Hindawi

Scientific Programming
Volume 2022, Article ID 7523246, 17 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7523246

Research Article
Implementation of Digitalized Technologies for Fashion Industry
4.0: Opportunities and Challenges

Shaik Vaseem Akram ,1,2 Praveen Kumar Malik ,3 Rajesh Singh ,1,4 Anita Gehlot ,1,4
Ashima Juyal ,1 Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor ,5,6 and Sachin Shrestha 7
1
Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
2
Law College of Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
3
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
4
Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, C.P. 24560, Mexico
5
Department of Computer Science, Knowledge University, University Park, Kirkuk Road, Erbil, 44001, Iraq
6
Department of Software & Informatics Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq
7
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Bhaktapur, Nepal

Correspondence should be addressed to Sachin Shrestha; [email protected]

Received 1 July 2022; Accepted 26 July 2022; Published 17 August 2022

Academic Editor: Punit Gupta

Copyright © 2022 Shaik Vaseem Akram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations prioritize sustainability by 2030. The fashion industry is one most
substantial manufacturing industries that generate an economy of 3 trillion dollars and contributes to 2% of the world’s gross
domestic product. In addition to this, the fashion industry must focus on social and environmental concerns, where it should
create fashionable products to promote sustainable consumption and production. Sustainable consumption and production can
be achieved with the establishment of resilient infrastructure with innovation. The resilient infrastructure with innovation is
realized by the integration of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain,
augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). With this motivation, this study explored the different studies that implemented
these technologies in the fashion industry for smart cloth (health), supply chain, circular economy, dress recommendation system,
fashion trend forecasting, health prediction, and virtual and augmented based shopping experience. Along with the progress of
these technologies in the fashion industry, the study also discussed limitations and provided recommendations such as wide
adoption of blockchain in fashion supply chain; advancement in energy storage for smart cloth; integration of IoT, AI, and edge
computing; and smart clothing-based framework for rescue operation for future enhancement.

1. Introduction United Nations, the fashion industry has a lack of concern

for social and environmental issues [3] as it produces 8–10%
The fashion industry is one most significant manufacturing of the global CO2 emissions [4, 5], consumes 79 trillion liters
industries that generate an economy of 3 trillion dollars and of water per year, contributes to 35% of microplastic pol-
contributes to 2% of world gross domestic product (GDP) lution, and generates >92 million tonnes of textiles waste per
[1]. The fashion industry plays a crucial role in the design, year [6]. The fashion industry is also a contributor to the
manufacturing, and selling of clothes and garments. United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) for
Moreover, the industry encompasses diverse sectors, in- social, economic, and environmental sustainability [7], and
cluding fabrication of raw materials, manufacture of fashion it needs to achieve the following major SDGs: goal 9: build
clothes and garments by designers, commercialization, and resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
marketing communication [2]. However, according to industrialization, and foster innovation [8]; goal 12: ensure
2 Scientific Programming

sustainable consumption and production patterns [9]; and impact in the fashion industry with advanced connectivity.
goal 13: take urgent action to combat climate change and its The contribution of the study is as follows:
impacts [9].
(i) The basic concepts and significance of digitalization
As part of goal 9, the fashion sector must foster inno-
in the fashion industry are discussed in detail
vation and build intelligent infrastructure using digitalized
concerning sustainability
technologies such as IoT, AI, blockchain, AR, and VR. These
emerging technologies are capable of establishing sustain- (ii) We discuss the progress of individual digitalized
able industrialization through their unique and intelligent technologies in the fashion industry for smart
features. The European Commission report concluded that, clothing, forecasting of fashion trends, dress rec-
in the future, the utilization of clothing with smart garments ommendation based on environmental conditions,
will be on a large scale [10]. For the same, innovative gar- prediction of health, real-time supply chain, and
ments, fabrics, and clothes need to be fashionable, flexible, fashion and shopping experience
reliable, and smart. This can be achieved due to the avail- (iii) We discuss the limitations of the previous studies
ability of miniature electronic chips and sensors and also due that implemented these technologies in the fashion
to the availability of energy-efficient connectivity protocols. industry and also suggested recommendations for
Fundamentally, fashion is a type of self-expression through future work
clothing, footwear, lifestyle, garment, makeup, hair, and
The structure of the study is shown in Figure 1, and it is
body posture in a specific time and place and a specific
also as follows: Section 3 discusses the digitalization in the
environment [11]. So, it concluded that, in fashion along
fashion industry; Section 4 discusses the IoT in the fashion
with clothes, the development of smart garments and
industry; Section 5 presents the AI in the fashion industry;
footwear is also part of it.
Section 6 covers the blockchain implementation in the
Smart clothing and smart garments have a significant
fashion industry; Section 7 covers the AR and VR imple-
contribution to health and well-being and quality of life
mentation in the fashion industry; Section 8 covers the
through the integration of IoT along with AI. In terms of
discussion and recommendations. The study concludes in
health status, physical activities, and daily activities, these two
the final section.
technologies will strengthen and enhance real-time moni-
toring of the actions of athletes, patients, babies, and the
elderly [12]. AI can be utilized for fashion trend forecasting,
dress recommendation based on environmental parameters
2. Methodology of the Study
and health prediction, and so on. Furthermore, the combi- This section shows the methodology followed in conducting
nation of IoT and blockchain allows for effective real-time the analysis regarding the progress and significance of digi-
tracking and tracing of fashion activities, which helps envision talization in the fashion industry. As a part of this, we have
the quantity of material consumed and produced, and for the obtained the articles from the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus,
establishment of a circular economy in fashion [13, 14]. To and IEEE Xplore. The articles are selected on the basis of
experience the product in terms of fitting, size, and color inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the following, we have
selection is possible with AR technology, and this technology discussed criteria that are implemented to exclude the articles:
assists in experiencing the product from any location in the
world through mobile [15]. VR technology assists in the (i) Nonpeer-reviewed research articles are not exam-
product development of an individual and fosters retail ex- ined, as the significance of research content in it is
perience through the virtual world [16]. As per the obser- low
vation in the previous studies, it has been identified that (ii) The articles that lack the abstracts are also not
limited studies have discussed the significance of all digital examined
technologies implementation in the fashion industry. In a few (iii) The research articles that consider similar meth-
studies, the researchers have discussed the implementation of odologies/techniques for the same problem state-
digital technologies separately, but no study addressed all the ment are also not considered
digital technologies such as IoT, AI, blockchain, and AR/VR
(iv) Thesis and dissertation works of the postgraduation
under one umbrella. It has been observed that leveraging
and graduation are also not examined
digital technologies could significantly contribute to achieving
the SDGs. Technological breakthroughs have significantly Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of the articles
impacted how economies function and how people, society, yearwise; it has been observed that the major paper portions
and the environment interact. The ability to sense, analyze, of the paper considered in this study are 24% (2017) and 26%
interact with, and alter their physical environment with (2020). Sustainable Production and Consumption, Pattern
minimal human intervention is a critical innovation in the Recognition Letters, Computer in Industry, Journal of King
fashion industry. Saud University, Information and Sciences, Journal of
Manufacturing Systems, Electronics, IEEE Communication
Magazine, IEEE Systems Journal, IEEE Access, IEEE Sen-
1.1. Contribution and Structure of the Study. With motiva- sors, Journal, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,
tion from prior remarks, we present this review to prioritize Waste Management, Sensors, Applied Sciences, Computers
the significance and application of digitalized technologies’ in Human Behavior, Journal of Manufacturing Technology
Scientific Programming 3

