
industries and manufacturing enterprises economic development
➔ This created new agencies such as the
Bureau of Mines to provide assistance to SINCE INDEPENDENCE
businessmen undertaking mining 1946-1969
exploration and development ➔ Scientific work in government suffered from
➔ Other Bureaus created were the Bureaus of a lack of support, planning, and coordination
Science, Plant, and Animal Industry which during the early postwar years
encouraged scientific research for industrial
purposes STATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
➔ Mindanao State University (MSU) - 1961
 ◆ Marawi City, Lanao del Sur ◆ (NSB) Its responsibilities included
➔ Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) directing research goals, establishing the
- 1904 (Elevated to University Status in 1978) course for the nation's scientific
◆ Manila development, and supervising S&T policy
➔ Central Mindanao University (CMU) - 1910 ◆ (NSIRI) Is established with a specific goal
(Became a University in 1965) of carrying out scientific and industrial
◆ Bukidnon research. It addressed the operational
➔ Cebu Technological University (CTU) - 1911 and technical facets of research and
(Became a University in 2009) development (R&D), with a focus on the
◆ Cebu applied and industrial sciences
➔ University of Southeastern Philippines (USEP)
- 1978 1958
◆ Davao ➔ The National Science Development Board
(NSDB) was established in 1958, under the
BUREAU OF SCIENCE TO DEPARTMENT OF "Magna Carta of Philippine Science" RA 1067

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY which was designed to coordinate and

➔ 1st of July 1901 - The Bureau of Government supervise all scientific activities in the
Laboratories (BGL) country
➔ Bureau of Science was reorganized on 1947 ➔ NSIRI became the National Institute of
to Institute of Science Science and Technology (NIST) under the
supervision of NSDB
1951 ➔ Science Act of 1958
➔ The IS was renamed Institute of Science and ◆ Created National Science Development
Technology (IST) by virtue of Executive Order Board (NSDB)
No. 392 and for the first time primarily ● To formulate policies for the
concerned itself with industry-oriented development of science
research ● Coordinate the work of science
➔ Acquired the status of a government-owned agencies
corporation and was placed under the ◆ Created Philippine Atomic Energy
Economic Coordination Commission
➔ The Science Foundation of the Philippines
(SFP) was also established the same year Reorganizations
and put along with the IS ➔ After going through several reorganizations,
◆ Encouraging research in the science and consolidations, this organization is now what
engineering areas we know as Department of Science and
Technology and under it is the Industrial
1956 Technology Development Institute (ITDI)
➔ Congress approved RA Number 1606
authorizing the establishment of the National DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
Science Board (NSB) TECHNOLOGY
➔ IST was changed to the National Scientific 1947
and Industrial Research Institute (NSIRI), and ➔ Institute of Nutrition
was placed under supervision of NSB ◆ Eventually became the Food and
Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI)
 ◆ Perform research, advisory, and Third SONA | January 22, 1968:
extension functions ➔ Acknowledgement of technology as the
➔ Commission on Volcanology foremost factor in the economic
◆ Created and placed under the National development of the country
Research and Council of the Philippines ➔ Additional funds were given specifically to
◆ Basic research on volcanology the applied science and science education
to support prospective projects
1960s
➔ Several science oriented agencies were Philippine Science Community | April 6,
established by Philippine Laws which 1968:
broaden the NSDB, organization and ➔ In Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal lies a 35 hectares
functions. site wherein seminars were conducted
◆ Philippine Inventors Commission and ➔ This is where public and private high schools,
Philippine Coconut Research Institute as well as college science professors discuss
(1964) further and adhere to its mission to nurture
◆ Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967) the country’s best and brightest to reach
◆ Forest Product Research and Industries their fullest potential
Development Commission (1969)
Fourth SONA | January 27, 1969:
Existing Agencies ➔ Funds were allocated to private universities

➔ Several existing agencies in accordance with in further establishing courses in science,

NSDB policy coordination technology, and research

➔ the NRCP, Metals Industry Research and

Development Center (MIRDC). Fifth SONA | January 26, 1970:
➔ The SFP. Philippine Science High School ➔ With the development and improvement of

(PSHS) and Philippine Council for Agriculture the science curricula, there was an upgrade

and Resources Research (PCARR) to the science equipment in different schools

in the Philippines. Listed below are some of
the research developed:
MARCOS ERA
◆ Philippine Coconut Research Institute
➔ The Marcos regime had brought light onto
was integrated with the National Science
the development of Science and Technology
and Development Board (NSDB) to
with several laws implemented in the
upgrade the coconut industry
Philippine constitution of 1973
◆ The NSDB also established the Philippine
➔ It was emphasized on several of his State of
Textile Research Institute
the Nation Address
◆ The Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission of the NSDB explored the
Second SONA | January 23, 1967
uses of atomic energy for economic
➔ Science played a significant role in research
development
and development programs
➔ The Department of Education was instructed
to review the science courses provided to Seventh SONA | January 24, 1972:
➔ Major development projects in reforming
public high schools
sectors of Education. These projects
included:
◆ Research and development schools
 ◆ Technical institutes passion in science and technology to study
◆ Science education centers for free
◆ Agricultural colleges ➔ Presidential Task Force for Science and
◆ Vocational high schools Technology to envision the status of the
Philippines as the next industrialized country
National Academy of Science and ➔ On April 28, 1992, Republic Act No. 7459
Technology | Presidential Decree No. ◆ “An Act Providing Incentives to Filipino
1003-A s. 1976: Inventors and Expanding the Functions of
➔ An institution that consists of scientists that the Technology Application and
will serve as a reservoir of scientific and Promotion Institute, Appropriating Funds
technological expertise for the country. Therefor. and for Other Purposes"
◆ Known as "Inventors and Invention
FIFTH REPUBLIC Incentives Act of the Philippines”
➔ Marked its new era of Science and ◆ Made to give prioritization on inventions
Technology starting in 1986 and incentives to investors and also
➔ It highlights institutional reforms, policy protecting their exclusive right to their
developments as well as research and invention
development initiatives, commercialization
of technology and collaborations Fidel V. Ramos
internationally ➔ Establish programs that are significant to
➔ These are the significant events that led to Science and Technology. “Responses of the
developments of Science and Technology in national innovation”, n.d.
the Fifth Republic ➔ In 1993, Science and Technology Agenda for
National Development (STAND) was

THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION - established which prioritized the following

SECTION 10 ARTICLE OF XIV areas:

➔ This constitution says that the State shall ◆ Exporting winners identified by the DTI;
provide priority to research and ◆ Domestic needs identified by the
development, invention, innovation and their President's Council for Countryside
utilization and to support indigenous, Development;
appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and ◆ Support industries and
technological capabilities, and their ◆ Coconut industry development
application to the country’s productive
systems and national life Laws Enacted
➔ Magna Carta for Science and Technology

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRESIDENTS Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439);

Corazon C. Aquino ➔ Science and Technology Scholarship Law of

➔ Proclamation of Executive Order No. 128 also 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
known as the “Reorganization of the ➔ Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
National Science and Technology (Republic Act No. 7459)
Application and Promotion Institute” (TAPI) ➔ The Intellectual Property Code of the
➔ RA 6655 Science for the Masses Program Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)
aimed at encouraging children who had
 ◆ This law provides industrial property technology transfer activities and
rights, copyrights and related rights, and expedited the commercialization of
technology transfer arrangements government-funded research
➔ Emphasized the role of technology in
Joseph Estrada economic development:
➔ Signed two major legislations ◆ Research and Development Programs
➔ Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic ◆ S&T Human Resource Development
Act No. 8749) Programs
◆ Protect and preserve the environment ◆ Scientific and Technological Services
and ensure the sustainable development ◆ S&T Promotion and Information Services
of its natural resources. ◆ Scientific Linkages and International
➔ Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Cooperation
Act No. 8792)
◆ Ban computer hacking and offers Benigno Aquino III
chances to new companies coming out ➔ Conferred 4 new National Scientists for their
of the Internet-driven New Economy great contributions
➔ Launched a Full Scale Program based on ◆ Academicians Gavino Trono
cost effective irrigation technologies in his ◆ Angel C. Alcala
First State of the Nation Address. ◆ Ramon C. Barba
➔ Announced the Dole-outs are out: ◆ Edgardo D. Gomez
◆ Basic Health ➔
◆ Basic Nutrition and Useful Education ➔

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

➔ Recognized for ushering in the "Golden Age"
of Science and Technology, enacted
numerous laws and projects focused on
Science and the Environment
➔ Biofuels Act of 2006 (Republic Act No. 9367)
◆ Promotes the development as a cleaner
and more cheap alternative to gasoline
which benefits both the economy and
the environment
➔ Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization
Act (Republic Act No. 10601)
◆ Improves the sector of agriculture and
fisheries by encouraging mechanization
that covers research, development,
manufacturing, and regulation of
agricultural machinery
➔ Technology Transfer Act of 2009 (Republic
Act 10055)
◆ Become a major achievement because
of the law’s spirit of harmonizing
 Medical Incubator
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS AND
➔ Fe Del Mundo developed bamboo incubators
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS to create cost-effective solutions in 1941
STS 0002-15 | DATE | GROUP 3
➔ It had two bamboo native laundry baskets of
various sizes and bottles of hot water were
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS set up across and between the baskets to
➔ Philippine Inventions highlight the creative
maintain the newborn’s body temperature
skills and innovative thinking of the Filipinos
utilizing the available basic and local
Single chip 16-bit microprocessor
materials
➔ Diosdado Banatao developed the first
➔ They contribute to national identity and
single-chip graphical user interface
pride, address local needs, and improve
accelerator and he achieved his initial
daily life
breakthrough with Commodore International
➔ A 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle ◆ This invention has made it possible for
➔ The “Salamander”, a floating amphibious
computer users to use graphics for
tricycle, was designed and built by H2O
commands and made data processing
Technologies at the Capital Commons
faster while taking up less space
Center in Pasig City
➔ Atoy Llave of A-toy Body Kits, in collaboration
Electrifilter
with Dominic Chang, invented the
➔ Christian G. Sta. Romana and John Paul G.
Salamander
Santos from Polytechnic University of the
➔ The Salamander can accommodate five
Philippines received an award for their
passengers and one driver that operates on
innovation of Electrifilter
both land and water
➔ It produces electricity from wastewater that
➔ The vehicle comprises a patent pending
is capable of powering street lamp posts on
compartmentalized, double-hull, fiberglass
sidewalks and roadways
body to facilitate buoyancy on water
➔ The waste produced from the device can be
utilized as a fertilizer
E-Jeepneys
➔ The founder of electric jeepneys was the
Salt Lamp
Philippine Utility Vehicle (PhUV) Inc.
➔ A Filipina scientist, Aisa Mijeno invented salt
➔ The EJeepney operates solely on electricity
lamp, where her vision is “to light up the rest
provided by rechargeable automotive
of the Philippines sustainably” (Buccat, 2015)
batteries, replacing the need for gasoline or
➔ The salt lamp is an eco-friendly alternative
diesel fue
light source that operates on saltwater,
➔ It can be charged overnight for roughly eight
making it ideal for those residing in coastal
hours on ordinary wall outlets and run the
regions
following day for a minimum of 65 kilometers
➔ Two tablespoons of salt, one glass of tap
➔ The corporation intends to develop jeepneys
water, catalysts, and metal alloys, generate
that emit no hazardous pollutants in the
electricity for eight hours while submerged in
atmosphere
electrolyte
Vazbuilt: A Modular Housing System Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat), funded by
➔ The Vazbuilt building technology was DOST (Department of Science and
invented by Edgardo G. Vasquez Technology), and the University of the
➔ Vazbuilt manufactures prefabricated Philippines
reinforced concrete columns, wall panels, ➔ The project involved collaboration with
and tie beams that are assembled into various institutions, including Tohoku
modular housing units University and Hokkaido University in Japan
➔ Built in, highly engineered method for ➔ It was created to enhance the country’s
construction of buildings for residential and capabilities in Earth and weather
commercial purposes observation, disaster risk management,
➔ The system of construction uses environmental monitoring, and preservation
prefabricated posts and panels to build of cultural and historical sites
fire-proof, termite-proof, and earthquake
proof in less than a month Diwata-2
➔ The Philippines second Earth-observing
Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal trap microsatellite
➔ It was developed by the Department of ➔ It was successfully launched on October 29,
Science and Technology (DOST) through its 2018 from the Tanegashima Space Center in
Industrial Technology Development Institute Japan via an F40 rocket
(ITDI) ➔ It features two deployable systems, the solar
➔ This aims to control the population of Aedes array panels and amateur radio antennas
mosquitoes that carry the disease ➔ To prolong its useful life, Diwata-2 will be
➔ The OL trap kit comprises black cup and a launched to an orbit 213 kilometers higher
popsicle stick-like strip of Lawanit (coconut than Diwata 1’s
husk wall paneling) which is half-immersed
in an organic solution able to kill mosquito Pinoy Hybrid Electric Train
eggs and larvae ➔ The first Filipino hybrid electric train was
launched on April 24, 2019.
Multi-Cooler Fan ➔ Developed by the Department of Science
➔ The invention of the electric giant fan by and Technology’s Metal Industry and
Egardo Vasquez Research Development Center in partnership
➔ A turbo version for industrial use can with the Philippine National Railways (PNR).
surround an area for up to 80 meters with ➔ The air-conditioned train uses Toyota’s Prius
cool mists technology and can accommodate 880
➔ It is a misting system that sprays ultra-fine passengers
microns of water and it evaporates into the ➔ HET features have a diesel-powered
air producing a stronger cooling effect generator, an electric motor, a bank of
electrical batteries, and regenerative braking
Diwata-1: Philippine Made Micro-Satellite technology
➔ Diwata-1 is the first of the two
micro-satellites in the Philippines Quink Ink
➔ It was developed by a team of Filipino ➔ Francisco Quisimbing invented a fountain
scientists and engineers, led by the pen in 1931
Philippine Scientific Earth Observation
 ◆ A Filipino botanist who got his PhD in ➔ The award was for his contributions to
Taxonomy, Systematics, and Morphology tropical marine phycology, focusing on
from the University of Chicago seaweed biodiversity
➔ He organized the Philippine Ink Corporation
after World War II and introduced Quink Angel C. Alcala
which stands for Quisumbing Ink ➔ March 1, 1929 - February 1, 2023
➔ It has that desired quality of ink flow, has ➔ Born in Negros Occidental
resistance to water and molding, is not ➔ He grew up in a family of ten siblings, him
corrosive and dries quickly (Plethorist, n.d) being the eldest
➔ His family resided in Caliling, a coastal

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS village in Cauayan of Negros Occidental,

➔ During President Benigno Aquino III term in famous for its immaculate beach where Dr.

2014 conferred four new National Scientist Alcala’s connection to marine life began

because of their contribution in the scientific ➔ He planned to take medical studies after

field completing a pre-medical course at Silliman

University

Gavino C. Trono ➔ However, due to financial constraints, he

➔ November 11, 1931 chose to stay at Silliman University and
➔ "Father of Kappaphycus Farming" finished a degree in Biology
➔ Born in La Castellana, Negros Occidental,
Philippines on 11 November 1931 Education
➔ BS Biology - Silliman University in 1951
Contributions ➔ MA in 1960 & PhD Biological Sciences in 1966-
➔ He was a marine biologist Stanford University
➔ Contributions to the study of tropical marine ➔ Honorary Doctorates - Xavier University and
phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity the University of Southeastern Philippines

Education Profession
➔ B.S. Botany - UP Diliman in 1954 ➔ Started as an Instructor in Biology at Silliman
➔ M.S. - Araneta University in 1961 University to various high-ranking positions,
➔ Ph.D. Marine Botany - Uni. of Hawaii in 1968 including Dean of the College of Arts and
Sciences, Director of the Marine Laboratory,
Profession and eventually President of the University
➔ Served as a professor at the Department of from 1991 – 1992
Botany of the University of the Philippines ➔ He founded the Silliman Marine Laboratory,
(UP) Diliman, and later at the UP Marine which has been active in research on marine
Science Institute in 1981 protected areas, fisheries and marine
➔ Conferred the rank of National Scientist of biodiversity, mariculture, and conservation of
the Philippines in 2014 by Benigno Aquino III, Philippine plant and animal species
the President of the Philippines ➔ His marine science publications consist of
➔ This award has been made to just over thirty about 80 papers on coral reef fish, marine
leading scientists and this gives them a reserves, and the long-term effects of
pension of life as well as a seat at important protection on marine biodiversities such as
national ceremonies corals and top predatory fish
➔ Most of these papers have been published in ➔ PhD Marine Biology - UC, San Diego
refereed, international journals and books
➔ In 1992, former President Fidel V. Ramos Profession
appointed him as Secretary of the ➔ Edgardo Dizon Gomez, ONS was a Filipino
Department of Environment and Natural biologist who was conferred the rank of
Resources where he initiated DENR’s National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014
program on marine conservation ➔ He was a professor emeritus for marine
➔ He was also designated as the first biology at the University of the Philippines
Chairman of the Commission on Higher Marine Science Institute
Education (CHED) from 1995 to 1999, where ➔ He was the founding director of the Marine
he served with probity, integrity, and Science Institute at the University of the
transparency Philippines Diliman upon his return in 1973
➔ In addition, he promoted faculty capacity after his doctorate studies
building and research projects to encourage
research programs in colleges and Fe V. Del Mundo
universities ➔ Invention of medical incubator and jaundice
relieving device
Ramon C. Barba ➔ Most Outstanding Scholar in Medicine by the
➔ August 31, 1939 - October 10, 2021 Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de Filipinas
➔ The son of Juan Madamba Barba and ➔ The Children’s Medical Center
Lourdes Cabanos of San Nicolas, Ilocos ➔ Awards:
Norte, Barba was born on August 31, 1939, the ◆ National Scientist of the Philippines
youngest of four siblings ◆ Elizabeth Blackwell Award
➔ Grandfather - Juan Cabanos ◆ Ramon Magsaysay Award
◆ Official of the Bureau of Plants and ◆ Outstanding Pediatrician and
Industry (BPI) Humanitarian
➔ Instructor - L.G. Gonzales
◆ "Father of Philippine Horticulture" Abelardo B. Aguilar
➔ Erythromycin antibiotic drug
Education ◆ Treatment of bacterial infections,
➔ Elementary - Sta. Rosa Academy in 1951 respiratory tract infections like
➔ BS Agriculture in Agronomy and Fruit pneumonia, urinary tract infection, ear
Production - UP Los Baños in 1958 and skin infections, gonorrhea, syphilis,
◆ Orchid researcher Helen Layosa rheumatic fever, whooping cough, and
Valmayor became his biology laboratory diphtheria
instructor ➔ “Doctor of the poor”

