Why quantum cryptography?

• ELYSÉE SPYING" - According to WikiLeaks

documents, published Tuesday evening by
Libération and Mediapart, the American NSA
is said to have spied on three presidents
between 2006 and May 2012. Hollande will
convene a Defense Council on this issue on
Wednesday morning at the Elysée. at least
between 2006 and May 2012: Jacques Chirac,
Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande
• Geometric optics (11th and 18th century):
images, optical instruments,
• Wave optics, 19th century (interference,
spectroscopy, etc.)
• Quantum optics, 20th century: particle-
photon interaction
 What Is Moore’s Law?

• In 1965 Gordon Moore observed the number

of transistors in a dense integrated circuit will
double every 18 month
• Moore’s Law Definition
Moore’s Law refers to the observation that the
number of transistors in a dense integrated
circuit doubles about every two years.
 (process nodes)
•20 μm – 1968
•10 μm – 1971
•6 μm – 1974
•3 μm – 1977
• 1.5 μm – 1981
•1 μm – 1984
•800 nm – 1987
•600 nm – 1990
•350 nm – 1993
•250 nm – 1996
•180 nm – 1999
•130 nm – 2001
•90 nm – 2003
•65 nm – 2005
•45 nm – 2007
•32 nm – 2009
•28 nm – 2010
•22 nm – 2012
•14 nm – 2014
•10 nm – 2016
•7 nm – 2018
•5 nm – 2020
•3 nm – 2022
•Future2 nm ~ 2025
• Physical Limitations: As transistors get smaller (approaching the size of atoms), it becomes
more challenging to further shrink them without encountering physical and technical
limitations. Quantum effects start to play a significant role at these scales, leading to issues
like electron tunneling, which can cause the transistors to behave unpredictably.
• Heat Dissipation Problems: Smaller transistors mean more power in a smaller space, leading
to significant heat generation. Efficiently dissipating this heat is a major challenge, and failure
to do so can affect performance and reliability.
• Economic Challenges: The cost of building cutting-edge fabrication facilities, known as fabs, is
rising exponentially. These fabs are required to produce smaller and more complex chips. As
a result, the economic benefits of shrinking transistors (as per Moore's Law) are diminishing.
• Material Limitations: The materials currently used in chip manufacturing have their
limitations. Finding new materials or methods that allow for continued transistor
miniaturization is a significant challenge.
• Increased Design Complexity: Designing and manufacturing extremely small and complex
chips require sophisticated and expensive technology, making it more challenging and costly
to keep up with the pace of Moore's Law.
• Emerging Computing Models: There's a growing interest in alternative computing models
like quantum computing and neuromorphic computing, which may eventually supplant
traditional transistor-based computing for certain applications
Quantum computer
 Classical computing versus quantum
computing
• Quantum computing is built on the principles of
quantum mechanics, which describe how subatomic
particles behave differently from macrolevel physics.
But because quantum mechanics provides the
foundational laws for our entire universe, on a
subatomic level, every system is a quantum system.
• For this reason, we can say that while conventional
computers are also built on top of quantum systems,
they fail to take full advantage of the quantum
mechanical properties during their calculations.
Quantum computers take better advantage of quantum
mechanics to conduct calculations that even high-
performance computers cannot.
 What is a classical computer?

• From antiquated punch-card adders to modern

supercomputers, traditional (or classical)
computers essentially function in the same way.
These machines generally perform calculations
sequentially, storing data by using binary bits of
information. Each bit represents either a 0 or 1.
• When combined into binary code and
manipulated by using logic operations, we can
use computers to create everything from simple
operating systems to the most advanced
supercomputing calculations.
 What is a quantum computer?

• Quantum computers function similarly to classical

computers, but instead of bits, quantum
computing uses qubits. These qubits are special
systems that act like subatomic particles made of
atoms, superconducting electric circuits or other
systems that data in a set of amplitudes applied
to both 0 and 1, rather than just two states (0 or
1). This complicated quantum mechanical
concept is called a superposition. Through a
process called quantum entanglement, those
amplitudes can apply to multiple qubits
simultaneously.
• Quantum computers are able to solve certain
types of problems faster than classical computers
by taking advantage of quantum mechanical
effects, such as superposition and quantum
interference. Some applications where quantum
computers can provide such a speed boost
include machine learning (ML), optimization, and
simulation of physical systems. Eventual use cases
could be portfolio optimization in finance or the
simulation of chemical systems, solving problems
that are currently impossible for even the most
powerful supercomputers on the market
IBM/Quantum computer in the world to be uniquely dedicated
to healthcare research with an aim to help Cleveland Clinic
accelerate biomedical discoveries
• Alice wants to send a message to Bob without
Eve being able to intercept the message to
rewrite it or modify it.
• Alice must therefore ensure the identity of Bob
and vice versa and encrypt the message
• two types of encryption: with private key with
public keys
• most encryption protocols are known and public:
security therefore lies in the protection of the
encryption keys
 a different approach:
• cryptographers have always directed their
research towards algorithms that make cracking
the code as difficult as possible (factorization and
prime numbers –RSA)
• quantiquz cryptography does not seek to prevent
cracking but to stop or detect the interception of
messages
• classical cryptography is based on mathematics
while quantum cryptography is based on the laws
of physics
 problems posed by my classic
cryptography:
• In public key algorithms based on factorization
and the laws of large numbers, the strength lies
in the size of the keys and the computing power
necessary to break the codes: to crack a 128-bit
key, 1038 possibility; billions of years with these
current computers but soon there will be
quantum computers and potentially four minutes
enough; it is also possible to find workarounds or
shortcuts using new mathematical tools; some
keys may be weaker than others; In private key
algorithms, it is the key distribution process that
is the most risky
• Based on Shannon's demonstration in 1948 of
disposable mask encryption or Vernam cipher
the principle of interest concerns the
distribution of encryption keys (private key
encryption) we are talking about quantum
 basic notions of quantum mechanics
• The quantum state system: In quantum
mechanics, a quantum state system is
described by an appropriate mathematical
structure, associated with a complex vector
space, called Hilbert space,
 Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• This principle was announced by Werner
Heisenberg in 1926, who states that it is not
possible to simultaneously and more precisely
obtain information about the position and
momentum of one particle without disturbing
the other. That is to say if we determine the
position of a following particle x of the
momentum.
Single slit experiment used to show the
uncertainty principle in action
There is a simple experiment physicists commonly use to show the uncertainty
principle in action. It’s called the single slit experiment, and it goes as follows: A laser
beam is fired through a single vertical wide slit and is reflected in a projection screen.
What we see with the wide slit is exactly what we suspect, a dot projected on the
screen.
Now, if we make the width of the slit narrower and narrower, the sides of the dot start
to get narrower too. Nevertheless, at around 1/100 of an inch, the uncertainty
principle
kicks in, and the direction of the beam becomes uncertain, according to Heisenberg.
Thus now we observe the light to spread becoming wider and wider! Sounds crazy,
how can the light become wider if we are making the slit narrower! It is extremely
nonintuitive, but that’s how things work.
Duality wave particle
 Einstein devised a box
that he thought will be
able to register the
precise moment a
particle of light was
emitted from a small
opening in the
side of the box and at
the same time measure
its weight

Einstein’s experimental box to disprove the

uncertainty principle
Bell’s Inequality: A Test for
Entanglement