Section 3 Section 4 Section 5

Digitalization in
IoT in Fashion AI in Fashion
Fashion

Internet of Things (IoT) Smart Clothing & Garments Trend forecasting and Dress
Artificial intelligence (AI) Supplychain recommendation

Blockchain Health prediction with smart

clothing
Augmented Reality (AR)/
Virtual Reality (AR)

Structure of the Article

Section 8
Section 6 Section 7 Discussion and
Blockchain AR/VR Recommendations
in Fashion in Fashion

Sustainable material usage

Wide adoption of blockchain

in fashion
Advancement in energy
storage
Advancement in Technology
training
Integration of IoT, AI & edge
computing
Smart clothing-based
framework for rescue
operation

Figure 1: Structure of the paper.

Management, Computers and Industrial Engineering, illustrates the areas in which the digitalization of fashion can
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Journal of Sustain- be implemented:
ability, and International Journal of Innovative Computing
(i) IoT. IoT refers to physical things that are equipped
and Applications are the journals that have been considered
with sensors, computing power, and programming
in this study.
to communicate with other devices and systems
through the Internet or wireless communication
3. Digitalization in Fashion networks [18]. With the assistance of IoT, real-time
According to a Nielsen survey [17], 73 percent of Millennials monitoring of fashion industry activities (product
demand sustainable clothing that is both socioeconomically tracking and feedback system), health monitoring
and environmentally sustainable. Digitalization in fashion of individuals (athletics, patients, elder, and
boosts the implementation of robust, innovative, sustain- babies) through IoT-enabled clothing and wear-
able, and real-time infrastructure that is tailored to the ables, and implementation of the security system
requirements of the customer concerning comfortability, through smart clothing and wearables can be
flexibility, and reliability in a sustainable manner. It has been achieved.
discovered that utilizing digital technology can greatly assist (ii) AI. Artificial intelligence uses computers and ma-
in accomplishing sustainability. The digitalization empowers chines to replicate the human mind’s problem-
to visualize the real-time information of smart cloth and solving and decision-making abilities [19]. IoT
other garments on the virtual network. This indeed assists in technology generates a huge amount of data
analyzing the data and applying different analytics methods through the sensors embedded in clothing and other
to obtain the needful insights from it. Moreover, Figure 3 wearable devices. In the 21st century, data is a
4 Scientific Programming