Edgardo D. Gomez Raymundo S. Punongbayan

➔ November 7, 1938 - December 1, 2019 ➔ Exceptional research and assessment of
natural hazards
Education ➔ Former director of PHIVOLCS
➔ BS Educ in English and Social Science - DLSU ➔ Recognized internationally as an authority in
➔ MS Biology (Fulbright Travel Grantee) - St. volcanological and seismological
Mary's University of Minnesota phenomena
➔ Under his leadership, conducted Rody G. Sy
investigations about the possible eruption of ➔ 2019 Asian Scientist 100 in Biomedical
Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 Science
➔ Practices internal medicine and cardiologist
William G. Padolina ➔ Focused on heart-related diseases
➔ Pioneered the promotion of natural products
and biotechnology Fabian M. Dayrit
➔ Academician and President of National ➔ President of the Integrated Chemists of the
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Philippines
Philippines ➔ Recognized for his outstanding scientific
➔ Expertise and interests in the areas of researches in the field of chemistry,
research management, science policy, spectroscopy, and environmental science
technology transfer, secondary plant ➔ Project leader of DOST Roadmap for
metabolism, biotechnology and intellectual Nanotechnology Development in the PH
property rights
Caesar A. Saloma
Artemio M. Salazar ➔ Significant contributions in the field of optics
➔ 2019 Asian Scientist 100 ◆ Photonics, signal processing, and
◆ IPB Quality in rice-corn development of method to generate
➔ QPM Var 6 high-contrast images of semiconductor
◆ Addressing malnutrition among actively sites
growing children ➔ Galileo Galilei Award from the International
◆ High Lysine and Tryptophan Corn in 2000 Commission for Optics in 2004
◆ Quality Protein Maize that will improve
the nutritional status and health of poor Ricardo S. Balog
Africans ➔ 2019 Asian Scientist 100 in Mechanical
Engineering
Marissa A. Paglicawan ➔ Low-cost, multi-purpose, adjustable, and
➔ Tryk ni Juan DOST’s project self-restraining refractor used by surgeons in
◆ Using abaca fiber which is a common performing surgery on a patient’s abdominal
motorized tricycle area
◆ Combined with resin to form a composite
➔ Abaca fiber-reinforced composites used in Elmer P. Dadios
other modes of local transportation ➔ Research interests include AI, evolutionary
systems, fuzzy logic, manufacturing
Lourdes J. Cruz processes, neural networks, robotics,
➔ Ten Outstanding Women in the Nation’s software engineering, automation, and
Service (TOWNS) for Biochemistry intelligent systems
➔ Scientific contributions in the field of ➔ Consultant for both the government and
biochemistry private corporations on software and
◆ Venom called conotoxins hardware development
➔ Directly involves in isolating peptides
Rosalinda C. Torres
➔ Studies mostly on applications of chemistry
on natural productions, drug discovery, as
 well as medicinal and pharmaceutical ◆ Amount of phosphorus that support the
chemistry growth of algae and other aquatic plants
➔ Conducted researches on natural products ➔ Phosphorus pollution and is linked to harmful
that have resulted in the development of algal blooms or red tide
health supplements, personal care products, ➔ G
and plant products with insecticidal
properties

Alonzo A. Gabriel
➔ The Outstanding Young Men of the
Philippines 2013 for Food Science and
Technology
➔ Particularly interested in ‘Hurdle Food
Technology’ and ‘Precision Food Processing’
◆ Application of multiple mild food
processing technologies
◆ Estimate microbial inactivation and
quality deterioration rates in food

Gay Jane P. Perez

➔ First Filipino to be awarded the ASEAN-US
Science Prize for Women
➔ Award-winning research focuses on using
satellite data to forecast drought and
identify the ideal planting areas and seasons
that could result in improved crop yield
➔ Postdoctoral fellow at NASA

Reinabelle “Reina” C. Reyes

➔ Research on “obscured quasars”
◆ Chambliss Astronomy Achievement
Student Award from the American
Astronomical Society
➔ Contributions include expanding Einstein’s
Theory of General Relativity
◆ Across galaxies outside the solar system
◆ “The Filipina who proved Einstein right”

Charissa M. Ferrera
➔ 2019 Asian Scientist 100 in Marine
Biogeochemistry
➔ Analysis of the water quality in Anda and
Bolinao that breed bangus
 RENAISSANCE | Francis Bacon (1521 - 1626)
PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF
➔ Refined the process of scientific reasoning
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY during the Renaissance
STS 0002-15 | SEPT. 30, 2024 | GROUP 4
➔ Deductive reasoning can be combined with
inductive reasoning for a more holistic
DEFINING SCIENCE approach to understanding the universe
➔ Its goal is to explain how things work, identify
➔ Induction generates a generalized
causes, and develop reliable, repeatable
statement from a specific observations
results

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
The Oxford Dictionary of English
➔ Development of the modern scientific
➔ It is a “systematic study” of the behavior and
method contributed to the accelerated
structure of the physical and natural world
advancement of science towards the end of
through the help of observation and
Renaissance
experimentation, and the testing of theories
➔ The scientific method is what differentiates
against the evidence obtained
science from non-science it give us a
framework on how to approach problems as
Encyclopedia Britannica (2019)
we encounter them in this universe
➔ It can also refer to the system of knowledge
derived from such studies
BRANCHES OF MODERN SCIENCE
➔ The knowledge covered by science became
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE more expansive; philosophers and scientist
PHILOSOPHY attempted to classify science into different
➔ “Love of wisdom” fields
➔ Investigation of nature , knowledge,
existence, and reality Natural Sciences
➔ Science originated from philosophy ➔ Investigate natural phenomena
➔ Attempt to give an explanation of how things
PHILOSOPHERS happen or work based on the careful
➔ The ancient Greek philosophers can be interpretation of empirical science data
considered as the first scientists ➔ Ex. Physical Sciences (chemistry, physics,
➔ During the 18th and 19th centuries, science geology, astronomy) and Biological Sciences
became distinct from philosophy

Social Sciences
SCIENTIFIC METHOD TIMELINE ➔ Attempts to give insight on human behavior
Aristotle (384 - 222 BCE) and societies
➔ Emphasized the importance of of deductive ➔ Ex. Anthropology, archeology, economics,
reasoning history, psychology, and sociology
➔ Deduction refers to the process of obtaining
a specific statement or theory from a more Formal Sciences
generalized model or observations ➔ Based on a set of rules defined beforehand
➔ Then the Roman and Islamic philosophers or “priori statements”
➔ From such rules, theorems that can be
applied to various systems are formulated
➔ Ex. Mathematics, logic, and statistics ➔ Example:
◆ Plants get their energy from the sun by
VALIDITY OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING photosynthesis
Verifiability Principle or Verificationism ◆ Experiment: Grow a plant with and
➔ Origin: Berlin Circle (1920s) and Vienna Circle without exposure to sunlight
(1924-1936) ◆ Result: Plant A survives without sunlight
➔ Definition: A proposition is scientific if it can (FALSE) and Plant B survives under
be supported by empirical evidence sunlight but dies without it (ACCEPTABLE)
➔ Claim: If it cannot be supported by empirical ➔ Criticism: Complex theories that cannot be
evidence, it is meaningless easily falsifiable but are still scientific
➔ Implication:
◆ Metaphysical claims, religious ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
statements, or any propositions that ➔ Science is largely dependent on
cannot be tested or falsified through observations
observation are all meaningless ➔ Science is not absolute
➔ Example: ➔ Science cannot be used to study theological
◆ Water boils at 100°C at standard issues
atmospheric pressure. verifiable because ➔ The study of scientific methods of inquiry,
it can be tested through empirical defining the scope and validity of science fall
observation under the Philosophy of Science
◆ By boiling water and measuring its ➔ Science co-exists with philosophy
temperature, you can confirm or refute
the statement CONCEPT OF GOOD LIFE AND HUMAN
➔ Criticism: Considered as restrictive as it
FLOURISHING
discourages budding theorists
GREEK PIONEERS
Socrates (470-399 BCE)
Falsification Principle ➔ “The unexamined life is not worth living”
➔ Origin: Karl Popper, an Austrian philosopher
➔ One of the most prominent philosophers that
➔ Definition: A proposition is scientific if it can
questioned life itself
potentially disproved or falsifiable
➔ He questioned everything that surrounded
➔ Claim: A theory is falsifiable if it makes
him, argued against already existing beliefs,
predictions that can be tested and
questioning morals and ethics; it was
potentially contradicted by empirical
because of his ideologies and beliefs that he
evidence.
was sentenced to die
➔ Implication:
◆ Metaphysical or supernatural claims
Plato (428-348 BCE)
often lack falsifiability because they
➔ Once a student of Socrates, he went on to
cannot be empirically tested or
become one of the most influential western
potentially proven wrong through
philosophers in history
observation
➔ Focused on metaphysics and epistemology
◆ Social Sciences are not truly scientific
➔ He left Athens to seek wisdom and when he
since they rely on direct observation of
returned he founded “The Academy”
the subject of study rather than testing
➔ This place schooled many great intellectuals,
specific hypotheses
including Aristotle
 THE GOOD LIFE AND HAPPINESS
Aristotle (384-322 BCE) CONCEPT OF GOOD LIFE AND HAPPINESS
➔ The tutor of Alexander the Great Good Life
➔ He is known for pioneering the theory of logic ➔ Good is a universal concept that is the
➔ He relies on reason and evidence in his opposite of evil
philosophies ➔ What is good is preferred and desirable, be it
intention or action
FOUR MAJOR SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY ➔ The quest for the "good life" has been a
Cynics central focus of philosophical inquiry across
➔ Their purpose in life is to live in virtue cultures and eras
➔ They do not believe in the material world ➔ Coupled with the modern understanding of
➔ In order to become one with nature, people human flourishing, these concepts are
must reject all conventional needs such as increasingly relevant in discussions
power, sex and wealth surrounding well-being, happiness, and
➔ Main figures are Antisthenes, Diogenes, and personal fulfillment
Crates of Thebes
Happiness
Sceptics ➔ Psychological Perspective - Emotion or
➔ They believe that people should doubt state arising from well-being
everything, their senses, morals, and logic ➔ Theological Perspective - Linked to spiritual
➔ There is no certainty in what we know fulfillment and moral living
◆ Christianity - "Blessedness" is often
Epicureans associated with a personal relationship
➔ Founded by Epicurus with God
➔ Everything we feel is true ◆ Buddhism - Considers freedom from
➔ The main goal of this philosophy is to cravings as happiness
maximize pleasure and minimize pain as the ◆ Hinduism - Freedom from the cycle of
goal of man births and deaths
➔ Form of Hedonism ➔ Biological Perspective - Interplay of
◆ A view that pleasure and pain are the genetics, brain physiology and chemistry,
two only important aspects of living body hormones, and physical health

Stoics Eudaimonia
➔ “I have no enemies” ➔ Greek’s concept of happiness that is
➔ Perfect rationality is the key to achieve moral translated as “human flourishing”, or
goodness and happiness “prosperity”
➔ Stoics practice a mindset in which nothing ◆ Literal translation is “good-spirited”
bothers them, they are never disturbed ➔ Throughout history, various philosophers
➔ Founded by Zeno of Citium have contemplated the essence of
happiness and the means to achieve it
➔ Among these thinkers, Plato and Aristotle
stand out as pivotal figures in the
development of Western philosophical
thought
 Aristotle in Achieving Eudaimonia
Plato’s Perspective: Republic ➔ Aristotle stated that eudaimonia can be
➔ Asserted in his works, particularly in the achieved by rational action and grounds
"Republic," a vision of happiness that is happiness in practical actions and societal
intricately linked to the concept of justice engagement
◆ Intellectual Virtue - Virtues of thought
Aristotle’s Perspective: Nicomachean Ethics ● Epistēmē - Scientific knowledge
➔ Eudaimonia is a concept central to the ● Phronēsis - Practical wisdom
philosophy of Aristotle where it is related to ◆ Moral Virtue - Virtues of character
the concepts of virtue and friendship ● Andreia - Bravery
◆ Aretē - Virtue ● Sōphrōsune - Temperance
◆ Philia - Friendship
➔ The Nicomachean Ethics is a philosophical Components of Human Flourishing
text written by Aristotle in the 4th century BCE Physical Well-Being
➔ Aristotle's idea of "eudaimonia" capable of ➔ A healthy body is foundational to well-being
expressing this pursuit, emphasizing the
attainment of virtue and fulfillment over Mental and Emotional Health
mere pleasure ➔ Growth in this area often demands fostering
➔ Human flourishing is where individuals positive relationships and practicing
realize their full potential across various self-care
domains of life
➔ He distinguished between higher pleasures Social Connections
(intellectual pursuits) and lower pleasures ➔ Building and maintaining strong
(sensory experiences) and emphasized the interpersonal relationships is crucial for
social aspect of happiness flourishing
➔ Supportive social networks provide
Abraham Maslow’s Perspective: Hierarchy of emotional support and a sense of belonging,
Needs positively impacting mental health
➔ Happiness is frequently linked with
self-actualization, a term popularized by TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF
Abraham Maslow in his hierarchy of needs UNDERSTANDING OUR WORLD
➔ Eudaimonia of Aristotle is comparable to his
TECHNOLOGY
concept of self-actualization, the highest ➔ Technology serves to make life easier and
personal need, a desire for fulfillment or evolves alongside scientific progress
achieving the most out of one’s potential ➔ As scientific knowledge expands,
technological advancements offer direct
Achieving Eudaimonia benefits to society, improving efficiency and
Plato in Achieving Eudaimonia
accessibility in various aspects of life
➔ Plato views virtue as the only and necessary
➔ To understand how technology can
requirement to eudaimonia; intellectual
contribute to a fulfilling life, we must look to
virtue and moral virtue
philosophy
➔ Philosophical inquiry can help us assess the
ethical dimensions of technology, guiding us
 in making decisions that promote ◆ It also reduces nature into
well-being, social equity, and sustainability standing-reserve
➔ Dangerous Technology — The persistence of
MARTIN HEIDEGGER ON TECHNOLOGY enframing natures will lead us to
Martin Heidegger self-destruction and eventually, humanity
➔ 1889 - 1976 itself becomes a mere standing-reserve
➔ One of the most influential philosophers in
the 20th century TECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCY
➔ Ontology / Philosophical study of Being Heidegger’s Perspective
➔ Questions Concerning Technology ➔ Enframing is destructive but also allows
humans to care for nature
Heidegger’s Main Points: ➔ Mutual Dependence: The world needs
➔ Technology is not an instrument humans, and humans need the world
➔ Technology is not controlled by humans
➔ Technology is dangerous Change in Thinking
➔ Memorial Address speech in 1955
Technology According to Heidegger ➔ Shift from calculative thinking (focused on
➔ Derived from Greek word technikon which is material desires) to meditative thinking
related to the word Techne (focused on understanding meaning)
➔ Techne refers to both manufacturing and art
◆ Part of poiesis Meditative Thinking
◆ Poiesis means bringing-forth, poetry is ➔ Opens us to the truths of nature
an example of it ➔ Encourages a deeper connection to the
◆ Second definition of Poiesis — Something world
that brings “concealment into
unconcealment” Role of Art
◆ Therefore related to Aletheia ➔ In ancient Greece, art unified culture, religion,
◆ Aletheia is a Greek word for “Truth” politics, and society
➔ Artistic expression reflects humanity’s
Modern Technology According to Heidegger oneness in the universe
➔ The way of revealing is not bringing-forth
◆ Windmill is an example of bringing-forth THE GOOD LIFE AND SCIENCE AND
technology; it utilizes wind’s energy TECHNOLOGY
without changing its nature. ➔ Science and technology have a profound
➔ It reveals by challenging the earth. impact on the quality of human life
◆ For example, metallurgy ➔ They can be directly related to the concept
➔ Gestell is a German word for “enframing” of the "good life," which generally refers to a
which means forceful extraction and state of well-being, happiness, and
transformation fulfillment
◆ It removes the essence of poiesis in
technology Health Improvement
◆ It changes humans’ view on natural ➔ Medical Advancements (Use of machines
resources such as MRI, X-ray, etc)
➔ Public Health (sanitation practices, etc)
Education and Knowledge Enhancement
➔ Accessible Information (internet)
➔ STEM Education (as a SHS strand)

Solving Global Problems

➔ Environmental Protection
➔ Agriculture and Food Security (food
distribution, etc)

