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Lecture 4

The document outlines the principles of biomedical signal processing, focusing on signal representation, operations, and transforms. It discusses the importance of transforming signals to the frequency domain for noise removal and pattern recognition, particularly in biomedical contexts like EEG analysis. Various transforms such as Fourier Transform, Short Term Fourier Transform, and Continuous Wavelet Transform are compared for their effectiveness in analyzing stationary and non-stationary signals.

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7 views

Lecture 4

The document outlines the principles of biomedical signal processing, focusing on signal representation, operations, and transforms. It discusses the importance of transforming signals to the frequency domain for noise removal and pattern recognition, particularly in biomedical contexts like EEG analysis. Various transforms such as Fourier Transform, Short Term Fourier Transform, and Continuous Wavelet Transform are compared for their effectiveness in analyzing stationary and non-stationary signals.

Uploaded by

cbjr0096
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biomedical Signal

Processing (19ECE455)
Dr Gayathri R Prabhu
To meet our goal,
• Understand how we could represent signals
• Different processes or operations on signals
• Systems and their properties
• Transforms Unit 1 – Review of Signal
o Power spectral density processing
• Filters
• Understanding biomedical signals
o Origin and their characteristics
Why transform to
frequency domain?

• Noise and artifacts removal


• Filtering operation
• Pattern recognition

Abnormal frequency patterns or bursts of activity in the EEG can


indicate seizure onset or other neurological disorders.
How to transform to frequency domain

Joseph Fourier
Different transforms

• Continuous time, Periodic signals -


CTFS
• Discrete time, Periodic signals -
DTFS
• Continuous time, Aperiodic signals
- CTFT
• Discrete time, Aperiodic signals
o DTFT
o DFT & FFT
Discrete time, Aperiodic signals
• DTFT coefficients - Continuous function of frequency, periodic in
2π
Discrete time, Aperiodic signals
• DFT coefficients – Discrete function of frequency, periodic with N
samples

DFT coefficients can be obtained as samples of DTFT coefficients


Fast Fourier Transform
• An algorithm or method to efficiently compute DFT
o Direct computation of DFT requires O(N^2) operations
o FFT – Divide and Conquer approach
▪ Decimation in Time
▪ Decimation in Frequency
Decimation in Time
Decimation in Frequency
Power Spectral density
• A measurement of how a signal's power is distributed across a range of
frequencies
• Can be computed as the Fourier Transform of the autocorrelation function of
the signal
• FFT transfers time data to the frequency domain, which allows us to view
changes in frequency values
• PSD takes another step and calculates the power, or strength, of the
frequency content. The magnitude of the PSD is then normalized to a single
hertz bandwidth.
Is Fourier transform
enough?

Fourier transform captures


global frequency information-
meaning frequencies that
persist over an entire signal

Not good enough for signals that vary frequency characteristics with time!
Short Term Fourier
Transform
• To analyze signals whose
frequency content changes
over time.
• Provides a time-frequency
representation of a signal,
allowing us to observe how
the frequency content
evolves
Wavelets
• A wave-like oscillation
localized in time
• Wavelets have two basic
properties:
o Scale (or dilation) defines how
stretched or squished a
wavelet is. This property relates
to frequency as defined for
waves.
o Location defines where the
wavelet is positioned in time
(or space).
Continuous
Wavelet transform
• Basic idea: Compute how
much of a wavelet is in a
signal for a particular scale
and location.

"Signal is convolved with a set of


wavelets at a variety of scales."
FT vs STFT vs CWT
• Fourier Transform
o Decomposes a signal into simple sines and cosines, capturing global
frequency information.
o Can't analyze non-stationary signals
• STFT
o Uses a windowing function that shifts along the time axis to decompose a
signal into complex parts
• CWT
o Decomposes a signal into a set of wavelets, which can extract local
spectral and temporal information

STFT works on patches but CWT on overall signal!


Further reading
• Z transform
oROC
o Inverse Z transform
• Filters
Further references
• https://builtin.com/data-science/wavelet-transform
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ECG-Plots-in-Time-Domain-
above-Frequency-Domain-left-Time-Frequency-Domain-
right_fig1_228906530

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