NUMBER OF ARTICLES 4. IoT in Fashion

4.1. Smart Clothing and Garments. The rapid fusion of
10%
4% textiles and electronics presently permits the smooth and
7% widespread integration of sensors into textiles, as well as the
production of conductive yarn. Smart fabrics, which can
7% interface with smartphones to process biometric data such as
temperature, respiration, heart rate, stress, movement, or
even hormone levels, have the potential to bring in a new era
in retail [25]. Modern medicine, from prevention to so-
phisticated therapies, is built on earlier, accurate, and real
24% diagnoses, supported by robust monitoring of the treat-
ments. Smart clothing is capable of providing real-time
sensor data with accuracy and reliability [26]. Smart clothing
26% is crafted by integrating smart wearables into garments, and
it is a significant prospect for the future interface between the
physical and digital worlds, replacing or extending smart-
phones and other portable connected gadgets [27, 28].
The role of wearable devices in smart clothing is critical;
12% currently, in smart clothing, wearable 2.0 is adapted to
10% connect to numerous devices and utilize cloud services to
improve user life experience [29, 30]. Wearable 2.0 with
smart clothing is efficient in terms of accuracy, comfort,
2015 2019 usability, washability, and real-time monitoring assistance,
2016 2020
which enhances the quality of service (QoS) and quality of
2017 2021
2018 2022 experience (QoE). Figure 4 illustrates the concept of
wearable 2.0 with smart clothing, where the different ac-
Figure 2: Distribution of articles. tivities can be implemented through smart clothing. Smart
clothing with wearable 2.0 can be utilized to monitor chronic
significant resource for performing analytics for disease, train auxiliary athletes, and provide emotional care:
obtaining insightful results. In addition to this, AI (i) Monitoring Chronic Disease. Patients with chronic
can be utilized to predict the health status of the diseases wear smart clothes in their everyday life to
elder, athletes, patients, and babies based on real- acquire noninvasive physiological data. This phys-
time sensor data [20]. Furthermore, AI is useful for iological data is logged in the cloud server to process
recommending dresses based on environmental and analyze health conditions. The system provides
conditions and also for forecasting trends of customers with individualized healthcare services in
customers. a variety of ways based on their diagnosed health
(iii) Blockchain. Blockchain is distributed ledger tech- state.
nology that has shown a significant impact on (ii) Training of Auxiliary Athletes. The effective moni-
various applications to boost transparency, secu- toring of athletes during rigorous training plays a
rity, and immutability [21]. Blockchain in the crucial role, as smart clothing with sensory system
fashion supply chain resolves the concerns like assists in detecting fatigue in any area of the body.
information asymmetry, visibility, credibility, and Three-axis acceleration, gyroscope, and electromy-
traceability. Blockchain empowers to implement ography (EMG) sensors are crucial to detecting
the circular economy in which discarded clothes movement and muscle strain of athletes.
are used as raw material for the production of new
clothes [22]. (iii) Providing Emotional Care. Emotional care is espe-
cially beneficial for single parents, long-distance
(iv) AR and VR. AR is a technologically upgraded truck drivers, and people suffering from mental
version of the real world that is created through the illnesses. The system can deliver emotional care
integration of digital visual elements, music, or based on physiological data connected to the user’s
other types of sensory stimulation [23]. VR employs emotions. When the system detects a user in a
computer modeling and simulation to allow a negative mood, it provides emotional feedback such
person to engage with a simulated three-dimen- as voice reminders, tuning appropriate music, or
sional (3D) visual or another sensory world [24]. AR playing selected video content.
in the fashion industry is utilized for the customer to
experience the product that is developed, whereas Figure 5 illustrates the architecture of smart clothing for
VR is utilized for the development of the product healthcare applications with cloud services. The front-end
based on customer needs. system comprises hardware and communication subsystem
Scientific Programming 5

Prediction of health
Real-time monitoring
Dress recommendation
Health monitoring
Forecasting trend

IoT AI

Digitalization in Fashion
Industry

AR/VR Blockchain

Product development Supply chain

Product experience Circular economy

Figure 3: Digitalization in the fashion industry.

ECG materials that are specifically utilized to build smart clothing

monitor with flexibility, comfortability, and durability. A study [31]
has presented the raw material that is specifically utilized to
develop smart clothing. The textile material is chosen for
Home
designing smart clothing as it is flexible, soft, and curable
Smart
security watch according to the body [32]. The nanowire growth and device
fabrication are clearly shown in Figure 6. All the sensors in
the smart clothing are enclosed and shielded with textile
clothes, and the electrodes are covered under clothing. In
addition, these sensors are charged with a small-scale battery
to obtain physical sensor data, and opportunistic contacts
Heart allow the acquisition of the sensor data during the move-
rate ment. The only limitations till now in smart clothing are
GPS
completely washable and flexible electronics that can be fit
tracking into the textile materials. The idea of developing a resultant
membrane-like substance that acts as sensors and feels like
the skin is a novel approach to developing biosensors [33].
The invention of a Gecko-based dry adhesive with con-
ductive capability offers favorable outcomes for monitoring
Fitness Fall biosignals from the wearer’s skin in real time through high-
tracking detection activity periods [34]. Table 1 illustrates the different smart
Figure 4: Smart clothing with wearable 2.0. cloth products that are designed and marketed by different
brands for various applications. The smart cloth is designed
(sensors, communication protocol, and signal collection to sense heart rate variability (HRV), step count, sleeping
components). The user interface of high experience only assessment, calories burned, ECG, respiratory rate, skin
presents in the front-end to update the health and emotional temperature, blood oxygen saturation, temperature, respi-
status of an individual to the family members and local ratory, and body position. The different wireless commu-
health providers through communication protocol (Wi-Fi; nication protocols like Bluetooth, 3G, 4G, and Wi-Fi are
BLE). In addition, the real-time health data from the front- majorly integrated into smart cloth to transmit the biological
end is logged on the cloud server through the communi- parameters of the human.
cation gateway. The updated data on the cloud data center The connectivity is crucial in the context of IoT for
can be accessed by the medical advisor and family members guaranteeing reliable and robust communication between
and can avail emergency and medical aid in case it is an nodes and cloud servers. In smart clothing, the wireless
emergency. communication protocol that consumes low power and
The designing of smart clothing with sensors, electrodes, works on a low-frequency band is preferred for minimizing
and communication protocol is presented as follows: the the effects on humans. Table 2 illustrates the four different
6 Scientific Programming

Smartphone Cloud
Environment &
physiological sensors center
BLE

Low power
communication Wi-Fi/ Communication
gateway
Family Emergency Medical
Signal collection members Aid advisor
components

Hardware and
Health care
communication sub-system
providers
Front-End

Figure 5: Smart clothing-based healthcare system.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 6: Raw material for smart clothing [31]. (a) Stainless steel fiber: 1/10 size of human hair. (b) Flexible solar/battery nanotextile.
(c) Nanowire (NW) growth and device fabrication. (d) Flexible organic solar cells (https://feel.ece.ubc.ca/content/research-projects).