Convenience and Comfort

➔ Automation (Devices, AI, etc)
➔ Transportation and Communication

Ethics and Responsibility

➔ Moral Use of Science
➔ Human Flourishing

CAN SCIENCE BE USED TO ACHIEVE

GOOD?
➔ When applied with wisdom and ethical
considerations, science has an immense
potential to enhance well-being
➔ However, it’s essential to approach science
carefully, as misuse or unethical applications
can lead to harmful consequences, like
environmental degradation, social
inequality, or misuse of power (e.g., weapons
of mass destruction)
➔
➔ G
 are shouldered by the scientists as well as
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL
the policy-makers
DIMENSIONS OF SCIENCE AND ➔ The practice and application of science and

TECHNOLOGY technology should be able to protect human

STS 0002-15 | OCT. 7, 2024 | GROUP 5 rights and uplift human dignity (Rubenstein
& Younis, 2008)
ETHICAL DIMENSION
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN NUREMBERG TRIALS
RIGHTS (UDHR) ➔ In 1945, towards the end of World War II, the
➔ Important document in the history of human members of the Nazi party of Germany were
rights tried for war crimes
➔ Adopted by the Importoch documente ➔ One such trial prosecuted physicians
United Nations General Assembly in Paris on Involved in unethical human
10 December 1948 experimentation
➔ Motivated by the events during the World ➔ The said code contained ten points which
War December 1948 detailed the elements of ethical medical
➔ Modirafted by representatives of different experiments
backgrounds from all over the world ➔ No human subject should be forced to
participate in experiments that will yield
Article 27 of UDHR harm or injury. Despite not being officially
➔ As science and technology are vital parts of accepted, the Nuremberg Code is a
human life, it is not surprising that the landmark document in clinical research
Universal Declaration also contains an article ethics (Tsay, 2015)
regarding it
➔ States that "everyone has the right to OTHER DOCUMENTS
participate in the cultural life of the ➔ One such example is the Declaration of
community and to share in scientific Helsinki which was first published by the
advancement and its benefits." (UN General World Medical Association (WMA) in 1975
Assembly, 1948) (World Medical Association, 2013)
➔ This is also called the right to science and
culture, which is one of the core economic, Applied Ethics
social, and cultural rights ➔ Examines specific issues such as abortion,
animal rights, and environmental concerns,
Article 15 of ICESCR among others
➔ It is also recognized in Article 15 of the ➔ As science itself cannot dictate what is right
International Covenant on Economic, Social and what is wrong, ethics serves the purpose
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Covenant, a of providing a moral point of view
treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly ➔ In order to make ethical decisions, scientists
on 16 December 1966 (UN General Assembly, follow a framework or technique that
1966) attempts to consider the issues, options, and
arguments that may arise in any situation
➔ Since the majority of the general public are that requires a decision
consumers and not science practitioners,
the burden of upholding the right to science
Essential Elements in Decision Making reminders in morally binding and legally
➔ Identifying stakeholders binding
➔ Identifying possible options or course of
action Purposes
➔ Review arguments for each option ➔ To establish standards of conduct in cases
➔ Making a rational choice from the available not dictated by common sense,
options, backed with the strongest set of ➔ To formulate rules to govern a practice or
moral reasons or principles discipline.
➔ To provide a framework for resolving
Moral Principles conflicts,
➔ Provide distinctive guidance in making ➔ To manage the expectation of the public in a
ethical decisions practice or discipline.
➔ Other principles include equality, duty,
obligation, responsibility, and various kinds of Ethical Principles and Guidelines for
rights Filipino Scientists in 2009
➔ These moral principles are usually in conflict ➔ National Academy of Science and
with non-moral reasons such as self- Technology (NAST)
interest, efficiency, and economy (Winston, ➔ Consisting of a preamble and 8 general
2014) principles, the NAST ethical code aims to
guide Filipino scientists to achieve a high
Ethical Matrix level of professional and ethical behavior
➔ Developed by Ben Mepham in the 1990s
➔ Aims to assist non-philosophers in Preamble
appreciating the value of ethical insights to ➔ Scientific research as a public trust Since the
arrive at ethical judgments general public does not have the means of
➔ Further developed and is now being used in verifying the results of the work of scientists,
evaluating other technologies the burden of making sure that their work is
➔ Allows one to identify ethically relevant correct lies on the scientists themselves
considerations
General Principles
Three Principles ➔ Ethical scientific practices
➔ Well- being refers to the maximization of ◆ All Filipino scientists should abide by the
good ethical principles contained within this
➔ Autonomy refers to freedom document. In addition, they should be
➔ Fairness refers to respect for justice and the able to criticize and rectify wrongful
law behavior by colleagues.
➔ Ethical use of science in Philippine society
◆ All Filipino scientists should be able to
Code of Ethics ensure that scientific knowledge is used
➔ Exists in order to guide scientists and for the advancement of the nation.
engineers to perform their work in an ethical ➔ Conflict of interest
manner ◆ All Filipino scientists should refrain from
➔ As codes of ethics are published documents, making biased judgments and
they are author duties that authoritative statements that may favor self-interest
➔ Intellectual honesty
◆ All Filipino scientists should properly SOCIAL DIMENSION
acknowledge the work of other scientists Technology
when using their findings and results in ➔ Techniques and processes used to achieve a
making reports or publishing studies certain purpose
➔ Weighing the benefits of science vis-à-vis ➔ Knowledge of techniques and processes
potential harm ➔ Can be viewed as an intention - the
◆ All Filipino scientists should strive to commitment to a goal (Briggle,Mitcham &
minimize potential harms of science to Ryder,2005)
the society and the environment
➔ Commitment to professional development Albert Borgmann, 1984
as scientists ➔ Offered a new way of thinking about
◆ All Filipino scientists should strive to technology
improve competency by undertaking
further studies and being open to Three Essential Types of Approaches to
constructive criticisms Technology
➔ Development of students and other ➔ Considers all these views as lacking in terms
stakeholders of describing the relationship of technology
◆ All Filipino scientists should be to social values
committed to educating students and
other stakeholders in science and to Substantive View
serving as role models of proper conduct ➔ Considers technology as a force of its own,
➔ Advocacy for scientific approaches capable of shaping society without the
◆ All Filipino scientists should protect the intervention of other forces
freedom of scientific thought and
expression and should avoid being Instrumentalist View
influenced by ideological, religious, and ➔ Considers technology as a mere instrument
political views when conducting their to achieve social values that are
work independent of technology themselves

CONCLUSION Pluralist View

➔ In most professional codes of ethics, in ➔ Considers the dynamic interactions between
addition to personal moral responsibilities, technology and social values as a complex
scientists and engineers are also bound by web
social responsibilities
➔ Their works no longer only concern Promise of Technology
themselves but also the public and the ➔ According to Borgmann, the promise of
environment technology is to "bring the forces of nature
➔ This reflects the social dimension of science and culture under control, to liberate us from
➔ Science is not only a personal but also a misery and toil, and to enrich our lives"
community endeavor (Borgmann, 1984)
➔ We can see that the social dimension of ➔ Borgmann contended, however, that such
science is ultimately tied with its ethical promise can become misleading
dimension
➔ In order to remove this ambiguity, we need the Earth available to people in the comfort
to view technology using the device of their living rooms (Strong, 2014)
paradigm ➔ Televisions, in essence, are simply
rectangular machines with screens capable
Device Paradigm of displaying moving and colored pictures
➔ In the device paradigm, things are that are transmitted from faraway places
distinguished from devices ➔ Without social context, televisions are
➔ When a technology is inseparable from its devices - they are just present in the living
social context, it is a thing room, turned on for the sake of mindless
➔ When people interact with things, in addition entertainment or simply for a source of
to the purpose of the given technology, there background noise while doing household
is personal and social engagement. If the chores
social context is removed, the technology ➔ If televisions are to be considered things,
becomes 'a mere device they must have a social context
➔ A device is simply a tool used as a means to ➔ A television can serve to gather family and
an end friends together, encouraging healthy social
interactions
Woodstove | Device Paradigm ➔ Television can also help us connect to our
➔ Borgmann used the woodstove in explaining culture and be aware of the events and
the device paradigm (Tatum, 1994) issues in our society (Kubey &
➔ The woodstove, as a thing, not only provides Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)
warmth but also physical and social ➔ All in all, technology can help us achieve a
engagement. The family gathers in front of good life. However, if we simply consume
the stove after performing the chores technology as mere devices, we may not be
required for building the fire able to fully realize our goal of freedom and
➔ In addition, there is increased interaction happiness(Strong. 2014)
between family members when they do the
chores together ROBOTICS
➔ The central heating system, on the other Background on Robotics
hand, becomes a device because although ➔ Robotics refer to the use and development of
it provides warmth, it removes the physical robots which are programmable machines
and social engagement. (Ex: heaters, boilers) that are capable of motion and interaction
➔ According to Borgmann, devices become with their surroundings (Sparrow, 2005)
readily available because they operate in ➔ AI or Artificial Intelligence is a field of study
instantaneous, ubiquitous, safe, and easy that seeks to develop intelligent
way (Borgmann, 1984) computational systems (Sullins, 2005)
➔ The first concept of robots were from the
Television | Device Paradigm Ancient Greeks but it was only in 1921 did the
➔ The device paradigm also applies to modern term come into use. It came from the Czech
technology, consider the case of the word robota which means forced labor
television (Tucker, 2014)
➔ Borgmann considered television as a ➔ According to The International Federation of
window on the world - making all goods of Robotics robots can be classified as either
service robots or industrial robots
➔ Service robots find domestic field ➔ A robot must obey orders given it by human
applications. According to ISO 8383:2012, beings except where such orders would
defines service robots as robots that perform conflict with the First Law
useful tasks for humans excluding industrial ➔ A robot must protect its existence as long as
automation applications such protection does not conflict with the
➔ Industrial robots are strictly used in industrial First or Second Law
settings. They are automatically controlled
and programmable, and they may be Zeroth Law of Robotics
stationary or mobile. ➔ A robot should not bring harm to humanity,
➔ The first programmable robot that was through action or inaction
utilized in a factory was the Unimate, ➔ During the International Robot Fair, in
developed by George Devoi in 1954. It was February 2004, the participants signed the
further developed by Unimation Inc. founded World Robot Declaration. This was the
in 1956 by Joseph Engelberger, who is also primary focus of the declaration:
considered as the “father of robotics” ◆ Next-generation robots will be partners
➔ Robots have a certain degree of autonomy that coexist with human beings;
ranging from partial to full autonomy ◆ Next-generation robots will assist human
◆ Partially autonomous robots require beings both physically and
human input psychologically;
◆ Fully autonomous robots are usually ◆ Next-generation robots will contribute to
equipped with artificial intelligence and the realisation of a safe and peaceful
are capable of interacting with their society
surroundings. They can also work for long ➔ This declaration expressed confidence in the
period of times with human intervention future development of robot technology and
its potential contributions to humanity.

ROBOETHICS AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN

ADVANCED ROBOTICS ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVANCED ROBOTICS
➔ Roboethics is the field of ethics that deals ➔ There are obvious gaps in the ethical issues
with moral questions and issues related to in robotics, and the damages where
the creation, use, and development of robots autonomous robots are one of the common
and artificial intelligence (AI) concerns in robot ethics
➔ Treating robots as both technology and
entity is the ethics of Robotics since Robotics Responsibility and Accountability
when combined with Artificial Intelligence ➔ A robotic liability of the incident falls on the
(AI) robots can to act autonomously shoulders of all parties involved in the
➔ Roboethics was coined by the Scientist, accident. Since the liability is shared, no
Gianmarco Veruggio single party is indicted, leading to a fairer
judgment of the case.
Three Laws of Robotics
➔ Science Fiction Writer, Isaac Asimov, Safety and Risk Management
formulated in 1940s ➔ Ensuring the safety of humans interacting
➔ A robot may not injure a human being or, with robots is a fundamental ethical
through inaction, allow a human being to concern. Malfunctions or errors in robots,
come to harm especially those working in healthcare,
 transportation (e.g., autonomous vehicles), Telesurgery
or manufacturing, could cause harm or even ➔ The surgeon and the patient are separated
death by long distances
➔ The liability can be distributed among the
Job Displacement involved parties such as the producer,
➔ The working environment is a constant programmer, and the owner
concern as robots replace workers, ➔ A robotic liability matrix assigns weights to
especially in the manufacturing, logistics the liabilities that are to be shouldered by
and service sectors. High energy the involved parties
consumption can lead to unemployment,
especially for the unskilled Social Robots
➔ Robots capable of interaction with humans
Environmental Impact in a human-like fashion
➔ The development of robots has significant
effects, particularly in terms of energy ASIMO | Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
consumption which involves rare minerals ➔ By Honda
and other resources that may have ➔ Bipedal robot that is being developed to be
environmental and social consequences. capable of integrating to domestic
environments
Dependency
➔ Reliance on robots to do essential jobs Sophia
(including driving, caregiving, and ➔ by Hanson Robotics
decision-making) might diminish human ➔ Human-like robot that is being developed as
autonomy and abilities, resulting in problems an AI-equipped service and entertainment
for society such as de-skilling or greater robot
vulnerability to malfunctions or hacks ➔ Envision a future wherein human-AI
collaboration leads to symbiosis
Autonomous Robots ➔ 2017 Future Investment Summit
➔ One of the most common concerns in robot ◆ Granted Saudi Arabian citizenship
ethics yet it is one of most difficult to answer ◆ Considered as a publicity stunt

Robots Designed to Harm CONCLUSION

➔ The blame obviously falls on the one who ➔ The rapid advancements in robotics is
created or programmed the robot necessary to develop an ethical framework—
roboethics — to address the complex issues
Surgical Robots that arise as robots become more
➔ Used by surgeons in critical surgeries such integrated into daily life
as brain or heart surgery ➔ The continued improvement of roboethics is
➔ Partially autonomous robots that allow vital for managing the potential risks while
surgeons to perform fine and delicate maximizing the positive impact of robotics
movements that are previously impossible on society
➔ It is, therefore, clear that roboethics is a work
in progress, susceptible to further evolution
 as the events unroll in our technical and
scientific future (Veruggio & Operto, 2006)
➔ Roboethics is essential for guiding the
responsible development and deployment of
robots, ensuring they benefit society while
minimizing harm
➔
 Internet
INFORMATION AGE
STS 0002-15 | OCT. 7, 2024 | GROUP 5
➔ It was first developed by the US Department
of Defense to ensure that information could

HISTORY OF INFORMATION AGE still be disseminated in case of attack during

Information Age war

➔ Refers to a time period in which people ➔ This eventually led to the information of the

would access information and knowledge ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects

easily Agency Network)

➔ Also known as the Computer Age, Digital

Age, or New Media Age World Wide Web

➔ It is the world we are living in this current ➔ The second revolution is dominated by

period of human history pre-digital developments, it is when

computers started to be introduced

James R. Messenger (1982) ➔ The last information revolution began in the

➔ The theory of the information age was first introduction of the internet, and the World

conceived in 1982 by James R. Messenger Wide Web where so much technological

➔ An American telephone and telegraph advancement has taken place (Boyd

employee Rayward, 2014)

➔ Known as (The Death of the American

Telephone & Telegraph Company) This led Hypertext Transfer Protocol

to the efforts to create a global digital ➔ Rouse (2017)

communications infrastructure to enable ➔ Web as the combination of all resources and

worldwide interconnection of computers users on the internet that are using Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Johannes Gutenberg ➔ The universe of network-accessible

➔ Made the first version of the printing press. information, on embodiment of human

From then, some experts have identified this knowledge

period as the start of the Information Age

Web

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ➔ The Internet can also be viewed as a big

➔ Known as ENIAC on February 15, 1946 bookstore while the Web can be viewed as a

➔ Some experts agreed that a common start collection of books in that store. Chrome,

date for the modern era of information age Firefox, Internet Explorer are accessed on the

is the public launch of the first electronic internet via the World Wide Web

general-purpose computer
➔ The ENIAC computing system was built by COMPUTERS AND MOBILE PHONES
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the COMPUTERS
Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the ➔ A machine or device that performs
University of Pennsylvania processes, calculations and operations
based on instructions by a software or
Universal Automatic Computer hardware program
➔ From then, it developed that we have UNIVAC ➔ It is designed to execute applications and
1 in 1951 at Census Bureau provides a variety of solutions by combining
 integrated hardware and software Personal Communicator, the first
components smartphone for consumers

Term “smartphones” appears in

1995
GENERAL PURPOSE SPECIFIC PURPOSE print for the first time

● Designed to ● Designed to Early Phones shift from bulky to

perform a range handle a specific 2000s compact and handheld
of tasks program or to Modern Phones evolve with advanced tech
● Have the ability perform a specific Era becoming larger again
to store task
numerous ● A set of
programs instructions is SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL
● Lack in speed built into the NETWORKING SITES
and efficiency machine ➔ Social media is a computer-based
technology that makes it easier to share
TYPES OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO information, ideas, and thoughts by creating
PURPOSE online communities and networks
Analog Computer ➔ The use of social media and social
➔ Uses continuous physical phenomena such networking has absolute dependence on the
as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic internet, the 2019 Global Digital report
quantities to model the problem being revealed that there are more than 5 billion
solved people around the world using the internet
that is more than half of the world's
Digital Computer population who are now online
➔ Performs calculations and logical operations
with quantities represented as digits,usually
STATISTICS (2019)
in the binary number system ➔ There are 5.11 billion unique mobile users in
the world during 2019, continuously
Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital) increasing 100 million in the following years
➔ Capable of inputting & outputting in both ➔ There are 4.39 billion internet users in 2019,
digital and analog signals offers a cost an increase of 356 million versus January
effective method performing complex 2018
simulations ➔ There are 3.48 billion social media users in
2019, with the worldwide total growing by 288
MOBILE PHONES million since this time last 2018
➔ 3.26 billion people use social media on
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE PHONES mobile devices in January 2019 with a growth
First mobile phone call made by of 297 million new users representing a
1973
Martin Cooper of Motorola year-on-year increase of more than 10

