CONSTRAINTS

CONSTRAINTS

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Data integrity(To maintaine proper data)or

/ \ (To maintaine valid data)

/ \

SQL PL/SQL

CONSTRAINTS TRIGGERS

Constraints are used to prevents or stops invalid data

entry into our tables. Generally constraints are created on

table columns. Oracle server having following types of constraints.

These are

1. Not null

2. Unique

3. Primary key

4. Foreign key

5. Check

6. Default

in database if we want to maintain proper data or valid data

according to client requirement then we are using sql language

constraints,Procedure language triggers.

1)NOT NULL:- in all relational databases not null constraint doesn't

=========== support table level. This constraint doesn't accepts

null values. But it will accepts duplicate values.

2.UNIQUE:-This constraint is created on column level,table level.

======== This constraint doesn't accepts duplicate values. But

it will accepts null values.

3.Primary Key:- Primary key is Uniquely identifying a record in a

============= table. There can be only one primary key in a table

and also primary key doesn't accepts duplicate

null values.

4.Foreign Key:-in all relational databases If we want to establishes

============= relationship between tables then we are using

Referential Integrity Constraint Foreign Key.

generally One table foreign key must belongs to another table

primary key.and also primary key,foreign key columns must belong

to same data types.

Always foreign key values based on primary key values only.

Generally,primary key doesn't accepts duplicate,null values

where as foreign key accepts duplicate,null values.

5.CHECK:-Check constraint is used to define logical conditions

======= according to business rules.

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1.Create a student table with constraints based on following

 conditions.

---->after creating the table insert the records and observe

the outputs.

SID Don't accept nulls and duplicates

CREATE TABLE STUDENT1(SID CHAR(1) NOT NULL UNIQUE, SNAME VARCHAR2(10) not null,M1
NUMBER CHECK(M1 BTWEEN 0 AND 100));

SNAME Don't accept nulls

M1 Marks between 0 to 100

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2.Create a employee table with constraints based on following

conditions.

---->after creating the table insert the records and observe

the outputs.

USERID don't accept nulls and duplicates

USERNAME don't accept nulls and duplicates

PWD Password minimum 8 characters

IF YOU WANT TO MODIFY THE DATA TYPE IN CONSTRINAT TABLE THEN DIRECT YOU CANT SO THE
SYNTAX TO MODIFY THE DATA TYPE IS SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP CONSTRAINT
SYS_C008329;

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE MODIFY (PWD VARCHAR2(50));

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3.Create the emp3 table with constraints based on following

conditions.

--->after creating the table insert the records and observe

the outputs.

EMPNO don't accept nulls and duplicates

ENAME don't accept nulls

GENDER Must be M or F

SAL Minimum 5000 (means 5000 or above it will accept)

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6.Default

=========

.it is used to apply default value to table column.

.if we pass the value,it takes that value.if we dont pass the value

it takes default value.

4.Create a student10 table with 4 columns and apply following constraints.

--->after creating the table insert the records and observe

the outputs.

SID PK

SNAME NOTNULL

INAME default ---->NARESHIT

CITY default ---->AMMERPET

fee default ---->30000

IN NUMBER(SNO,ID) WE NEED TO USE ONLY PRIMARY KEY(DUBLICATE AND NOT NULL)

FOR CHAR USE NOT NULL AND UNIQUE USE BOTH

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5.Establish the relation b/w course and student table by using

Primary key,Forign key

--->after creating the table insert the records and observe

the outputs.

COURSE STUDENT

======= ========

PK pk FK

CID CNAME SID SNAME CID

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6.Create the BANK table with constraints based on following

conditions.

--->after creating the table insert the records and observe

the outputs.

ACCNO Should not be duplicate & null

ACCTYPE Must be 'S' OR 'C'

BAL Must be min 1000

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7.Establish the relation b/w DOCTORS and PATIENTS table by using

Primary key,Forign key

DOCTORS PATIENTS

======= ==========

PK PK FK

DOCTORID NAME SPECIALTY PATIENTID NAME DOCTORID

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8.Create the emp4 table with following columns.and you only

think which constraint is suitable at table creation

it self and use all constraints

NOTE:-for this question just create the table with constrints

is enough.

EMPNO ENAME SAL MGRNO AGE ADDRESS PHONO

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