wireless communication protocol that works in the Indus- with the integration of sensors and tags allows to trace in the
trial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. Long Range supply chain. In the read stage, the sensors and tag data are
(LoRa), IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, and BLE are the wireless read by the reader, including geographical location and
communication that is feasible in smart clothing for data environmental information that is sensed during tracking.
transmission. As in smart clothing, the amount of data that In the communicate stage, the traced information is
needs to be transmitted is the low bit rate, so this com- transmitted to the respective authority through the com-
munication protocol is suitable for these applications. munication protocol embedded in it.
The communication protocol is chosen concerning the
size of data and transmission range. In the aggregate stage,
4.2. Supply Chain. In the fashion industry, the supply chain the multiple data from various sources are reconciled into
plays a crucial role, as it provides the flow of goods and one database like a time-series database or data warehouse.
services that are required to transform raw materials into the Business operations management integrates visibility pro-
final product. The real-time monitoring and tracking of the cedures, supply chain, monitoring, manufacture, and as-
supply chain are required in the fashion, as it empowers to sociated human resource activities with a consult/trace stage
visualize the activities that are carried out from beginning to focus. Data is consumed and interpreted utilizing analytics
end. Figure 7 illustrates the IoT-assisted traceability archi- blocks in this stage to quantify maximum information
tecture that is proposed by [34] for the fashion supply chain; metrics and indicators that can be used with enhanced visual
this architecture comprises the following six stages: create, analytics strategies to evaluate business procedures and
read, communicate, aggregate, consult/trace, and analyze. produce revenue in the business framework with an em-
Under create a stage, the production of textile goods along phasis on business methods.
Scientific Programming 7

Table 1: Different smart clothing products that are available in the market.
Reference Product Dress type Fabric structure Data transfer Sensing Features
HR, HRV, step count,
Knitted (27% elastane; UV protection and
[35] Hexoskin Vest Bluetooth sleeping assessment, and
73% micropolyamide) quick dry fabric
calories burned
Bio Device Vest, T-shirt, Knitted (20% elastane; HRV, HR, ECG, and
[36] Bluetooth Disposable electrode
SA and baby suit 80% polyamide) movement
Heart rate detection,
Wi-Fi, 3G, Dryable and machine
[37] Healthwatch Vest Knitted respiratory rate, and skin
and 4G washable
temperature
Vest, T-shirt, ECG sensor, built-in
[38] Emglare sports bras, Knitted (100% polyester) Bluetooth ECG and heart rate heart rate monitor, and
and bra rechargeable
Blood oxygen saturation Medical grade polymer
[39] Neopenda Baby hat Knitted Wireless
and temperature and silicone
Detachable e module
[40] Bioserenity Cap and shirt Knitted — —
and washable cap
Respiratory, skin
Knitted (cotton and Bluetooth to Detachable e module
[41] Mimo Baby kimonos temperature, and body
single jersey) Lilypad and washable
position
Vests, T-shirts, Sensors integrated into
[42] AiQ Bioman Knitted — —
and sports bras textiles
Dryable and machine
[43] Siren Socks Knitted Bluetooth Temperature
washable

Table 2: Wireless communication protocol for IoT in fashion.

Parameters/wireless Bluetooth low energy
LoRa 6LoWPAN ZigBee
network (BLE)
Standard 802.15.4g 802.15.4 802.15.1 802.15.4
Network Wide area network Personal area network Personal area network Local area network
433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 868/915 MHz and 868/915 MHz and
Frequency 2.4 GHz
915 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
Standard 802.15.4g 802.15.4 802.15.1 802.15.4
Star, P2P, mesh, and
Topology Star of stars Star and mesh Star and bus
tree
Range of transmission 5 km–20 km 10–50 metres 10 metres 10–50 metres
Data rate 50 kb/s 250 kb/s 1 Mb/s 250 kb/s

Business Business
Production chain Supplychain/logistics
operations Strategy

Create Reader Communicate Aggregate Consult/trace Analyze

IoT
Gateway/ IoT based Visualize
Physical Sensors edge Business
Backhaul traceability Analytics /report
things /tags tag platform
network platform
reader

Figure 7: IoT traceability architecture for fashion supply chain.

The traceability technologies that are supported with IoT typically comprise NFC, RFID, and Bluetooth low energy
are barcodes, QR codes, which are better than UPC (Uni- (BLE), which are now extensively accessible technologies
versal Product Code), and EAN (European Article Num- that have been unified as built-in technologies by various
bering) [44]. In a few studies, the barcode is integrated with smartphone makers. RFID system comprises two major
radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to estab- components, a reader and a small radio frequency tran-
lish a traceable identification system [45]. The advanced sponder (RF tag), which are utilized for the operation [46].
version of the barcode is a QR code, which is approved by Active RFID Tag Systems and Passive tags are two
ISO standards to use a traceability system during the supply different types of RFID tags that operate on different fre-
chain [46]. IoT traceability technologies, on the other hand, quencies and powers source. An active RFID tag is powered
8 Scientific Programming