Motorola launches the first percent

1983 commercial mobile phone the
“DynaTAC 8000X” Friendster (2002)
IBM developed the first ➔ Was founded in late 2002 and relaunched
1992 smartphone prototype named after 6 months. It is considered as the most
“Angler” popular social media site for professional
1994 BellSouth markets the Simon networking
➔ The website is available in 24 languages and Facebook (2004)
has over 400 million registered users ➔ Founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college
➔ The largest professional networking site in roommates and fellow Harvard University
the world, LinkedIn was created to help student, Eduardo Saverin in the early 2004
people and companies connect, make ➔ Facebook started as a network exclusively
business partnerships, and progress their for Harvard students but rapidly expanded to
careers other universities, eventually opening to the
public
Myspace (2004) ➔ By 2012, it became the first social network to
➔ American social networking website, which reach one billion users
was launched in 2004 by Tom Anderson. ➔ Today, it offers a vast array of features,
Chris DeWolle and Jon Hart including groups, a marketplace, and a
➔ It offers an interactive, user-submitted comprehensive advertising system that
network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, allows businesses to reach a global
groups, photos, music, and videos, it holds audience
the record of the most visited social
networking site in the world from 2005 to YouTube (2005)
2008 ➔ Created by former PayPal employees Steve
➔ MySpace quickly became the dominant Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim,
platform for online social networking before YouTube provided an unprecedented
being overtaken by Facebook in the late platform where users could upload, share,
2000s and view videos
➔ At its peak, MySpace had more than 100 ➔ The domain "youtube.com" was registered
million active users and was one of the most on Monday, February 14, 2005 at 9:13 PM
visited websites in the world ➔ Google acquired YouTube in 2006,
enhancing its capacity to become the
Skype (2003) largest video-sharing site globally, with over
➔ First released in August 2003, was created by 2 billion logged-in monthly users by 2023
the Swede Niklas Zennström and the Dane
Janus Frill in cooperation with Ahti Heinia, Twitter (2006)
Prät Kasesalu, and Joon Tallinn It was the ➔ Developed by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz
first to add videoconferencing in 2006 Stone, and Evan Williams
➔ Since its inception, Skype has revolutionized ➔ Twitter launched as a microblogging
the way people communicate globally, platform in March 2006, allowing users to
offering free and low-cost voice and video post short messages or "tweets" limited to
calling services across devices 140 characters (later increased to 280)
➔ With millions of users worldwide, Skype has ➔ It became a popular tool for real-time
played a key role in making long-distance updates, news, and interaction between
communication more affordable, flexible, users and public figures
and accessible
Tumblr(2007)
➔ Founded by David Karp and owned by Oath
Inc, Tumblr offered a space for
microblogging and multimedia sharing
➔ Its unique format allowed users to post text, to "pin" and share images, ideas, and
images, videos, and GIFs, gaining popularity inspirations
for its flexibility and creative community ➔ It became a popular discovery tool across
➔ Verizon Media acquired Tumblr in 2019, and it various topics, including fashion, DIY, and
remains a hub for fandoms and artists recipes
➔ Users can follow other users’ blogs. Bloggers
can also make their blogs private Viber (2010)
➔ Launched as a free voice and messaging
BizSugar (2007) app, Viber offered cross-platform support on
➔ Designed specifically for small business Android, iOS, and desktop
owners and entrepreneurs, BizSugar began ➔ Acquired by the Japanese company Rakuten
as a networking and resource-sharing in 2014, Viber enabled VoIP calling and
platform secure messaging features, popularizing it
➔ Initially launched by DBH Communications, it among users seeking alternatives to
was acquired by Small Business Trends in traditional messaging services
2009, continuing as a niche platform for
business insights ISSUES AND CONCERNS OF
INFORMATION AGE
Facebook Messenger(2008)
DEPRESSION
➔ Originally part of Facebook’s messaging
➔ A mood disorder that causes a persistent
feature, Facebook Chat evolved into
feeling of sadness and a loss of interest in
Facebook Messenger, which launched as a
things and activities you once enjoyed
standalone app in 2011
◆ Highly prevalent all over the world, with
➔ It enabled users to send instant messages,
increasing incidence
make voice and video calls, and interact with
businesses, becoming one of the world’s
DIFFERENT STUDIES ABOUT DEPRESSION
leading messaging platforms POSITIVE
➔ Elisson et. al. (2007) reported that social
Instagram (2010) media users may experience decreased
➔ Developed by Kevin Systrom and Mike depression due to perceived social support
Krieger, Instagram began as an and life satisfaction
iOS-exclusive photo-sharing app
➔ Known for its filters and social interaction NEGATIVE
capabilities, it quickly gained popularity, ➔ Lin et al. (2016) found an association
prompting Facebook to acquire it in 2012 between social media use and depression,
➔ Instagram added Stories, Reels, and indicating that frequent use of social media
shopping features, making it a powerful may be associated with declines in
visual platform for personal and business subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and
use real-life community
➔ Dollarhide (2019) The US National Center for
Pinterest (2010) Biotechnology Information links heavy social
➔ Founded by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, media use to depression
and Evan Sharp, Pinterest launched as an
invite-only beta in 2010, offering users a way
ACCIDENTS read text-based communications or to
➔ An unforeseen event that typically occurs make or receive calls, along with using an
suddenly and results in harm, injury, or electronic entertainment or computing
damage device to play games, watch movies, surf the
➔ The use of mobile phones can pose safety internet, compose messages, read e-books,
risks such as: perform calculations, and other similar acts
while driving or waiting on a red signal
Cellphone Distraction ➔ Exceptions to the use of mobile phones while
➔ Common concern when driving, which driving:
includes using the phone to talk and send ◆ Using mobile phones for emergencies,
text messages including calls to law enforcement
➔ Research study conducted by the American agencies, healthcare providers, fire
Psychological Association shows that: departments, or other emergency
◆ The brain has difficulty processing two services, agencies, or entities
tasks simultaneously ◆ Using mobile phones while operating
◆ It can switch between the tasks but will vehicles, providing emergency
perform each more slowly. assistance such as ambulances or fire
trucks
Data
➔ According to a study by the US National INFORMATION OVERLOADING
Highway Traffic Safety Administration ➔ A situation in which too much information is
◆ In the United States, about 1,600,000 given at one time, which can cause the
deaths in road crashes are reported due inability to think clearly
to people using mobile phones while ➔ This is critical for decision-makers who
driving cannot reach a quality conclusion when
◆ It was also reported that texting while presented with a huge amount of data
driving is 6x more likely to cause an (Franganillo, 2019)
accident than driving drunk ➔ The term information overload was coined
➔ According to review of the National Statistic by Bernham Gross, a political science
Coordination Board (2006) professor at Hunter College, in his paper “The
◆ In the Philippines, mobile phone use is Managing of Organizations” published in
ranked as the 12th most common cause 1964, long before the internet existed
of traffic crashes ➔ However, it was popularized by Alvin Taffler,
◆ From 2001 to 2006, road crashes caused an American writer and futurist, in his book
by use of mobile phones increased five “Future shock” in 1970
times of 500%, making it the highest rate
of increase among traffic incident The Interaction Design Foundation (2019)
causes ➔ Provides the following common reasons
behind modern information overload:
LAWS ENACTED FOR DISTRACTED DRIVING ◆ Huge volumes of new information being
Republic Act No.10913 or the Anti-Distracted constantly created
Driving Act of 2016 ◆ The simplicity of creating, duplicating
➔ The law bans the use of mobile and sharing of information online
communications devices to write, send, or
➔ The exponential increase in channels to (DPA) in 2012, signed into law by President
receive information by radio, television, print Benigno Aquino
media, websites, e-mail, etc. ➔ The Data Privacy Act is a significant initiative
➔ The increasing weight of historical data aimed at enhancing privacy and security in
available to us the digital age, addressing the challenges
➔ High volumes of conflicting, contradictory posed by the vast amounts of data
and plain old inaccurate information generated daily
➔ No simple methodologies for quickly
processing, comparing and evaluating CYBERCRIME
information sources ➔ Cybercrime is defined as crimes where a
computer is either the target or a tool used
RESEARCHERS OPINIONS to commit offenses
➔ It is not the volume of information that is the ➔ Cybercriminals exploit technology to access
problem personal information or engage in malicious
➔ It lies in our inability to organize and process activities
all the information without experiencing ➔ Cybercrime can be categorized into two
overload main types:
➔ This is what neuroscientists call cognitive ◆ Crimes targeting computer networks or
overload devices
◆ Crimes using computer networks to
IN RECENT YEARS facilitate other criminal activities.
➔ Technology strategists have compared
information overload to physical obesity, as The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
"infobesity” (Republic Act No. 10175)
➔ Just as our eyes are sometimes larger than ➔ Addresses various offences, including:
our stomachs, our interest can be ◆ Cybersex and child pornography
significantly greater than our brain capacity ◆ Cyber libel (defamatory online
(Briggs, 2014) comments)
◆ Unsolicited commercial communication
DATA PRIVACY ◆ Illegal access and interference with
➔ Crucial for protecting personal information computer systems
collected by various organizations, such as ◆ Cybersquatting (bad faith domain name
offices, schools, hospitals, and online acquisition)
retailers ◆ Computer-related forgery and fraud
➔ This data, if it gets into the wrong hands, can ➔ Certain exemptions apply for unsolicited
be potentially dangerous communications if prior consent is given or if
➔ Hence, there is a need to protect and there’s an easy way for recipients to reject
preserve the data from being accessed by them
an unrelated person ◆ A significant portion of Filipino internet
➔ Filipinos are among the heaviest social users (87%) have reported being victims
media users globally of online crimes, including malware
➔ In response to these concerns, the attacks and phishing scams
Philippines enacted the Data Privacy Act ◆ Between 2003 and 2012, the Philippine
National Police investigated numerous
 cases of cybercrime totaling around
2,778 cases highlighting the prevalence
of these offenses

FAKE NEWS
➔ Fake news, also known as junk news or
pseudo-news, is characterized by deliberate
misinformation or hoaxes
➔ It often circulated on social media and can
sometimes appear in mainstream media

To Spot Fake News, consider the following:

➔ Take a closer look
➔ Look beyond headline
➔ Check other sources
➔ Check the facts
➔ Check your biases
➔ Is it a joke?

Another method for evaluating news

credibility is the CRAP test:
➔ Currency
➔ Relevance/Reliability
➔ Authority
➔ Purpose/Point of View
➔ G
BIODIVERSITY AND THE BIOTICS AND ABIOTICS
➔ Understanding biodiversity is crucial in
HEALTHY SOCIETY predicting an ecosystem's sustainability
STS 0002-15 | NOV. 25, 2024 | GROUP 2
➔ Ecosystems react differently to changes in
biodiversity—some lose functionality, while
OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY others show resilience
BIODIVERSITY
◆ Crown-of-Thorns Starfish: These starfish,
➔ Biodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to
significant coral predators, are crucial
the variety of all living organisms on Earth
indicators of coral reef health
➔ This incredible diversity is the result of over 3
◆ Golden Snails in Rice Fields: Golden
billion years of evolutionary processes,
snails’ egg abundance can predict lower
influenced by natural changes and
rice yields since their eggs are harmful
increasingly shaped by human activities
pests to rice plants
➔ It forms the foundation of life, creating a vast
web of interdependence that sustains
BIODIVERSITY AS A CONCEPT
human and ecological systems
➔ Life on Earth thrives in diverse ways, with
organisms constantly interacting with one
another and their non-living environments
➔ Every species is unique in its metabolic traits,
growth, and reproductive behaviors.
Importantly, biodiversity is a cornerstone of
human survival, ensuring resources like food,
clean air, and water

TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
➔ Variety in biodiversity measures the number
1992 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL
of species and resources in an environment,
DIVERSITY
not only the total number of species, but also
➔ The Convention on Biological Diversity
the genetic and resource variety
defines biodiversity as the variety of living
➔ Therefore, an ecosystem with greater
organisms across terrestrial, marine, and
diversity will have more resources to deal
aquatic ecosystems, as well as the
with and recover from calamities like
ecological systems they form
drought, starvation, and the extinction of
➔ Genetic Diversity - Differences in DNA among
some species
individuals
➔ A region's genetic, species, and resource
➔ Species Diversity - Variety of species in a
diversity are all indicated by the various
given area
components that make up biodiversity
➔ Ecosystem Diversity - Variety of habitats,
ecosystems, and communities
GENETIC DIVERSITY
➔ Biodiversity embraces all forms of life, from
➔ Difference in the genes between the
microscopic organisms to the largest
individuals of a species and the degree to
species on Earth
which they are closely related to one another
in an environment
➔ Genes are a component of DNA that an area, as well as species evenness, or the
determine an organism's characteristics relative abundance of species in that area
➔ The species' capacity for adaptation is ➔ There may be significantly more species in
significantly impacted by this seemingly some environments than others
minor change in the features ➔ One species has gotten so big that it now
➔ It enhances the likelihood that a new controls the natural community in some
population will be preserved and areas
perpetuated and allows a species to adapt ➔ Even if some species become extinct, a high
to its changing environment, perhaps number of species can aid in an ecosystem's
resulting in microevolution recovery from ecological stressors
➔ If organisms in the same species have
undesirable features, including being more EXAMPLES
susceptible to illnesses and environmental ➔ Forests: Deer, Monkeys, Birds, Insects
changes, species with little genetic diversity ➔ There may be many species in forest (high
may be a threat to those organisms species richness), yet there may be few
individuals of each species (poor species
HOW IS GENETIC DIVERSITY GENERATED? evenness)
Generation (Sexual Reproduction and ➔ Few plant species (low species richness) yet
Recombination) many of each species (high species
➔ Overtime, mutations produce new alleles, evenness) can be found in a forest
resulting in genetic diversity ➔ Different geographical locations have
➔ When parents' alleles are mixed, their different species diversity; the tropics have
offspring develop new allele combinations the largest species diversity, while the poles
➔ Bacteria and other self-cloning organisms have the lowest
can transfer alleles to one another ➔ The ocean bottom zone, coral reefs, and
tropical rainforests are the habitats with the
Loss (Reduced Population Size and Habitat greatest species diversity
Fragmentation
➔ When populations are separated by habitat THREATS TO SPECIES DIVERSITY
loss or isolated by structures like roads or Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
buildings, genetic diversity may be lost ➔ For a variety of reasons, the Amazon
rainforest, home to millions of species, is
Maintenance (Nature Reserve) being cut down and removed
➔ A species can preserve its genetic diversity
by establishing protected zones where Overexploitation
members of various groups can move and ➔ The passenger pigeon, Steller's sea cow, and
disperse their genes several marine fish are overfished

SPECIES DIVERSITY Alien Species Invasion

➔ Variety of species found in a community ➔ Native catfish in rivers are at danger due to
➔ Different species interact with one another in the illegal introduction of African catfish
every environment
➔ This degree of biodiversity includes species
richness, or the quantity of species found in
Co-Extinctions FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY
➔ The parasite becomes extinct along with the ➔ The variety of tasks an organism performs in
host fish communities and ecosystems
➔ It has to do with how animals act, get food,
COMMUNITY DIVERSITY and utilize the resources found in an
➔ The range of ecosystems in a certain area. environment
➔ One ecosystem or multiple ecosystems may ➔ Because there are more species with varying
exist in a given area characteristics, it is generally assumed that
➔ When one environment is threatened by an environment with high species variety is
illness or drought, a region having many more functionally diverse
ecosystems may be able to offer additional ➔ Because species behaviors and functions
resources to support the survival of local might reveal gaps in a food cycle or
species ecological niches, ecologists working to
➔ A population of diverse species that interact maintain or restore an ecosystem may find it
with one another to form a biological helpful to understand its functional variety
community can be found in an ecosystem
➔ Abiotic elements including temperature, air, EXAMPLES
pH, water, and light have a significant Food Chains
impact on this community's interactions and ➔ Predatorslike wolves and apex predators like
ability to survive great white sharks and bluefin tuna help
maintain a healthy balance in ecosystems
EXAMPLES
Species Diversity Seed Dispersers
➔ The number of different species in a ➔ Birds and mammals help plants regenerate
community and their relative varies and create diverse plant communities
➔ E.g. Forest with many different types of trees
has greater species diversity than a forest Photosynthesizers
with only a few types of trees ➔ Plants that capture sunlight and produce
energy from the bottom layer of the food
Ecosystem Diversity chain
➔ The number of different ecosystems in a
particular area Functional Groups
➔ E.g. Marine ecosystem includes coral reefs, ➔ Groups of species that perform the same
mangrove systems, saltwater estuaries, and role, like sharks and tuna, which are both
the ocean floor piscivorous

Community Ecology Feeding Strategies

➔ The community of organisms that live in a ➔ Different species of segmented worms, like
particular area, including all the plants, polychaetes, have different feeding
animals, fungi, insects, and other species strategies, such as predation, scavenging,
➔ E.g. Forest community includes trees, birds, deposit feeding, and suspension feeding
deer, squirrels, foxes, fungi, insects, and fish
Invasive Species Has social, cultural and spiritual importance
➔ Invasive species can change how the with communities
process moves through an ecosystem ➔ Indigenous groups like Ifugao, the Banaue
➔ Replacement species may have different Rice Terraces, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
ecological patterns that can cause ➔ Culturally, the Pahiyas Festival in Quezon, for
ecosystem processes to shift instance, honors a bountiful harvest with
colorful displays of fruits, vegetables, and