with a battery to communicate with the reader, and it is clothes images from social media and other sources, on the
actively implemented in iLocate for a highly accurate object other hand, can be an excellent source for assessing and
location solution [47]. NFC is a subset of RFID technology building online fashion recommendations [62, 63].
that uses electromagnetic fields to communicate, and it Consumer fashion choices are frequently influenced by a
operates at a 13.56 MHz frequency with bandwidth speeds of variety of elements, including demographic, regional, in-
424 kbits/s [48]. dividual preference, interpersonal influence, age, gender,
BLE is a low-latency, low-bandwidth, short-range pro- season, and culture [64, 65]. Effective recommendation
tocol for IoT applications, its power consumption and la- systems [66, 67] are critical tools for successfully doing
tency are 10 times lower and 15 times lower than traditional e-commerce operations in the current day. In the case of
Bluetooth, and latency is 15 times lower [49]. It has been fashion recommendation, the use of convolutional neural
widely implemented in smart manufacturing and agri-food networks (CNN) or deep learning (DL) methods for image
tracking systems. Along with these technologies, Low Power analysis, statistical analysis for recommendation system
Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology has gained wide comparison, quantitative or mixed-method based on re-
attention due to its low power consumption for long-range search design, and the formulation of experimental models
transmission [50]. LoRa, narrow-band IoT (NB-IoT), and for machine learning (ML) application can be an essential
Sigfox are categorized as LPWAN technologies [51]. LoRa integration for creating an efficient fashion recommendation
network is an open-licensed communication protocol that system [68–70]. Reference [64] concentrated on the study of
transmits data to the range of 10–15 km. patterns for various consumer groups using finely grained
As a part of traceability, this technology is implemented fashion elements. For the initial period, a large-scale fashion
in cattle tracking [52], and it is concluded that it captures the trend (FIT) dataset built from Instagram reports and usage
object traceability effectively in the study of bicycle location statistics was offered, and a Knowledge Enhanced Recurrent
tracking and management system [53]. NB-IoT is an Network (KERN) model was developed, which employed
LPWAN technology that can collaborate with LTE or GSM deep recurrent neural network capacity to model time-series
under licensed frequency bands for wide area coverage [54]. details.
In [55], NB-IoT is employed to build a smart parking system Reference [71] proposed a data-driven computational
as part of the smart cities context. Sigfox was a forerunner in abstraction method based on an AI algorithm to improve the
the LPWAN market, employing ultranarrow-band modu- reliability of image-based data processing and reduce the
lation on its physical layer while maintaining network cost of fashion image processing. Reference [72] used DL
protocols private [56]. Sigfox offers a viable solution for algorithms to investigate fashion styles and trends across
integrating LPWAN technology in the recommended ag- different populations based on street fashion photographs
riculture setting, where there is a natural demand for long- gathered from various Internet sources. CNN is a collection
lasting battery sensors. of deep neural network machine learning methods that are
commonly used by researchers to extract features from large
5. AI in Fashion amounts of visual picture data [73, 74]. The statistical data of
fashion product visuals, social media participants, and
In this section, we discuss the significance of AI in the randomized targeted people from image-sharing web pages
fashion industry for multiple applications such as prediction have been evaluated using different CNN models to analyze
of health-related issues of elders, patients, and children, and visualize fashion trends based on street style photos [75].
fashion trend forecasting, and dress recommendation based In [74], information was collected from Instagram postal
on environmental parameters. data by using the CNN model to identify the most prom-
inent top fashion accessories in a certain location. This
outcome provided a framework for businesses’ decision-
5.1. Trend Forecasting and Dress Recommendation. making awareness, such as examining customer patterns in
Clothing is a type of sign that conveys the wearer’s interior various locations, product penetration, and finding common
perception through the exterior appearance [57]. It can products. Reference [76] used the AlexNet CNN architecture
transmit information about the wearer’s preferences, faith, for image classification and feature extraction to create a
personality, occupation, social status, and outlook on life. deep user-based efficient recommendation system by
Predicting fashion and recommending the clothes is possible comparing the homogeneity of the user vector with the
by analyzing the fashion information available in social image vector. Reference [77] used deep net theory to de-
networking through images and text [58]. Furthermore, termine clothing style and proposed three improvements to
there are several fashion-related forums, such as Chictopia deep architectural systems in the distribution of the com-
and Loo-book, which are recognized for sharing personal putational world driven by deep learning’s robust classifi-
fashion styles. The characteristics and qualities of these cation capacity and ability to process a large data volume in
clothes photographs shared on social media can reveal more the big data age.
about the wearers’ personalities [59]. Although researchers
have investigated social media textual content such as post
and comment prediction, emotion, and information diffu- 5.2. Health Prediction with Smart Clothing. In the smart
sion [60], research using social media picture analysis is still cloth, the number of health sensors that are embedded in the
limited in evaluating fashion styles or trends [61]. Online cloth assists in obtaining real-time health data of that
Scientific Programming 9

particular person. The smart cloth can be utilized for real [79]. Figure 9 illustrates the participants that are involved in
monitoring of health and other activities of the baby, pa- the fashion supply chain, including fiber producers, yarn
tients, and older persons. In the case of a baby, the sleeping manufacturing, fabric manufacturing, apparel manufactur-
pattern, health conditions, and milk feeding pattern mon- ing, retailer, and customer.
itoring are crucial to maintaining the health of the baby. In The private blockchain-based framework of the fashion
addition, the real-time tracking of babies and their activities supply chain is proposed in [80] (Figure 10), where it
is significant to ensure safety and security. In the case of the comprises organization-level and operation levels. The ac-
patients, the biological sensors integrated into the smart tions engaged at the organizational level include methods for
cloth of patients keep tracking of pulse rate, body tem- personalized accessibility of records, the configuration of
perature, oxygen intake, and function of neural signals in the private blockchain infrastructure for the supply chain, and
real-time scenario. In the case of an older person, health techniques for connecting the blockchain network. The
monitoring and real-time tracking of their activities are vital process of recording and storing information connected
to ensure safety and health. Early fall detection, fall detection with various supply chain stages will be detailed at the
alerts, medicine intake remainder, and emergency alerts are operational level. For supply chain track and trace appli-
the major requirement of smart cloth for older people. cation areas, transaction validation mechanisms and smart
As discussed early, AI has gained wide attention in the contracts can also be set up. Maker aspects of the organi-
prediction of events based on input data available in the zation-level include channels, applications, ordering ser-
form of images and texts. In smart cloth, the real-time sensor vices, and membership services.
data (heart rate, heart rate variability, temperature, oxygen Channels are network subdivisions used for information
intake, and stress level) obtained from the sensory unit is the segmentation, and it has their blockchain, which is recorded
input to the AI model for the prediction. DNN has received a on a distributed shared ledger. A group of upstream sup-
lot of interest in AI because it can filter input through a pliers, often trading with a single product, might link up to a
cascade of numerous layers, with each consecutive layer single channel or a group of channels, every for a separate
using the output from the preceding one to inform its re- kind of operation. Peers are process methods that handle the
sults. DNN necessitates minimal data preprocessing. Many digital contract, and depending on their functions, they
of the filtering and normalization activities that must be enable the creation, endorsing, and validation of transac-
performed by human programmers when utilizing other tions. Only the primary actors of a supply chain must present
machine learning approaches are handled by the network peer systems based on their roles because it requires capital
itself. and system management.
Figure 8 illustrates a framework of smart cloth with Applications are user-responsive software interfaces that
DNN and cloud server for detection of health abnormalities can be leveraged to execute blockchain queries, and to in-
and generating emergency alerts. Here, the smart cloth is clude in the shared ledger, queries can be made to read,
embedded with a wireless communication protocol to update, and authenticate. The blockchain application can be
transmit the sensor data based on time interval on the cloud executed on numerous devices with unique access rules from
server gateway. The DNN model is applied to the sensor data each partner. The ordering facility is often a third-party
that is available in the cloud server. Based on the outcome of service that is in charge of network maintenance. Its major
the DNN model, the necessary further action is represented purpose is to accumulate a collection of operations com-
in Figure 8. In case of health abnormalities, it sends an alert plemented by supply chain associates, enroll them on a
to the personal doctor/health provider, and in case of block, organize them in a rational sequence, and deliver the
emergency, it sends alerts to the family members to take block for authentication. In a private blockchain network for
immediate action. In addition to the smart cloth, footwear supply chains, membership services produce and distribute
like shoes is also integrated with sensor and communication- new public key pairs to participants. The key combinations
based systems to monitor the walking pattern and other define the kind and scope of exposure to the blockchain
health parameters. network based on the function and ownership of supply
chain partners.
6. Blockchain in Fashion At the operational level, the design of a traceability
architecture is crucial. The architecture should exhibit op-
Blockchain was developed for business and supply chain erations such as gathering, planning, organizing, and trading
applications as a private blockchain, as it provides privacy traceability data at various stages of the fashion supply chain.
and controlled access to approved and identifiable partici- Most upstream participants in the fashion supply chain
pants. Depending upon the accessibility level, each partic- accept raw materials in various types as an entry from
ipant has the right to access the subset of the information. providers and execute diverse strategies to create the end
Private blockchain encourages building trust and trans- product that is forwarded on to the succeeding supply chain
parency among the participants in the supply chain. Fur- associate. This procedure is repeated by multiple supply
thermore, each player can sustain their strategic advantage chain associates until the end product is delivered to the
without exposing all facts and methods to competing or- store. It is also critical that the relevant data is gathered and
ganizations. Conversely, the blockchain shall capture all disseminated to comply with local rules and certification
transactional data and provide customized access to supply bodies’ standards. To simplify complexity, the traceability
chain participants while remaining auditable and verifiable information was divided into four categories: public
10 Scientific Programming

Deep neural network

(DNN)

Wireless

protocol
communication

IP
Gateway Cloud
with Wi-Fi server

Health info

Smart cloth Detection of

Personal Doctor/ abnormalities Outcome
health staff of DNN

Family/User
Data report/
emergency alert
Figure 8: DNN-based smart cloth for health monitoring and prediction of abnormalities [78].

Fibre Yarn Fabric Apparel

Retailer Customer
producer manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing

Figure 9: Participants in the fashion supply chain.

Ordering Private shareable information is a collection of infor-

Retailer
service mation that is critical for B2B operations, particularly those
that are valuable for material processes. When this infor-
mation is securely exchanged among supply chain partners,
it can improve visibility and minimize risk. Secured infor-
Fabric/
mation is encoded data that can only be accessed by a chosen
Auditor group of B2B partners. Secured information is sensitive and
Apparel
manufacturing confidential, and it includes financial data, intellectual
property data, and a range of other pieces of information
that can be utilized to obtain a significant gain. Linking
information is critical to the blockchain’s operation, and it is
this data that is checked throughout each transaction across
Cotton Yarn the shared ledger managed by the smart contract. This in-
farmer manufacturing cludes four value fields: Transaction Signature, Public Key,
Traceability ID, and Asset Value. To validate the transaction,
Figure 10: Private blockchain network of fashion supply chain all of these would be checked against the global state of the
[80]. shared ledger.

shareable, private shareable, linkage, and secured informa- 7. AR and VR in Fashion

tion. Public sharable information can be distributed to any
third party and customer since it contains critical infor- In this section, we discuss the significance of AR and VR
mation that must be captured. The amount to which public in the fashion industry for providing a real-time expe-
shareable information is collected and shared determines the rience. Here, initially, we discuss AR, and it is followed by
level of transparency of a supply chain for its client. VR.
Scientific Programming 11