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY rice

➔ COHAB Initiative (2010) ➔ Spiritually, the narra tree, our national tree, is
a symbol of strength and resilience, while the
Supports food security, dietary health and Philippine eagle, one of the world’s rarest
livelihood sustainability birds, is revered as a majestic guardian of
forests
Provides important resources for medical ➔ Socially, coastal communities depend on
research (traditional & modern medicine) mangroves, coral reefs, and marine species
➔ In the Philippines, the Department of Health for fishing, which is central to their way of life
recognizes the importance of herbal
medicine THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
➔ Through its "Traditional Health Program," it ➔ There are multiple factors that can
has endorsed 10 medicinal plants for their negatively affect biodiversity. The effect it
therapeutic benefits does varies, ranging from only affecting the
➔ Among them are: organisms to affecting the entire ecosystem
◆ Sambong (Blumea balsamifera), used as
a diuretic HABITAT DESTRUCTION
◆ Akapulko (Cassia alata), known for its ➔ Also known as Habitat Loss
antifungal properties ➔ Considered as one of the biggest threats to
◆ Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), which biodiversity
helps manage blood sugar levels ➔ Number 1 reason species go extinct
◆ Lagundi (Vitex negundo), effective for ➔ The phenomena where the habitat is no
cough and asthma relief longer able to support the wildlife and plants
that live there
Plays a role in the regulation and control of ➔ Natural Causes: Earthquakes, Forest Fires,
infectious diseases Volcanic Eruptions
➔ Forests absorb carbon dioxide, release ➔ Man-Made Causes: Urbanization, Resource
oxygen, regulate water vapor, and recycle Extraction, Deforestation, Alteration of the
nutrients Ecosystem (sea-floor due to trawling or
➔ Insects like butterflies and bees, along with fishing), Pollution, Industrialization Primarily,
animals such as birds and bats, are key to but not always, caused by humans
dispersing seeds and pollinating crops
OVEREXPLOITATION
Essential for climate change adaptation ➔ The harvesting or collecting of species from
➔ Forests also play a critical role in preventing the wild at rates faster than they could
droughts and floods recover
➔ OverfishingandOverhunting are the most INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
common types ➔ Alien/Introduced Species are any species
➔ 1/3 of the endangered species of vertebrates introduced to a habitat due to human
are threatened by overexploitation intervention; they are usually invasive or
➔ Gathering endangered and prohibited aggressive
species are punishable by law ➔ InvasiveSpecies are any wildlife that is not
◆ For the Philippines, RA 9147, or Wildlife indigenous/native to a particular area
Resources Conservation and Protection ➔ This can threaten other organisms living in
Act of 2001 the same area, especially more so if they
◆ The highest possible punishment for have the same needs as those of native
those guilty of killing critically species
endangered wildlife is around 6-12 years ➔ 2nd largest threat to biodiversity
jail time and/or a fine ranging from ➔ These organisms are competitors, predators,
P100,000 to P1,000,000 pathogens, and/or parasites to the native
◆ For hunting and trading, the penalty is species
around 2-4 years imprisonment and/or a ➔ Can cause a massive decline, or worse
fine of P30,000- P300,000 for hunting and extinction
P5,000- P300,000 for trading
◆ Fortransport, the penalty is around 6 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
mon- 1 year imprisonment and/or a fine ➔ It is the long term shifts in temperatures and
of P50,000- P100,000 weather patterns
➔ The increasing global temperature is
OVERPOPULATION detrimental to multiple species
➔ The state where the human population ➔ Those who love in cold climates, such as the
exceeds the carrying capacity of our mountaintops, need to either adapt to the
environment changing temperature, or die as a result
➔ The 2019 United Nations report shows that ➔ Those living in the aquatic areas have high
the humans are accelerating extinction and risks of increased pH due to CO2 absorption
altering the natural world at an of the ocean/waters
unprecedented pace ➔ If a species cannot adapt to these
➔ Estimated that around 3/4 of all land temperatures, they have a high risk of
environments, and 2/3 of aquatic extinction
environments have been severely altered
within the past 5 decades INTERRELATEDNESS OF SOCIETY,
➔ Around 1 million species are now being ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH
threatened with extinction as a result ➔ Biodiversity is vital to a human being's
➔ The demand for human needs keep on nutrition, highlighting the deep
increasing, and it isn’t helped by the interconnection between nutrition,
unsustainable pattern of consumption, as biodiversity, and human health
well as the poor government policies in ➔ A healthy environment sustains biodiversity,
regards to food security and conservation supporting ecosystems and species diversity
➔ Ecosystems provide essential services to
humans
 ◆ Organisms depend on their environment ● Nutrients found in food are reduced
for survival and reproduction ◆ The complex relationship between health
◆ Humans require varied, nutritious food to and environment creates ethical and
live social challenges
◆ Biodiversity is crucial for human nutrition, ● People often have to make tough
shaping food production decisions, choosing between things
➔ Basic living necessities are provided by the like environmental protection and
environment, hence, biodiversity needs to be economic growth, which may conflict
robust and well with each other
◆ Humans have evolved because access
to these (new inventions) has been ROLE OF CORPORATIONS AND POLICIES
greatly improved ➔ The rights and well-being of the most
➔ However, unsustainable and intensified food vulnerable communities must be prioritized
production (pesticides, introduction of alien by lawmakers and legislators as they are the
crop varieties, overfishing, dynamite fishing, ones most exposed to environmental risks
game-hunting) affect both natural patterns
of organisms, and nutritional status and Anthropogenic Activities
human health ➔ Anthropogenic activities contribute to
climate change
HUMAN HEALTH, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND ➔ One of the steps to slow down the worsening
BIODIVERSITY LOSS of climate change depends on the change in
➔ Because the environment is vital to and practices and operations of corporations
sustains human life, it can also cause the (research found that it is only a hundred
opposite. corporations who are responsible for 71% of
➔ Biodiversity loss that causes lack of basic global emissions)
necessities significantly tips the scale of ◆ However, people related to corporations
human life viability towards mortality argue that changes in corporate
◆ Biodiversity loss could cause the lack of practices could negatively impact
basic necessities and put a threat on economies (local, national, and global)
human survival
◆ Destruction of ecosystems and PREVENTION
environmental hazards increases the ➔ Biodiversity loss can be prevented through
risks of diseases proper legislation
◆ Current biodiversity loss significantly ◆ Sound laws and policies, appropriate
compromises human health, biological research with adequate government
diversity, and the environment support, education and awareness
raising, and the sustainable use of
CLIMATE CHANGE’S IMPACT ON HUMAN biodiversity
HEALTH AND SUBSISTENCE ➔ Community-based programs and people’s
➔ Climate change poses a serious threat to involvement
both human health and subsistence, as it ➔ Corporations with the largest carbon
disrupts essential systems that support life footprints must change their practices,
◆ Access to food is limited keeping corporate social responsibility in
● Farming systems are disrupted mind
BIODIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
➔ The Philippines is a mega-diversity country,
one of only 17 globally, with rich ecosystems,
species, and genetic resources
➔ On a per unit area basis, the country
potentially harbors the highest diversity of
life worldwide
➔ Over 52,177 described species are found in
the Philippines, encompassing two-thirds of
Earth’s biodiversity and 70% of the world’s
plant and animal species
➔ The high biodiversity is attributed to
geographical isolation, diverse habitats, and
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
high rates of endemism ➔ Invasive alien species introduced through
➔ The Philippines is also a biodiversity hotspot, pets, agricultural practices, and accidents:
alongside Madagascar, with 70% of its ◆ Imported pets (goldfish, turtles, rodents),
original habitat lost spiraling whitefly, rice black bugs, fire
ants, and golden apple snails
THREATENED SPECIES OF WILD ◆ Negative impacts include disruption of
FAUNA/ANIMALS native species, reduced crop
productivity, and ecosystem imbalances
➔ Introduced plants like cherry blossoms in
Benguet may harm endemic flora

CONSERVATION EFFORTS
➔ Republic Act No. 9147 (Wildlife Resources
Conservation and Protection Act of 2001)
prohibits introducing invasive alien species
into the wild
➔ 1,437 terrestrial species (mammals, birds, ➔ The Act focuses on conservation,
reptiles, amphibians) are listed as preservation, and protection of wildlife and
threatened under DENR Administrative Order habitats to maintain ecological balance and
(DAO) 2004-15 and CITES 2015 biodiversity
◆ 711 species are endemic to the Philippines ➔
➔ 984 species of wild flora are threatened with ➔
extinction:
◆ 179 critically endangered
◆ 254 endangered
◆ 406 vulnerable
◆ 145 listed as other threatened species
 ➔ 1971: Gene-Splicing experiment by the Father
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
STS 0002-15 | NOV. 28, 2024 | GROUP 3
of Genetic Engineering, Paul Berg
➔ 1973: First successful recombinant DNA

GENETIC ENGINEERING experiment performed by Cohen and Boyer

➔ Modern Biotechnology is split into two ➔ 1982: World’s first recombinant DNA drug

halves; ‘Genetic Engineering’ and ‘Gene and approved by the FDA

Cell Therapy’ ➔ 1990: National Committee in Biosafety of the

Philippines (EO No. 430)
◆ “The NCBP assumes the primary role of
OVERVIEW
Ancient Biotechnology identifying and assessing potential

➔ Everything before the 1800s that were related hazards in genetic engineering

to biotechnology were referred to as experiments and the introduction of

“developments” and “discoveries” as most of genetically modified organisms (GMO)

these inventions were from natural into the country”

observations ➔ 1994: First genetically approved crop to be

➔ Fermentation with the use of yeast, commercialized – a tomato

antibiotics made from soybean curds, the ➔ 2001: Presidential Policy Statement on

distillation of alcohol, and the discovery of Modern Biotechnology in the Philippines

microorganisms and bacteria ➔ 2002: First approved product to be

commercialized in the Philippines – corn

Classical Biotechnology ➔ 2006: National Biosafety Framework in the

➔ From 1800 to 1945 Philippines (EO No.514)

➔ The term biotechnology was coined in 1919 ➔ 2012: Creation of synthetic DNA

by Hungarian Károly Ereky which means to ➔ 2016: Philippines as the top grower of

transform raw materials into something genetically modified crops in SEA; twelfth

more useful globally

➔ The discovery of the nucleus, mass ➔ 2017: First genetically edited human embryos

production of penicillin, vaccines for (United Kingdom)

smallpox and rabies ➔ 2018: In China, He Jiankui genetically edited

➔ “Genetic engineering” being coined embryos to be HIV-resistant by using

CRISPR-Cas9

Modern Biotechnology ◆ This is yet to be validated, but if proven

➔ From 1945 to present true– in the history of genetic

➔ A new age of all that science spawned after engineering– there has been a major

the second world war breakthrough

➔ Biotechnology has, at this point, established

five principal groups within it, which are GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
genetic engineering being the most ➔ Also known as recombinant DNA technology

dominant or genetic modification

➔ Organism whose genetic material has been

TIMELINE altered using genetic engineering

➔ 1941: The term ‘Genetic Engineering’ used for techniques

the first time

➔ 1953: Discovery of DNA
➔ This procedure involves integrating foreign ◆ Laboratories can utilize specific DNA tests
DNA into the organism's genome or to discover the presence of a genetic
modifying existing genes change linked to a specific event
➔ Database Information
GM Traits and Commercial GMOs ◆ Databases such as the Global Database
➔ GM Traits for GMOs (GMDD) contain complete
◆ Specific genetic alterations are information
introduced into an organism to produce
a desired trait or function. GM Crops Producers
➔ Commercial GMOs ➔ The ISAAA listed 4,133 approved events for 26
◆ Genetically modified organisms are crops in 67 countries between 1992 to 2017
created and marketed for widespread ➔ Japan garnered 1st place with the most
use in agriculture, medicine, and industry. number of approved GM events
➔ The USA is considered the largest producer
Agriculture Industry of GM crops
➔ The International Service for the Acquisition
of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) 5 Commonly approved GMO Traits for food
➔ They are doing this to resource-poor farmers and crops
in developing countries Herbicide Tolerance
➔ Currently, they’ve listed 40 genetically ➔ Plants are bred to withstand specific
modified traits and 7 commercial genetically herbicides, allowing farmers to control pests
modified traits in crops and food without harming crops (for example,
glyphosate-resistant soybeans)
Medicine/Pharmaceutical Industry
➔ The Food and Drug Administration regulates Insect Resistance
GMOs in pharmaceuticals, biologics, and ➔ This feature protects crops against insect
gene therapies pests, which reduces the need for chemical
pesticides
Manufacturing Industry ➔ Crops generate proteins (such as Bacillus
➔ The UN Biosafety Protocol (the Cartagena thuringiensis or Bt) that kill dangerous
Protocol): Establishes international criteria insects without the use of chemical
for the safe transportation and use of GMOs pesticides
in enterprises
Consumer or producer enhanced

Identification of GM crop ➔ Improved Nutritional Value

➔ “EVENT” ◆ Produce increased levels of vitamins,
➔ A specific genetic alteration method that minerals, or other nutrients
produces a new variety of a crop ➔ Increased Yield
➔ Labelling ◆ GMOs can be engineered to yield more
◆ While it is not mandatory in all countries, crops per acre, alleviating global food
some mandate GM food labeling security worries
◆ The label may identify the specific event
or the trade name linked with it
➔ Genetic Testing
Disease Resistance
➔ Designed to withstand viruses, fungi, or Key GMOs Approved in the Country
bacteria Golden Rice
➔ In 2021, the Philippines became the first
Drought tolerance country in the world to approve the
➔ Allows plants to survive and thrive in commercial release of Golden Rice, a
water-scarce conditions genetically modified rice variety designed to
➔ Obtained by changing a plant's DNA to produce higher levels of beta-carotene,
improve its ability to conserve water, reduce which the body can convert into vitamin A
water loss, or increase overall resilience to
drought stress Bt Eggplant (Bt Talong)
➔ The commercialization of Bt eggplant (Bt

GMO IN THE PHILIPPINES talong) was approved in 2021, after years of

➔ A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is research, regulatory review, and field trials
any organism whose genetic material has
been altered in a way that does not occur Bt Corn (Bacillus thuringiensis Corn)
naturally through mating or natural ➔ Bt corn has been commercially planted in
recombination the Philippines since 2003
➔ GMOs are created through genetic ➔ It was the first genetically modified crop
engineering, a technique that allows approved for commercialization in the
scientists to directly manipulate an country
organism’s DNA by introducing, removing, or
modifying specific genes Drought-Resistant Corn (Drought Tolerant
Corn)
Types of GMOs: ➔ In 2019, the Philippines approved
➔ GMOs can be created in a variety of drought-tolerant corn varieties for
organisms, including: commercial planting
◆ Crops (genetically modified corn, rice, or ➔ These crops were genetically engineered to
soybeans) withstand water stress, which is a significant
◆ Animals (genetically modified salmon or concern in areas where water availability is
livestock) unpredictable
◆ Microorganisms (bacteria or yeast used
in biotechnology or pharmaceuticals) Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans
➔ In the Philippines 90 GM crop events were ➔ The Philippines has also approved the
approved some of which were undertaken importation and use of herbicide-tolerant
as early as 2003 (“GM Crop,” n.d.) soybeans, primarily for animal feed and
➔ Shows the 4 most recently approved GM processed food products
crops by the Department of Agriculture as of
the last quarter of 2018 up until first quarter GM Papaya (Rainbow Papaya)
of 2019 ➔ In the early 2000s, the Rainbow Papaya, a
➔ As of recent developments, the Philippines genetically modified papaya resistant to the
has continued to approve several Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV), was approved
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), for commercialization
both for cultivation and importation
Overview ➔ In developing countries, genetically modified
➔ It plays an important role in the country’s crops may be too expensive for poor
agricultural landscape farmers, increasing inequality
➔ The Philippine government continues to ➔ Wealthier farmers or big companies benefit
explore the benefits and risks of GMOs, from the technology, while smaller farmers
balancing innovation in agriculture with struggle to access it
concerns about public health and
environmental sustainability Intrinsic
➔ Those that are raised with regards to the