7.1. AR. In fashion commerce and industry, AR comprises on VR would become increasingly prevalent. A VR envi-
virtual try-on that use personalized or noncustomized ronment would promote multisensory and physical en-
simulated models to replicate the presence of apparel gagement of fashion-related retail operations, shopping
product patterns on a human form [81]. A recent study service content to consumers, presenting more precise and
proposes a better innovative virtual trial room integrating realistic products, and facilitating a genuine buying capa-
IoT mirrors to provide customers with a more accurate try- bility. There has yet to be a systematic investigation on the
before-you-buy clothes purchasing practice, where AR was nature of experience supplied to customers while shopping
employed for skin color identification and outfit suggestion for fashion products using VR. User experience (UX) is a
based on skin color [82]. Customers in the fashion industry highly complex topic that combines human emotions, usage
frequently seek to locate adequate clothing that meets their conditions, and expectations [91, 92]. This physical para-
requirements, and in a few instances, the patterns, colors, digm allows for the exploration of product events in
and designs elements can make them feel uncomfortable practically any dimension, including aesthetic, cognitive,
[83]. To overcome these challenges, numerous researchers and emotional components, as well as sensory aspects [93].
advised following a user-customization system in which the Utility, fun, aesthetics, usability, intention to use, and im-
client can design his or her garment [84]. For that, [85] has pairment concerns are among the UX criteria they proposed.
suggested using AR to explore textiles with realistic illu- Unlike VR games or sports, VR shopping is not a platform
mination. In their study, they used an AR application to that can be enjoyed by a large number of people at the same
create real-time augmentation on garments by identifying time. Table 3 illustrates the attributes of UX experience in
spare cloth in video footage. Research has confirmed that terms of aesthetics, intention to use, playfulness, usability,
real-time 2D AR on a nongrid object like clothing can and utility.
monitor a modern circular system and apply the proper VR is a computer environment that permits customers to
radiance and shades to the product. immerse themselves in a virtual world via multiple forms of
In mass customization, they created a whole new virtual sensory synthesis response, such as hearing and sight
product mode by combining customized and mass pro- [97]. It refers to cyberspace in which users can experience a
duction to provide clients with a variety of brands, draperies, sensation of existence and absorption, as if they were
materials, and colors [86]. Scientists are seeking to manu- physically present in that area, in an intentionally created
facture footwear with motion detectors rather than modi- world of senses. Immersive VR is a method in which a
fying t-shirts. Reference [87] established a systematic person employs and observes a head-mounted display
approach for designing and customizing footwear for (HMD) attached to a computer or mobile device [97]. The
youngsters, which supports shoe personalization and pattern user’s field of view is regulated, the visual stimuli of the
development. The design module’s functions include color, actual world are prevented, and the user only receives a 3D
embroidery, texture, and carving design, with unity3D image generated by the HMD by putting a distinct device in
utilized for color and texture representation and the UVW an immersive VR environment [98, 99]. In this way, it
mapping technique used for mapping. Reference [88] sug- becomes possible to experience a virtual world as if it is the
gested a full-featured garment customization system based real world, and an intense sense of reality and immersion
on AR, where OpenGL 3D rendering, Azure Kinect so- occurs. However, immersive VR has a few limitations like
matosensory technology, and a somatosensory virtual fitting headache, dizziness, and nausea, and also user’s need to buy
room are employed. VR devices negatively impacts customers for product
The user can apply numerous designs to the cloth and shopping using VR [98, 99]. An empirical experiment was
then try virtual fitting, where it encapsulates the deepness undertaken focusing on the UX rating items created in this
data stream of human bones via the Azure Kinect so- manner. UX of immersive and nonimmersive VR is eval-
matosensory technology and does bone-tracking handling as uated under the parameters such as telepresence, sharpness
well as 3D clothing virtual try-on in the right location on the intention to use, and playfulness. The immersive type has
human body. Reference [89] conducted research on marker- high UX than the nonimmersive type focused when averages
based AR utilized in a physical clothing marketing eco- of telepresence, sharpness intention to use, and playfulness
system via AR mobile applications, which cooperate with the are evaluated. It concludes that the fashion product shop-
consumer by generating data on the product, such as colors ping experience in the immersive VR empowers users to
available, size, and stock, and visualizing a 2D pattern of the experience telepresence, sharpness intention to use, and
item. Reference [90] offered a mechanism to use the 3D playfulness parameters effectively.
model of a t-shirt by scanning a catalog as an enhanced
version of the above approach. Both AR applications were 8. Discussion and Recommendations
created using the Unity3D and Vuforia AR kits.
According to the UN, the fashion industry needs to meet the
following goals: build resilient infrastructure, promote in-
7.2. VR. Online shopping has improved dramatically with clusive and sustainable industrialization, foster innovation,
the growth of the Internet over the past few decades. As a ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns,
consequence of the pandemic, buying goods and services via and take urgent action to combat climate change and its
Internet platforms has grown commonplace. As a result, it is impacts. To meet all these goals, the fashion industry needs
projected that a new form of shopping environment based to incorporate digitalized technologies like IoT, AI,
12 Scientific Programming

Table 3: Previous studies determining the elements for UX evaluation.

UX component [94] [95] [96]
Aesthetics — Creativity, intuitiveness, and liveness Aesthetics
Intention to use Satisfaction Inspiration Intention to use
Playfulness Delightfulness Entertainment and playfulness Playful attributes
Usability Reliability Accomplishment and efficiency Usability
Utility Adjustability Enhanced awareness Utility

Rescue
location ‘1’

Staff ‘1’ Staff ‘2’ Staff ‘3’ Staff ‘n’

Wireless
communication

Interactive LED display

Individual‘1’ Wireless Wireless
communication Individual‘3’
communication
Individual ‘1’ is in safe
location ‘1’

Wireless
communication

Individual‘2’ Individual‘n’

Safe Safe
location ‘1’ location ‘n’

Staff ‘1’ Staff ‘2’ Staff ‘3’ Staff ‘n’

Rescue
location ‘n’
Figure 11: Wireless-based interactive LED display during rescue operations with smart clothing.

blockchain, AR, and VR. With this motivation, this study due to its manufacturing practices. The
explored the different studies that implemented these manufacturing unit of the fashion industry needs to
technologies for smart cloth (health), supply chain, circular adopt 3D printing in designing clothes and garments
economy, dress recommendation system, fashion trend with sustainable materials. 3D printing has gained
forecasting, health prediction, and virtual and augmented attention in the footwear industry to mass custom-
based shopping experience. From our exploration, the fol- ization insole, outsole, and middle sole of shoes [100].
lowing findings and suggestions are addressed: It is encouraged to use 3D printing in the other areas
of the fashion industry for the benefit of achieving a
(i) Sustainable Material Usage. It is concluded by the
sustainable manufacturing environment as it en-
United Nations that the fashion industry is also one
hances time efficiency, zero-waste production,
major sector that contributes to carbon emissions
product customization, and design flexibility [101].
Scientific Programming 13

(ii) Wide Adoption of Blockchain in Fashion. The rescue operation, and also this concept can be
fashion industry comprises the supply chain that replicated in other areas for different interactive
presents the stage-by-stage production of products applications.
from raw material to the final product. The main
concern in the fashion supply chain is the protection
and privacy of a huge volume of product data that
9. Conclusion
are available with industries. Currently, many in- The fashion industry generates 3 trillion dollars and contrib-
dustries have effectively implemented the block- utes to 2% of world GDP. In addition to this United Nations
chain for their supply chain. So blockchain concluded that this industry has a lack of concerns for social
technology needs to be widely implemented in the and environmental issues in terms of generating CO2 emis-
fashion industry for better security and transpar- sions and wastage in material consumption and production.
ency [102]. Along with this, blockchain technology However, the integration of digitalized technology like IoT, AI,
achieves an effective circular economy that en- blockchain, AR, and VR can achieve the United Nations SDGs
hances trading platforms. relevant to the fashion industry. With the motivation of this,
(iii) Advancement in Energy Storage. In smart clothing, this study explored the progress of digitalized technology in the
energy storage and energy management play a fashion industry. During the exploration, the study focused on
significant role in the functioning of IoT devices digitalizing technologies in the fashion industry for smart
embedded into it. The researchers of material sci- clothing, forecasting fashion trend, dress recommendation on
ence need to do thorough research on the energy the basis of environmental conditions, prediction of health,
storage devices that can be embedded inside the real-time supply chain, and fashion and shopping experience.
cloth with flexibility and comfortability [103, 104]. Based on the exploration, this study presented the limitations
Along with energy storage devices, the communi- and suggested recommendations such as wide adoption of
cation protocol integrated into the smart cloth blockchain in fashion supply chain; advancement in energy
should consume low power and have minimum RF storage for smart cloth; integration of IoT, AI, and edge
effect on the human body. computing; and smart clothing-based framework for rescue
(iv) Advancement in Technology Training. AR and VR operation for the future enhancement.
have gained wide attention in the fashion industry,
as a retailer and manufacturers have implemented Abbreviations
these two technologies in terms of virtual fitting, in-
store navigation, virtual try-on, and so on [105]. The AI: Artificial intelligence
technology training of the employers through AR: Augmented reality
simulation should be effective and have minimum BLE: Bluetooth low energy
consequences so that they can learn the utilization CNN: Convolutional neural networks
of these two technologies in real time for different DL: Deep learning
operations. EAN: European article numbering
(v) Integration of IoT, AI, and Edge Computing. At EMG: Electromyography
present, in this study, we have mainly focused on ECG: Electrocardiogram
smart clothing in the health sector; as in the current GDP: Gross domestic product
scenario, health is to be given utmost importance in HMD: Head-mounted display
terms of patients, babies, and older-aged individ- HRV: Heart rate variability
uals. From the exploration of the previous studies, it IoT: Internet of things
is concluded that limited research is carried out on ISM: Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
the integration of edge computing, AI, and IoT in KERN: Knowledge Enhanced Recurrent Network
smart clothing for the real-time identification of LoRa: Long Range
anomalies in health [106]. ML: Machine learning
NB-IoT: Narrow-band IoT
(vi) Smart Clothing-Based Framework for Rescue Oper-
RFID: Radio frequency identification
ation. In the rescue operation, the location tracking
QoE: Quality of experience
and identification of the precise person to get as-
QoS: Quality of service
sistance plays a crucial role. A framework (Fig-
SDGs: Sustainable development goals
ure 11) needs to be designed in such a way that the
UPC: Universal product code
people can easily identify the respective rescue staff
UX: User experience
with location on the interactive LED display. Here,
VR: Virtual reality.
people and rescuing staff should wear smart
clothing, as the information related to rescued in-
dividuals and their location will be wirelessly dis- Data Availability
played on the LED display [107]. This indeed
enhances the tracking of individuals during the No new data were generated for the study.
14 Scientific Programming

Conflicts of Interest [17] T. N. Company, “The Sustainability Imperative Brands that,”

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