ETHICAL ISSUES OF GMOs process of genetic engineering, itself, are

Extrinsic regarded as intrinsic
➔ Issues that are connected to the application ◆ Creation of new species
of genetic engineering are classified as ◆ Perception of species boundaries
extrinsic ◆ Degree of pain and suffering
◆ Accessibility ◆ Human traits from genetic engineering
◆ Resource Allocation ◆ Morally impermissible research
◆ Rights of chimeric entities ◆ Redefinition of ‘Normal’
◆ Health risks
◆ Environmental impact Moral concerns about altering DNA
➔ Some people believe it’s wrong to alter the
Environmental impact genetic makeup of living things, seeing it as
➔ (e.g., how GMOs affect ecosystems) unnatural or “playing God”. This concern is
➔ GMOs, like herbicide resistant soybeans, may about the act of modifying genes itself,
lead to the overuse of herbicides, which rather than its potential effects.
could damage the ecosystems around them
➔ These chemicals might contaminate nearby GENE AND CELL THERAPY
soil and water, affecting non-target plants ➔ Modification of an organism’s gene is the
and animals core of genetic engineering and gene
therapy
Economic Concerns
➔ (e.g., cost of production or market control by Gene Therapy
big companies) ➔ A technique that uses a gene(s) to treat,
➔ Large biotech companies that produced prevent or cure a disease or medical
genetically modified seeds may patent their disorder by modifying a defective gene
products, creating high cost for farmers ➔ Gene therapy works by adding new copies of
➔ This can leave small farmers to afford the a gene that is broken, or by replacing a
seeds, forcing them to rely on a few major defective or missing gene in a patient's cells
companies, which reduces competition in with a healthy version of that gene
the market
Genetic Engineering
Social implications ➔ Also called recombinant DNA technology
➔ (e.g., access to technology or impacts on ➔ A process that uses laboratory-based
small framers) technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an
organism to modify existing trait
➔ Aims to modify the genes to enhance the Vector
capabilities of the organism beyond what is ➔ Vehicle term for genetically engineered
normal experiment with altering, splicing, viruses and stem cells.
eliminating, and rearranging genes to obtain
specific results Four Key Aspects to Consider in the
➔ They use a variety of techniques such as Administration of Gene Therapy:
mutagenesis, transposon insertions, ➔ Identity of the disease-causing gene
selective breeding, and recombinant DNA ➔ Specific location of the affected cells in the
technology to alter the genetic material of body
cells ➔ Availability of the working copy of the gene
➔ Mode of delivery of the working copy of the
GENE THERAPY gene to the affected cell
How it Works?
➔ Transferring working copy of cell to affected Five Main Types of Gene Therapy
cells Gene addition
➔ Inactivated or replaced with healthy copy ➔ Replaced with a healthy copy
➔ Introduction of new or modified cells to aid ➔ Hemophilia, Leber’s congenital, amaurosis,
treatment lysosomal storage disease, X-linked chronic
granulomatous disease
Somatic Cell Gene Therapy
➔ Somatic cells - cells not involved in Gene correction
reproduction ➔ Removal of repeated or faulty parts
➔ Involves the placement of a human gene ➔ Replacement of damaged or dysfunctional
into a living person's somatic cells region
➔ Found in retina, liver, or heart ➔ Huntington’s disease attacks areas of the
◆ Cells that do not produce the eggs and brain that help to control voluntary
sperm that in turn produce the next (intentional) movement, as well as other
generation areas
◆ Somatic cell gene therapy would aim to
cure a disease only in the patient, not in Gene silencing
the patient's descendants ➔ Degradation of mRNA
➔ Rheumatoid arthritis
Germline Gene Therapy
➔ The modification of reproductive cells Reprogramming
(sperm and egg cells) and cells from very ➔ Addition of one or more genes to a specific
early embryos type of cell
➔ that aims to reduce the risk of future ➔ Type 1 diabetes
generations inheriting faulty or harmful
genes Cell Elimination
➔ During germline gene therapy, a carrier cell ➔ Introduction of “suicide gene” in tumor cells
known as a vector is used to safely transfer ➔ Cancer
new DNA into cells
Ex Vivo Gene Therapy ➔ Embryonic stem cells are the most versatile
➔ The cells are removed from the patient's since they can develop into all the cells of
body, treated, and returned the developing fetus
➔ One example is the CAR-T cell therapy for ➔ The majority of stem cells in the body have
blood cancer, available in the NHS as fewer abilities to give rise to cells and may
axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta). only help maintain and repair the tissues
and organs in which they reside
In Vivo Gene Therapy ➔ No other cell in the body has the natural
➔ Changes are made to cells' genetic material ability to generate new cell types
injected inside the patient
➔ Examples of in vivo gene therapies available Types of Stem Cells
within the NHS include onasemnogene Totipotent stem cells
abeparvovec (branded as Zolgensma), ➔ Can divide into all cell types in an organism.
which treats the muscle-wasting condition A totipotent cell has the potential to divide
spinal muscular atrophy, and voretigene until it creates an entire, complete organism.
neparvovec (Luxturna) for Leber congenital
amaurosis, a degenerative eye condition. Pluripotent stem cells
➔ Can divide into most, or all, cell types in an
Approved Gene Therapy organism, but cannot develop into an entire
➔ Glybera by UniQure for lipoprotein lipase organism on their own
which was approved by the European
Commission last 2012 Multipotent stem cells
➔ Luxturna approved by the FDA last 2017 for ➔ Can differentiate into the various cell types in
biallelic RPE65 a family of related cells, such as blood cells.
➔ Zolgensma by Novartis approved by FDA last Sometimes, they divide into oligopotent cells
May 2019 for infants with spinal muscular as an intermediate step. Oligopotent cells
atrophy are similar to multipotent cells, but become
less able to differentiate.
STEM CELLS
➔ Stem cells are a special type of cells that ➔ In most vertebrates, totipotent and
have two important properties pluripotent stem cells are very rare,
➔ They are able to make more cells like occurring in abundance only during
themselves, they self-renew embryonic development
➔ Depending on where the stem cells are, they ➔ Therefore, these cells are often called
can develop into different tissues “embryonic stem cells,” in contrast to “adult
➔ For example, hematopoietic stem cells stem cells” such as the multipotent stem
reside in the bone marrow and can produce cells found in bone marrow
all the cells that function in the blood ➔ Totipotent and pluripotent stem cells are a
➔ Stem cells also can become brain cells, critical part of embryonic development and
heart muscle cells, bone cells or other cell show how the single cell of a zygote can
types develop into every distinct tissue and cell
➔ There are various types of stem cells type found in an organism
➔ Many healing processes instead rely on
multipotent stem cells, or basic cell division
 such as leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and
Uses other immunodeficiency problems
➔ Stem cells themselves do not serve any
single purpose but are important for several Donating or harvesting stem cells
reasons ➔ People can donate trusted Source stem cells
➔ This potential could save lives or repair to help a loved one, or possibly for their own
wounds and tissue damage in people after use in the future
an illness or injury ➔ Donations can come from the following
sources:
Tissue regeneration ◆ Bone marrow
➔ Tissue regeneration is probably the most ◆ Peripheral stem cells
important use of stem cells ◆ Umbilical cord blood
➔ There is a shortage of donor organs but, by ➔ This harvesting of stem cells can be
instructing stem cells to differentiate in a expensive, but the advantages for future
certain way, scientists could use them to needs include:
grow a specific tissue type or organ ◆ the stem cells are easily accessible
◆ less chance of transplanted tissue being
Cardiovascular disease treatment rejected if it comes from the recipient’s
➔ In 2013, a team of researchers from own body
Massachusetts General Hospital reported in
PNAS Early Edition that they had created Research and scientific discovery
blood vessels in laboratory mice, using ➔ Stem cells are useful not only as potential
human stem cells therapies but also for research purposes
➔ The quality of these new blood vessels was ➔ For example, scientists have found that
as good as the nearby natural ones switching a particular gene on or off can
cause it to differentiate
Brain disease treatment ➔ Knowing what causes the cells to divide in
➔ Scientists could use stem cells to replenish the wrong way could lead to a cure
the damaged brain tissue ➔ Stem cells can also help in the development
➔ This could bring back the specialized brain of new drugs
cells that stop the uncontrolled muscle
movements Controversy
➔ There has been some controversy about
Cell deficiency therapy stem cell research
➔ These new cells could repair heart damage ➔ This mainly relates to work on embryonic
by repopulating the heart with healthy tissue stem cells
➔ Similarly, people with type I diabetes could
receive pancreatic cells to replace the Use of embryos for stem cells
insulin-producing cells that their own ➔ The argument against using embryonic
immune systems have lost or destroyed stem cells is that it destroys a human
blastocyst, and the fertilized egg cannot
Blood disease treatments develop into a person
➔ Doctors now routinely use adult
hematopoietic stem cells to treat diseases,
Mixing humans and animals ➔ This treatment involves modifying a patient’s
➔ Stem cell research often involves inserting T cells (a type of immune cell) in a
human cells into animals, such as mice or laboratory to enable them to recognize, bind
rats to, and destroy cancer cells.

Stem cell therapy and FDA regulation ETHICAL ISSUES

➔ Some people are already offering ➔ It therefore poses severe challenges in the
“stem-cells therapies” for a range of areas of patient autonomy, confidentiality,
purposes, such as anti-aging treatments resource distribution, end-of-life treatment,
➔ Some of them may be illegal, and some can research ethics, and the moral repercussions
be dangerous tied to new medical technologies
➔ The ultimate goal of medical ethics is to

CELL THERAPY create a healthcare environment that is not

➔ According to the American Society of Gene only scientifically advanced but also
and Cell Therapy, Cell therapy is the transfer fundamentally compassionate, where every
of a specific cell type or types into a person patient is treated with respect, dignity, and
to treat or prevent a disease the highest level of professional care
➔ Cellular therapies are commonly used to
treat disorders such as blood and bone Autonomy
marrow cancers, lymphatic system cancers, ➔ Right of competent individuals to make
plasma cell disorders, and other conditions informed decisions , healthcare providers
that affect the body’s ability to produce honor and support a patient's
healthy cells self-determination and personal choices

How does it work? Beneficence

➔ Cell therapy works by introducing healthy, ➔ Promotes the well-being and overall health
functional cells into the body to restore, of the patient, requires healthcare
replace, or improve damaged or impaired professionals to act in the best interest of the
tissues patient

The cells used in therapy can come from one of Justice

two places: ➔ Ensures equitable and fair access to
➔ Autologous (self) healthcare resources, addresses issues of
◆ The cells are collected from the distributive justice, non-discrimination, and
individual's own body. e.g., bone marrow the fair allocation of medical services
or adipose tissue
➔ Allogeneic (other) Non-maleficence
◆ The cells used are collected from a ➔ Obligates healthcare providers to avoid
compatible or matched donor to avoid intentional or unintentional harm to patients,
immune rejection duty to protect patients from potential risks
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy or negative consequences of medical
➔ Type of treatment that programs the interventions
immune system to target and destroy
cancer
 ➔ Nanotechnology is a more specific field that
THE NANO WORLD
STS 0002-15 | DEC. 2, 2024 | GROUP 4
focuses on nanoparticles and practical
applications of nanoscale science

BACKGROUND: NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscale Nanotechnology

➔ Refers to extremely small dimensions, about ➔ The National Nanotechnology Initiative

1/100,000 the width of a human hair defines nanotechnology as controlling and

➔ The term "nano" comes from the Greek word understanding matter at atomic and

nanos, meaning "dwarf molecular levels within the 1-100 nm range

➔ The human eye can detect objects as small ➔ It involves techniques like imaging,

as 105 nanometers, making nanoscale measuring, and manipulating materials at

objects invisible to the naked eye this scale

➔ A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter ➔ At this tiny size, materials show unique

➔ Understanding the nanoscale is key to properties, such as greater strength,

nanotechnology, which manipulates reactivity, or different electrical behavior

materials at this microscopic level ➔ Nanotechnology helps create new materials

➔ Nanotechnology has the potential to and devices with unique properties

revolutionize fields like: ➔ It plays a vital role in advancing medicine,

◆ Medicine electronics, energy, and engineering, offering

◆ Electronics innovative solutions to modern challenges

◆ Materials science
➔ At sizes smaller than 100 nanometers, Richard Feynman: Manipulating Small
materials exhibit unique properties due to Particles
their nanoscale dimensions ➔ In his 1959 speech "There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom," physicist Richard Feynman

Key Changes in Properties: introduced the idea of manipulating matter

➔ Conductivity: materials like silicon, typically at the atomic scale, envisioning innovations

insulating at larger scales, can become like storing vast information on tiny surfaces

conductive. and miniaturizing computers

➔ Strength: nanomaterials often show ➔ Feynman’s vision laid the groundwork for

increased mechanical strength due to modern nanotechnology

reduced defects and surface effects. ➔ His ideas became a reality in 2009 when

➔ Reactivity: smaller particle sizes increase Samsung began producing electronic

surface area, enhancing chemical reactivity. devices using 30-nanometer technology,

➔ Optical Properties: nanoparticles can exhibit marking a major achievement in

unique optical behaviors, such as quantum nanotechnology development

effects or color changes based on size.

Norio Taniguchi: Nanotechnology
➔ For a decade, the word “nanotechnology”
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Nanoscience itself may have remained unused

➔ Nanoscience studies materials and ➔ It was only in 1974 when Norio Tanigchi of

phenomena at the nanoscale, typically Tokyo university of science coined the term

between 1-100 nanometers (nm) ➔ It was initially a description on

semiconductor processes such as thin film
 deposition and ion beam milling that decided to meet regularly and discuss
involves characteristics control on the order programs related to nanotechnology
of a nanometer (Murphy et al., 2013)
Interagency Working Group on
Nanomaterials Nanotechnology (IWGN)
➔ Nano materials find a broad range of ➔ This group continued informally until
applications in various fields such as September 1998, the name interagency
electronics, communication, optical, and working group on nanotechnology (IWGN)
biological systems was officially adopted under the national
➔ Its popularity made nanotechnology by 2018, science and technology council (NSTC)
second to the information age (National Research council, 2002)
➔ In this year, the global value of ➔ In 2000, IWGN led directly to the formation of
nano-intermediates, nano-enabled the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
products, and nanomaterials have been (NNI)
estimated to reach $4.4 trillion (Fazzaro et al, ➔ This was the first official federal government
2017) effort in nanotechnology
➔ As documentation in keeping track of the ➔ It was established by president Bill Clinton
marketing and distribution of nanoproducts and funded for the first time in 2000 and
in the market, the global continues up to this date
➔ By far , NNI is the most popular and influential
Nanotechnology Consumer Products nanotechnology initiative in the world
Inventory (CPI) ➔ It leads the nanotechnology-related
➔ Was created in 2005 activities of more than 20 US departments
➔ A survey in October 2013 showed 1814 and independent agencies with emphasis
consumer products from 622 companies in on research on nanomaterials (National
32 countries Research Council, 2002)
◆ Most of the products (762, or 47% of the
total) belong to the health and fitness MICROSCOPY TOOLS IN
category
NANOTECHNOLOGY
◆ The most frequently used nanomaterial
Electron Microscope
(435 products, or 24%) is the
➔ An electron microscope uses a focused
nanoparticle metal silver
beam of electrons to study a sample,
◆ Around 49% of the products (889)
capturing either how the electrons pass
documented do not provide the-
through it or scatter upon impact
composition of the nanomaterial used in
➔ Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll - Developed the
them (vance et al., 2015)
first electron microscope—a Transmission
➔ The potential of nanotechnology to change
Electron Microscope (TEM).
our lives through its various applications has
➔ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
led countries to focus on nanotechnology
◆ TEM generates two-dimensional (2D)
research
images, which often require further
➔ In the United states research work on the
interpretation but can achieve
nanoscale started in november 1996, when
significantly higher resolution
government officials from several agencies
 ◆ This makes TEM a powerful tool for ➔ The first fullerene, Buckminsterfullerene
studying internal structures at the atomic (C60), was discovered in 1985 by Rice
level (Williams, 2015). University researchers Kroto, O'Brien, Curl,
➔ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Smalley
➔ SEM produces detailed three-dimensional ➔ The team won the 1996 Nobel Prize in
(3D) images of the sample's surface, making Chemistry for their discovery
it ideal for studying texture and structure.
Carbon Nanotubes
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ➔ Carbon nanotubes have a cylindrical shape
➔ The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) that has not folded around to create a
operates by using an electrical probe, known sphere
as the tunneling tip, to scan the surface of a ➔ Sumio Iljima discovered carbon nanotubes
sample ➔ Two types of CNT are possible
➔ Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer developed ◆ Cylindrical shape with open ends
the first functional STM in 1981 ◆ Closed ends and formed into pentagons
on the end of the nanotubes
Atomic Force Microscope
➔ The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was Graphene
developed to address the limitations of the ➔ Graphene is a flat one-atom thick sheet or a
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), which single monolayer of carbon atoms, tightly
can only analyze conducting or bound in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice.
semiconducting surfaces ➔ Graphene holds the record of being the
➔ The concept of the AFM was introduced in thinnest compound discovered with one
1986 by Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quate. atom thick, and the lightest material known
to man with 1m2

CARBON NANOMATERIALS ➔ Stronger than steel, as hard as a diamond,

Classes of Nanomaterials and a million times thinner than paper
➔ Carbon-based nanomaterial - carbon
nanotube, fullerene, graphene ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN
➔ Inorganic-based Nanomaterial - Ag NANOTECHNOLOGY
nanoparticle, Gold nanoparticle, Titanium ➔ Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the
dioxide most transformative fields of science and
➔ Organic-based Nanomaterial - dendrimer, engineering in the 21st century
polymer nanoparticle ➔ The advancement of nanoscale products
➔ Composite-based nanomaterial - hybrid holds promise for significant improvements
nanofiber, metal-organic framework across many divisions.
➔ Embracing the benefits while acknowledging
Fullerenes potential drawbacks allows society to
➔ Fullerenes are spherical carbon-caged harness the power of nanoproducts
molecules with 60 or more carbon atoms, responsibly.
measuring 0.7-1.5 nm in diameter
➔ They exhibit unusual properties like heat
resistance and superconductivity and have
high tensile strength
Consumer Product Safety Commission Nanomaterial Environmental Concern
(2015)
● Caused behavioral and
➔ Although advantageous, the special
physiological changes in
qualities of nanoparticles can present C60 fullerenes water fleas
unanticipated dangers that need careful ● Caused oxidative
consideration. damage in largemouth
bass

Friend of Earth (2016) Nanoparticle

● Toxic to algae and water
➔ Extensive research and innovation support zinc oxide
fleas (Luo, 2007)
the promise of nanotechnology to transform
industries. ● High levels of exposure
caused growth delay in
Aluminum
corn, cucumber,
Oberdörster (2006) Holsapple (2005) nanoparticle
soybean, carrot and
➔ Instead of impeding advancement, these
cabbage crops (Yang
concerns could encourage thorough and Watts, 2005)
investigation and regulations to guarantee
Silver ● Severe deformities of
security. nanoparticle exposed fish embryo and
larvae
Potential Risks of Nanotechnology (Zhang ● Can cause the death of a
et al., 2019) considerable percentage
➔ Lower recovery and recycling rates of water fleas (Lovern
➔ Lack of trained engineers and workers Titanium and Klaper, 2006)
causing further concerns Dioxide nano ● UV-Illuminated TiO2
➔ Environmental implications of other life form proven to be toxic to
algae and water fleas
cycles stages not clear
(Hung-Rinke and Simon,
➔ Dissemination of toxic, persistent
2006)
nano-substance originating environmental
harm Health Concerns
➔ High energy requirement for synthesizing ➔ In Germany, a report claims that 79 people
nanoparticle causing high-energy demand who used an aerosolized form of protective
sealant for glass and ceramics experienced
Environmental Concerns breathing problems and coughing.
➔ Low concentration of buckyballs can interact ➔ Another example is that a product called
or associate with water in nature “Magic Nano” hospitalized six German
➔ Scientists initially thought that buckyballs workers
cannot dissolve, therefore they do not pose ➔ The European Respiratory Journal reported
any imminent threat to bodies of water seven women in China working directly in a
(Tong et al, 2007). paint factory that uses nanoparticles fell ill
with serious lung disease. In which, two of
them worsened and soon became fatal.

Nanomaterial Health Concern

Silver ● Can enter the

nanoparticles bloodstream and
 used as additive reach all the organs the following are reasons why we should be
in baby bottles, (Friends of the Earth, concerned about nanotechnology:
food containers, 2011) ◆ Nanotechnology is not a single
packaging, ● Placental transfer technology; it may become pervasive
cutting boards, and fetal uptake
◆ Nanotechnology may introduce new
salad bowls, cause zebrafish
efficiencies and paradigms, which may
cutlery, ice tray, embryos to develop
filtration devices head abnormalities make some natural resources and
and collapsible and no eyes (Cheng current practices uncompetitive or
coolers; in et al, 2007) obsolete
agriculture, used ● Increase the problem ◆ Nanotechnology may be very difficult to
in poultry of antibiotic resistant detect unless one has the specialist tools
production and superbugs (Friends
of nanotechnology
agricultural and of the Earth, 2011)
➔ Ethical and social concerns are raised by the
aquacultural
disinfectants regulation of nanotechnology
➔ An example of this is the creation of
● Can damage DNA,
disrupt the function nanobots (a.k.a. nanorobots, nanoids,
Titanium dioxide of cells, interfere with nanites, nanomites) in the medical field.
used as whitener the defence activities ◆ Nanobots were developed by
and brightener of immune cells, and researchers at the UCSD (University of
invoke inflammation California San Diego, and these are
(Trouiller et al, 2009)
capable of cleaning the blood of toxins
● Toxic when ingested generated by bacteria in the
and found to cause
Zinc oxide used experimental stage. (Akrout, 2018)
lesions in the liver,
as surface ◆ The challenge with this is the
pancreas, heart and
coating development of life-sized tests on
stomach (Wang et
al, 2006) animals and fully biodegradable versions

● Found to be
Nanohydroxyapa potentially toxic, NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
tite used as could be absorbed PHILIPPINES
stabilizer in foods and enter cells (Merz
Dr. Fabian Dayrit
NA, Inc., 2015)
➔ Chair of the Nanotechnology Technical Panel
● Can be harmful as
of the DOST
asbestos if inhaled in
➔ “The future of nanotechnology in the
sufficient
Philippines is bright.”
quantities(Maynard
Carbon-based et al., 2006) ➔ Government has allocated significant
nanomaterials ● Can cross the funding on research and development in the
blood-brain barrier field of nanotechnology
and alter cell
functions (Jirasak et
Nanotechnology roadmap for the Philippines
al., 2008)
➔ In 2008, DOST organized an interdisciplinary
group of 14 local scientists
Ethical and Social Concerns
➔ Identified areas that needs to be prioritized
➔ Ethical and social concerns should be
◆ Nanostructured solar energy devices
considered and according to Dayrit (2008),
 ◆ Nanosensor technology to food, ➔ The most effective air cleaning paint up to
agriculture, and environment date
◆ Environmental remediation and water
◆ Nanocomposite materials using local How it Works:
minerals and biological resources ➔ TiO2 reacts with UV light to produce free
radicals, which break down air pollutants
NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCHES into harmless substances and degrades oils
Nanostructured Solar Devices that trap dirt, giving surfaces a self-cleaning
➔ Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle property
University, and the University of the ➔ The nanoparticles are highly efficient
Philippines with DOST because of their small size and large surface
➔ Developing solar cells using nanomaterials area (a gram of TiO₂ has the surface area of
➔ Solid-state nanomaterials and a tennis court)
dye-sensitized materials ➔ TiO2 acts as a catalyst, so it isn’t consumed
➔ Graphene for low-cost and eco-friendly in the process, allowing the paint to work
energy solutions indefinitely when exposed to light

Nanocomposite Materials Recognition and Usage:

➔ DOST and Industrial Technology ➔ Named one of Asia’s top six innovations by
Development Institute (ITDI) led by Dr. Blessie National Geographic in 2013
A. Basilia ➔ Won the Chemrez Green Chemistry Award at
➔ Biodegradable, environment-friendly food the 2009 DOST National Invention Contest
packaging material ➔ Commercially available since 2009, with
➔ Uses organoclay (nanoclay) from bentonite yearly projects across Metro Manila
with thermoplastic starch made from ➔ In 2018, lung-shaped, colorful tree murals
cornstarch were painted along EDSA to symbolize clean
➔ Protects food and extends its shelf life using air
nanotechnology ➔

Nanoparticle TiO2 in Commercial Paint

➔ Pacific Paint (Boysen) Philippines, Inc.
conducted the world’s largest demonstration
project on the air cleaning properties of
paint
➔ KNOxOUT incorporates titanium dioxide
developed by Cristal Global
➔ MRT walls along EDSA in Metro Manila

Key Findings:
➔ Paint reduced nitrogen oxide pollution by up
to 22% in certain locations
➔ Equivalent to removing 1.3 metric tons of
nitrogen oxide (NO2) yearly or cleaning the
exhausts of 30,000 vehicles daily
 attain a temperature suitable for living and
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE
the emergence of life
ENERGY CRISIS ➔ If in case the Earth didn't compose an
STS 0002-15 | DEC. 2, 2024 | GROUP 5
atmosphere, the earth would be cold and life
itself would be non-existent
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL ➔ Global warming however is a phenomenon
WARMING wherein heat is trapped in the atmosphere,
CLIMATE CHANGE spiking the Earth's temperature
➔ Any significant change in the weathers of
different parts of Earth over a long period of EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
time ➔ Abrupt change in weather patterns
➔ Changes in temperature, rainfall, wind ➔ Ocean temperature increase
conditions and other climatic conditions ➔ Melting of ice caps
➔ These changes may be induced due to the ➔ Increase in evaporation
◆ Dynamic processes of Earth (e.g.
eruptions or earthquakes) WHAT CAUSES GLOBAL WARMING?
◆ External forces (e.g. change in intensity of ➔ Rising concentration of greenhouse gases
solar radiation or fall of meteorites) (e.g. carbon dioxide and methane) is the
◆ Born from human activity (e.g. root cause of global warming
deforestation, pollution) ➔ These gases make the atmosphere
➔ This results in ecological imbalance and the figuratively porous, increasing the intake and
drastic change in flora and fauna species absorption of the sun's heat rather than
➔ With the advent of climate change, the risk allowing it to escape to space
to human health is also inherent to rise
➔ With ozone layer depletion, loss of HOW DOES GLOBAL WARMING DRIVE
biodiversity, pressures on food production, CLIMATE CHANGE?
and spread of infectious diseases being few ➔ Heat is energy and its addition to any system
to note induces change
➔ All systems in the global climate system are
MAIN CATEGORIES OF THESE IMPACTS connected, thus changes in these systems
➔ Direct - Heat waves, air pollution, natural induced by heat affect the global climate
disasters, etc. ➔ An example is how high temperatures
➔ Ecological - Damage agriculture, mosquito increase evaporation rate, the waters that
infestation, marine life depletion, etc. evaporate are then due to precipitation and
➔ Indirect - Poverty, displacement, political large masses of vapor are the causes of
and economic conflicts on resources, etc. storms like hurricanes and typhoons
➔ The change in temperature affects the great
GLOBAL WARMING patterns of winds and weather, causing
➔ Slow increase in the average temperature of drought and unpredictable weather
the Earth's atmosphere due to heat from the
sun being trapped rather than radiated out NATURAL CAUSES: CLIMATE CHANGE
into space ➔ Climate has always changed due to natural
➔ The Earth's atmosphere has always acted as processes interacting with the sun, such as
a greenhouse to capture the sun's heat, to the water and energy cycles (SPREP, 2014).
 ◆ Earth will be closest to the sun during the
CATALYSTS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE summer; whilst it will be farthest from the
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS sun during the winter
➔ Discharge carbon dioxide and emit aerosols ➔ The seasons tend to be more extreme in the
◆ Volcanic ash, and sulfur dioxide northern regions and less extreme in
➔ Volcanic aerosols can block a percentage of southern regions
sunlight and cause a global cooling which
can last for one to two years Eccentricity
➔ 1816 ➔ Refers to the changes in the shape of the
◆ “The year without a Summer” Earth’s orbit
◆ Eruption of Indonesia’s Mount Tambora ➔ Elliptical orbit means that the distance
which is considered the largest eruption between the Earth and the Sun varies over
in history the course of a year
➔ Higher eccentricity increases the difference
OCEAN CURRENTS between temperatures when earth is closest
➔ Do not have a profound influence on the to and farthest from the sun
climate ➔ The Earth’s axis is believed to be fixed;
➔ Stores and also distributes heat all around however, it does move
the globe
➔ Evaporation plays a key role in determining Obliquity
the temperature and humidity of the ➔ Refers to the changes in the tilt of the Earth’s
landmass in the world orbit
➔ Weather patterns are driven largely by ➔ The Earth makes one full orbit around the
ocean currents sun each year
◆ Currents are movements of ocean water ➔ During summer, the northern hemisphere
in a continuous flow tilts towards the sun; in the other half, the
➔ These currents transport warm water from earth is tilted away from the sun
the equator to the poles and cold water from ➔ This absence of tilt would mean that seasons
the poles to the equator will cease to exist
◆ This regulates the global climate
VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION
EARTH’S ORBITAL CHANGES ➔ Sunspots are darker areas on the sun’s
➔ The Earth’s cyclical changes cause surface
differences in the amount of sunlight both ◆ Develops where an intense magnetic
North and South hemispheres receive field weakens the flow of gases that
transport heat energy from the sun
Precession ➔ Sunsparks appear dark due to their
➔ Orientation of Earth’s axis of rotation temperature being lower than the
➔ Refers to the wobbles in the Earth’s rotational surrounding area
axis ➔ Every 11 years, the number of sunspots
➔ It causes the seasons to occur at different change from a maximum to a minimum
locations in Earth’s elliptical orbit number
➔ North Hemisphere: ◆ More radiation during active periods of
sunspots, vice versa
➔ However, sunspots do not contribute to the Methane
further warming of the global climate ➔ Methane, made of carbon and hydrogen, is a
normal gas released from wetlands, growing

ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF rice, raising cattle, using natural gas and

mining coal
CLIMATE CHANGE
➔ As methane rises into the air, it reacts with
GREENHOUSE GASES
the hydroxyl radical to create water vapor
➔ Greenhouse gases are gases in the Earth's
and carbon dioxide
atmosphere that trap heat
➔ The Mespan of methane in the atmosphere
➔ These are gases that absorb and emit
was estimated at 9.6 years as of 2001
radiant energy within the thermal infrared
➔ Methane (CH.) is a greenhouse gas that is
range
much stronger than carbon dioxide (CO₂), 34
➔ Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse
times stronger if compared over a 100-year
effect
period
➔ While concentrations of methane in the
PRIMARY GREENHOUSE GASES
Water Vapor atmosphere are about 200 times lower than

➔ This is water in gas form carbon dioxide

➔ It forms clouds and rains back on Earth ➔ Responsible for 60% of the equivalent

➔ This can cause a cooling effect, but also radiative forcing caused by carbon dioxide

blocks heat from escaping the atmosphere, since the onset of the Industrial Revolution

so it gets warmer and makes more water to ➔ Methane's presence in the atmosphere can

evaporate also affect the abundance of other

➔ Water vapor is known to be Earth's most greenhouse gases, such as ozone (0) water

abundant greenhouse gas but the extent of vapor (H₂O), and carbon dioxide

its contribution to global warming has been

debated Ozone

➔ Using recent NASA satellite data, researchers ➔ Ozone is a molecule that is made up of three

have estimated more precisely than ever the oxygen atoms linked together

heat-trapping effect of water in the air, ➔ Because of its distinct chemical properties, it

validating the role of the gas as a critical serves a dual purpose in the atmosphere

component of climate change ➔ In the stratosphere, ozone forms a layer that

protects us from the sun by absorbing

Carbon Dioxide harmful ultraviolet radiation before it gets to

➔ This is made up of carbon and oxygen, CO₂ is the surface

all around us naturally ➔ Down here in the troposphere, however,

➔ It comes from decaying and living ozone causes problems

organisms, and from volcanoes ➔ Even though ozone is pure oxygen, it can't be

➔ CO₂ enters the atmosphere through burning used by our lungs when we breathe

fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid ➔ The lifespan of a typical ozone molecule is

waste, trees and other biological materials, on the order of hours to days, but it still has a

and also as a result of certain chemical dramatic impact on our local weather, it has

reactions (e.g manufacture of cement). been linked to spikes in daily temperature

and in some instances extreme heat waves
➔ There can be days at a time where the air is ➔ Though HFCs currently represent around 1%
hot and stagnant, especially during the of total greenhouse gases, their impact on
summer global warming can be hundreds to
➔ During this time automobile exhaust can be thousands of times greater than that of
broken down into ozone, which absorbs the carbon dioxide per unit of mass
heel and makes it even hotter
➔ Ozone is also a chemical imitant and is a Deforestation
component of smog, so it can aggravate ➔ Tropical forest trees like all green plants, take
asthma and degrade automobile finishes in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during
and building surfaces exposed to it photosynthesis
➔ Plants also carry out the opposite
Nitrous Oxide process-known as respiration-in which they
➔ Has an atmospheric lifetime of 110 years emit carbon dioxide, but generally in smaller
➔ The process that removes nitrous oxide from amounts than they take in during
the atmosphere also depletes ozone photosynthesis
➔ So nitrous oxide is not only a greenhouse ➔ The surplus carbon is stored in the plant.
gas, but also an ozone destroyer helping it to grow
➔ Nitrous oxide (or N₂O), is more commonly ➔ When trees are cut down and burned or
known as laughing gas allowed to rot, their stored carbon is released
➔ It has been accumulating in the atmosphere into the air as carbon dioxide
since the 1700s, and it's powerful and ➔ And this is how deforestation and forest
persistent degradation contribute to global warming
➔ One molecule of NO has the same
greenhouse warming power of 300 Coal Mining
molecules of carbon dioxide ➔ Process of extracting coal from the ground
➔ Once that N₂O molecule gets into the upper ➔ It requires a large expanse of territory
atmosphere, it can stay there for more than ➔ When a mining operation moves in, it
100 years before it's destroyed naturally invades and destroys sizable ranges of
➔ Nitrous oxide is released from bacteria in soil wilderness area, displacing the native fauna
➔ Modern agricultural practices tilling and soil and removing habitat and food sources
cultivation, livestock waste management, ➔ This eventually results in an imbalanced
and the use of nitrogen rich fertilizers ecosystem and even the endangerment or
contribute significantly to nitrous oxide extinction of entire species
emissions ➔ Coal mining and preparation also generates
millions of gallons of highly toxic, semi-solid
Hydrofluorocarbons waste
➔ Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a group of ➔ Highly acidic runoff from coal stocks and
industrial chemicals primarily used in handling facilities, known as acid mine
refrigeration, air conditioning, foam blowing, drainage (AMD), infiltrates waterways,
aerosols, fire protection and solvents contaminating local water supply and
➔ Many HFCs are very powerful greenhouse affecting the PH balance in the surrounding
gases and a substantial number are short- lakes and streams
lived climate pollutants with a lifetime of ➔ High levels of methane, a potent greenhouse
between 15 and 29 years in the atmosphere gas, is released during the mining process,
 contributing to the destruction of the ozone dangerous materials into the environment,
layer Illnesses, loss of life, and destruction of the
➔ Carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas, is ecosystem are some of the pollution
released in the combustion (burning) outcomes that take years to manifest
process, when coal is used to fuel electric ➔ Global warming is among the most serious
generators and steam engines outcomes of industrial pollution, witnessed
➔ As a result, global warming is probably one on the account of the steady rise of
of the most significant and widely-telt industrial activities
environmental effects of coal mining ➔ Industries release into the atmosphere a
variety of greenhouse gases including
Burning of Fossil Fuels carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH)
➔ Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, ➔ These gases absorb thermal radiation from
fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the the sun thereby increasing the general
remains of dead plants and animals temperature of the earth, leading to global
➔ Burning any carbon based fuel converts warming
carbon to carbon dioxide ➔ Pollutants discharged from the industries
➔ Unless it is captured and stored, this carbon have widespread implications, and one of
dioxide is usually released to the the unpleasant effects is on water bodies
atmosphere ➔ Industries demand lots of water for efficient
➔ Burning fossil fuels releases carbon that production such as cooling, cleaning, and
leads to the increased concentrations of treatment and as such, the water drawn
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from the water sources is never the same
➔ The primary pollutants released from the after use
burning of fossil fuels are carbon monoxide ➔ Inappropriate contamination of used water
(CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide and the discharge of different industrial
(SO2), nitrogen oxides of the chemical form wastewater into water sources often result in
NOx (primarily nitrogen dioxide, or NO2), water pollution
nitric oxide (N2O), methane, and substances ➔ In most cases, the water is contaminated
collectively termed volatile organic with dangerous chemicals, radioactive
compounds, or VOC materials, heavy metals or organic sludge
➔ Some of these are hazardous in their native ➔ For this reason, dumping of the wastewater
forms; others are especially damaging only directly into waterways or oceans negatively
after they combine with other otherwise impacts marine life, humans, and the
benign reagents in the atmosphere environment in various aspects

Industrial Processes Agriculture

➔ Industries and factories give off various ➔ Agriculture, forestry and the change of
pollutants into the environment including the land-use, account far as much as 25% of
land, air, and waters human induced greenhouse gases
➔ It is estimated that about 50% of all pollution emissions
is as a result of industrial and manufacturing ➔ Agriculture is one of the main sources of
activities emitted methane and nitrous oxide
➔ It only displays how industries and factories ➔ Greenhouse gases (GHGs) have different
are responsible for giving off toxic and sources within agriculture
➔ The livestock sector alone is responsible for TEMPERATURE TRENDS
about 44% of human-induced methane Global Temperature Trends
(CH4) emissions, 53% nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ➔ Global average temperature serves as a
5% carbon dioxide (CO2) critical indicator of climate change
➔ Methane comes from the digestive ➔ Measurements are derived from land air
processes in cattle and similar fermentative temperatures and sea-surface
processes in manure temperatures recorded by ships, buoys, and
➔ Nitrous oxide is mainly formed during the satellites
application of fertilizers rich in nitrogen to ➔ A clear long-term warming trend is evident,
fields though annual variations occur, with some
➔ It also originates from manure or engines years showing greater temperature
burning fossil fuels increases than others
➔ Carbon dioxide originates from the burning
of fossil fuel, used to power agricultural Recent Evidence
machinery ➔ Scientific studies confirm that the Earth is
warming
CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS ➔ The first decade of the 21st century was the
➔ Climate observations come from systems warmest on record, and the past five years
worldwide, monitoring the atmosphere, collectively represent the hottest years in
oceans, and land modern history
➔ These observations help us understand the ➔ According to NASA and NOAA, global surface
climate, but their quality varies temperatures in 2018 were the fourth
➔ To use them correctly, we need details about warmest since 1880, measuring 1.5°F (0.83°C)
how and where the data was collected above the 1951–1980 average
➔ This information is critical for everyday ➔ Since the 1880s, the average global surface
applications like weather forecasts, air temperature has risen by approximately 2°F
quality studies, and understanding (1.1°C), driven by increased emissions of
environmental changes carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
➔ As the climate changes, extreme weather due to human activities
events like heatwaves and heavy rains are
becoming more common, affecting many Regional Impacts
industries ➔ The Arctic region exhibits the strongest
warming trends, with significant loss of sea
EXAMPLES ice and mass reduction from the Greenland
➔ Wind energy companies use climate data to and Antarctic ice sheets contributing to sea
choose the best locations for wind farms level rise
➔ Farmers rely on it to predict how weather ➔ Global warming is also associated with
changes will affect crops longer fire seasons, extreme weather events,
➔ Engineers use it to design roads and coastal flooding, heat waves, intense
drainage systems for heavy rainfall precipitation, and ecosystem changes
➔ Tourism planners look at climate data to find
the most appealing destinations Philippines Temperature Trends
➔ In the Philippines, increasing temperatures
have been observed over decades
➔ Between 1951 and 2010, mean temperature Future Implications
anomalies indicate an increase of 0.648°C, ➔ As global temperatures continue to rise, the
averaging 0.0108°C per year polar regions and glaciers will lose more ice
➔ Over the last 60 years, daytime maximum ➔ The combined effects of melting ice and
temperatures rose by 0.36°C, while nighttime thermal expansion will exacerbate sea level
minimum temperatures increased by 1.0°C rise
➔ These trends align with global patterns of ➔ Coastal areas worldwide face the threat of
rising temperatures and their associated flooding and other climate-related impacts
impacts as oceans continue to swell

GLACIERS AND GLOBAL SEA LEVEL EL NIÑO

Causes of Sea Level Rise ➔ El Niño is a significant oceanographic and
➔ Sea level rise is driven by two primary factors meteorological phenomenon that occurs in
related to climate warming: the Pacific Ocean
◆ Melting of Land-Based Ice: Glaciers and ➔ It is marked by the migration of warm
polar ice sheets are melting at surface waters from the western equatorial
accelerated rates, adding water to the Pacific to the eastern equatorial Pacific, near
oceans Peru and Ecuador
◆ Thermal Expansion: Warming surface ➔ This condition can persist for over a year,
waters cause the upper ocean to causing extreme climatic variability such as
expand, increasing sea levels intense rains, winds, and droughts, with
adverse effects on local and global
Role of Oceans in Climate Change economies
➔ Oceans have absorbed more than 90% of
the heat generated by human-emitted HISTORICAL CONTEXT
greenhouse gases, moderating atmospheric ➔ The term "El Niño," meaning "The Boy Child" in
warming Spanish, originated from Peruvian fishermen
➔ This absorption has led to significant who observed warm ocean currents near
warming of ocean waters, with 2018 marking Christmas
the hottest year on record for ocean ➔ Initially considered a local event, it disrupted
temperatures, according to Advances in the coastal ecosystem by displacing
Atmospheric Sciences nutrient-rich cold waters with warm currents.

SEA LEVEL TRENDS NORMAL CONDITIONS VS. EL NIÑO

Historical Changes: Normal Conditions:
➔ Since 1880, global sea levels have risen over ➔ Southeasterly trade winds drive surface
8 inches (23 cm) currents along the South American coast
➔ Three inches of this rise occurred in the last ➔ Cold water upwelling provides nutrients for
25 years alone phytoplankton, supporting anchovy
populations
Current Rates:
➔ Sea levels increase by 0.13 inches (3.2 mm) El Niño Conditions:
annually ➔ Warm currents displace cold, nutrient-rich
water
➔ Initial increase in anchovy harvest is CAUSE AND MECHANISM
short-lived, followed by a sharp decline due Strengthened Trade Winds
to disrupted ecosystems ➔ Following El Niño, trade winds blowing east to
west become stronger
IMPACTS OF EL NIÑO ➔ Warm surface waters are pushed further
➔ Extreme weather events such as heavy west, allowing cold water to rise (upwelling)
rainfall, droughts, and strong winds in the east
➔ Decline in fish populations due to disrupted
food chains Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction
➔ Significant economic effects on fishing ➔ This shift affects global wind and
industries and agricultural sectors globally atmospheric circulation, altering
temperature and weather patterns
CHARACTERISTICS OF EL NIÑO worldwide
➔ It occurs in the Pacific basin every 2 to 9
years Global Impacts
➔ It usually starts during the Northern winter ➔ Droughts: Occur in the eastern equatorial
(December To February) Pacific
➔ Once established, it lasts until the first half of ➔ Floods: Affect the western equatorial Pacific
the following year, although at times, it stays and surrounding regions
longer (ex: 1939-1941 and 1989-1992 ➔ Hurricanes: Influences both the Atlantic and
episodes): Pacific hurricane seasons
➔ It exhibits phase-locking at annual cycles (El
Niño and rainfall fluctuations with it tend to Impacts in the Philippines
recur at the same time of the year ➔ Increased Rainfall: Heavy rains trigger floods
➔ It usually has a biennial cycle (El Niño events and landslides and prolonged rainy seasons
will often be: preceded and/ or followed by due to below-normal ocean temperatures
La Niña) ➔ Agricultural Benefits: Enables crop growth in
mountainous or irrigation-inaccessible
LA NIÑA areas
➔ La Niña is a weather phenomenon ➔ Weather Phenomena: More tropical cyclones
characterized by lower-than-normal sea and stronger monsoon activity
surface temperatures in the equatorial
Eastern Central Pacific Ocean, typically by 3 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F) ➔ Climate change refers to long-term changes
➔ It is the counterpart to El Niño within the El in temperature, precipitation, and other
Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate atmospheric patterns
pattern ➔ Human activities, primarily the burning of
➔ The name, meaning "the little girl" in Spanish, fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial
reflects its association with cooler ocean processes, are the primary contributors
temperatures ➔ As a result, there has been an increase in
global temperatures and disruptions to
weather patterns, leading to observable
impacts on ecosystems, human populations,
and infrastructure
 TYPES OF FLOODING
EFFECTS ON NATURE ➔ River Flooding - When rivers overflow due to
➔ Glaciers and Ice Sheets - The warming of the excessive rain or upstream ice melt
Earth has led to the melting of glaciers and ➔ Coastal Flooding - Caused by extreme
ice sheets, contributing to rising sea levels weather events such as tsunamis or large
➔ Ecosystem Shifts - Species are shifting their storms that push seawater inland
ranges due to changing climates, leading to ➔ Flash Floods - Sudden, localized flooding
earlier blooming of plants and changes in often caused by intense rainfall, leading to
animal migration patterns rapid water accumulation and destruction
➔ Rising Sea Levels - As the ice caps melt, sea
levels are rising, threatening coastal areas HOW CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES
and low-lying islands FLOODING RISKS
➔ Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather ➔ Extreme Weather Events - More intense
Events - Climate change has led to more storms lead to heavier rainfall, causing rivers
intense storms, floods, and heatwaves, which to exceed their banks and flood
are becoming increasingly common, ➔ Rising Sea Levels - As global temperatures
threatening human lives and wildlife rise, ice sheets melt and sea levels rise,
contributing to coastal flooding
CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT TO ➔ Increased Storm Intensity - Warmer ocean
BIODIVERSITY temperatures fuel stronger storms,
➔ Invasive Species - Non-native species, often exacerbating flooding risks, particularly in
aided by climate change, can disrupt local low-lying coastal areas
ecosystems
➔ Habitat Fragmentation - Climate-related DEADLIEST TYPHOONS TO HIT THE
disruptions can isolate species and prevent PHILIPPINES
them from accessing necessary resources Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)
➔ Overexploitation - Human activities, ➔ November 8, 2013
combined with changing climates, can ➔ Over 6,300 deaths in the Philippines, with
further reduce species numbers, leading to significant impacts in Southeast Asia
extinction ➔ Typhoon Haiyan was one of the strongest
storms ever recorded at landfall, with wind

FLOODING speeds reaching 195 mph

➔ Flooding occurs when water covers normally ➔ The disaster displaced millions and
dry land devastated communities in its path
➔ This can be caused by excessive rain, rapid
melting of snow or ice, or the failure of Typhoon Thelma (Uring)
infrastructure like dams or levees ➔ November 4-5, 1991
➔ Flooding may be slow, allowing for ➔ Over 5,000 deaths
preparation, or it can be sudden (flash ➔ Typhoon Thelma, though weak, caused
floods), posing significant risks to life and catastrophic flooding in Ormoc City due to
property. intense rainfall and river overflow, wiping out
entire neighborhoods in Leyte
Typhoon Ike (Nitang) ➔ 556 deaths
➔ August 31, 1984 ➔ This typhoon caused major disruption,
➔ 1,492 people especially in Cebu and Leyte, and was
➔ Typhoon Ike caused extreme winds and compounded by the eruption of Mount
flooding as it moved through the Philippines Hibok-Hibok in Camiguin
➔ It was one of the deadliest typhoons of 1984,
affecting millions and leaving large numbers Typhoon Agnes (Undang)
homeless ➔ November 1984
➔ Hundreds of deaths
Typhoon Fengshen (Frank) ➔ Typhoon Agnes caused widespread
➔ June 18, 2008 destruction in the Visayas, especially in Leyte
➔ 1,371 deaths and Panay, with severe flooding and
➔ Typhoon Fengshen was responsible for damage to buildings
widespread flooding, particularly in Iloilo and
Capiz Typhoon Nina (Sisang)
➔ The disaster was worsened by a capsized ➔ November 1987
ferry, which resulted in hundreds of deaths ➔ 315 deaths
➔ Typhoon Nina was particularly destructive in
Typhoon Washi (Sendong) Albay, where mudslides from Mayon Volcano
➔ December 16-18, 2011 caused significant loss of life
➔ Over 1,250 deaths
➔ This tropical storm brought heavy rains, IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEMS AND
leading to flash floods and landslides in BIODIVERSITY DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Mindanao, displacing thousands and BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
causing significant damage to infrastructure Ecosystem Services
➔ These are the benefits people derive from
Typhoon Durian (Reming) ecosystems, such as food, clean water, air
➔ November 30, 2006 purification, and climate regulation
➔ 2,000 deaths. ➔ These services are crucial for human survival
➔ Typhoon Durian triggered mudslides from and well-being but are threatened by
the Mayon Volcano, causing the deaths of climate change
many people in the Bicol region and leaving
significant damage Ecosystem Disruption
➔ Climate change leads to shifts in species
Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) populations, habitat destruction, and
➔ December 3-4, 2012 changes in the structure of ecosystems,
➔ 1,146 deaths affecting the balance of natural processes
➔ Typhoon Bopha caused extensive ➔ Species Migration - Warming temperatures
destruction across Mindanao and the force species to migrate to cooler areas,
Visayas, displacing over 6 million people, such as higher latitudes or elevations
and leaving a trail of destruction ➔ Loss of Species - Many species, especially
those dependent on specific conditions (e.g.,
Typhoon Amy (1951) polar bears), are at risk of extinction due to
➔ December 1951 changing climates
➔ Expansion of Deserts - Some ecosystems, Future Challenges
like deserts, have expanded due to warming ➔ As ecosystems continue to degrade,
temperatures, pushing out species that communities that depend on them for
previously thrived there survival face increasing challenges
➔ Effective management and adaptation
IMPACTS ON HUMAN LIFE strategies are necessary to promote
Water Supply and Quality resilience in the face of climate change.
➔ Changes in precipitation patterns can
reduce the availability of fresh water or lead ENERGY CRISIS
to water contamination ➔ The depletion of non-renewable energy
sources, primarily sourced from fossil fuels, is
Health causing significant harm to our lives
➔ Changes in climate patterns lead to the ➔ This is partly due to our current energy use
spread of diseases, heat stress, and habits
worsened air quality ➔ To address this crisis, we must conserve
energy, use it efficiently, and provide
Agriculture additional renewable resources
➔ Climate disruptions affect the growth cycles
of crops, leading to reduced yields and food CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS
security issues ➔ Oil crisis (Oil-supply demand imbalance)
➔ Over-consumption
Loss of Cultural and Aesthetic Values ➔ Overpopulation
➔ Certain species or ecosystems may have ➔ Infrastructure damage from severe weather
cultural or aesthetic significance, which will ➔ Aging infrastructure
be lost as these systems change or ➔ Political events
disappear ➔ Attacks of terrorists on important
infrastructure
THE GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS OF ECOSYSTEM
SERVICE LOSS DEFINITION OF ENERGY AND ENERGY CRISIS
Human Vulnerability ➔ Energy, a fundamental component of
➔ While it is easier to quantify physical physics, can be produced through various
changes (e.g., rainfall patterns), the direct devices like heat engines, generators,
human vulnerability resulting from changes batteries, fuel cells, and
in ecosystem services is complex and not magneto-hydrodynamic systems
always immediately visible

FORMS OF ENERGY
Jobs and Economy ➔ Heat (thermal)
➔ Ecosystem services contribute directly to the ➔ Light (radiant)
economy, from fishing industries to tourism, ➔ Motion (kinetic)
and their loss could lead to significant ➔ Electrical
economic consequences ➔ Chemical
➔ Nuclear energy
➔ Gravitational
SOURCES OF ENERGY a generator in wind power plants in the
➔ Renewable and nonrenewable energy Philippines, specifically in Norte, Rizal
sources can be used as primary or Guimaras, and Akian
secondary energy sources
➔ Primary energy sources like heat are Biomass Energy
produced by burning coal or natural gas, ➔ Biomass energy, derived from natural
while secondary energy sources like resources like bagasse rice husks and
electricity are generated by hydroelectric coconut husks, is used in the Philippines to
plants or refined petroleum generate steam for generators, utilizing
natural resources in Isabela, Nueva Ecija,
RENEWABLE Rizal, Laguna Isabela, and Metro Manila
➔ Renewable energy resources, abundant in
nature, can reproduce over time and be Hydroelectric Power
continuously harvested through proper ➔ Hydroelectric power, generated from moving
planning and management water, is utilized in the Philippines through
dam storage or impoundment and
NON RENEWABLE run-of-river methods
➔ Non-renewable energy resources are limited ➔ Both methods use turbines to generate
and develop over time, potentially being power, with hydroelectric power plants
exhausted one day due to their long-term located in various regions including
nature Pangasinan, Benguet, Laguna, Isabela,
Bulacan, and Misamis Oriental
Solar Energy ➔ g
➔ The Philippines uses solar energy through
industrial photovoltaic plants, with major
solar farms in Cavite Pampanga, Ilocos
Norte, and Cagayan de Oro, despite its high
annual sunlight availability

Geothermal Energy
➔ Geothermal energy in the Philippines is
extracted through flash steam and binary
cycles
➔ Flash steaming extracts water above 182°C,
powering turbines, while the binary process
boils a lower boiling liquid, generating
energy
➔ Geothermal plants are located in Laguna,
Sorsogon, Albay, Batangas, Negros
Occidental, Leyte, and North Cotabato

Wind Energy
➔ Wind turbines generate energy through
mechanical power, which is then powered by