: ϒ= : = : S

: τ=μ : ν=

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Table (3) Surface tension of liquids at 200c

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

F= ϒ*hc * A : + LC.G

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Table (1) properties of areas and volumes.

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Pressure variation in accelerated bodies of fluid:

Horizontal :

Vertical : p= ϒ*h ( 1+ )

rotational fluid: Z : P= +c

Kinematics of fluid motion

as = (d2s)/(dt2) = ( ) = = * = v*

ar = -

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

IPP= ϒ*Q*EP

: :

; Q= Cd * a *
Flow through hole:

Geometry of liquid jets:

X= (V0)x * t : Z= (V0)z *t - g t2 : (Vz)2 = (V0)2 + 2 g Z

Venturimeter:

: Qactual = Cd * Qth

Case1: Manometer contains liquid which is heavier than the flowing liquid
through the pipe:

H= x( – 1)

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Case2: Manometer contains liquid which is lighter than the flowing liquid through
the pipe:

H= x(1 - )

Weir:
V= √

Q= Cd*b*√ ∫ √ *dz = *Cd* √ *

Conservation of momentum
∑ = ρ*Q*∆ : ∑ = ρ *Q* ∆
Hydraulic Jump:

∆E.L. = E1-E2 =

= [ -1 +√ ]

= [ -1 +√ ]

Flow of a real fluid:

IRe= ρ * =

hL = f * *

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Q= * * * hL

Turbulent flow:

τ=ε ------------------------------(Boussinesq)

τ = ρ. Ɩ2.( )2 -------------------------(Prandtl)

τ = ρ * Ƙ2 *y2 *( )2 ----------------(Van Karman)

Ɩ= -Ƙ
⁄

τ = ρ Ƙ2 [(dv/dy)4/(d2v/dy2)]

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Kinetic energy correction and momentum correction factors

∫
ᾳ= = ∫
∫

∫
β=
∫
= ∫

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Dimensional analysis and similitude:

1) Euler No. IE= (ρ V2/∆P)
2) Froude No. Fr = V2/gL
3) Reynolds No. IR = (ρVL)/μ
4) Cauchy No. or Mach. No. C = (ρV2/E) or IM= V/a
5) Weber No. W= (ρLV2)/δ
Units and Dimensions:

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Fluid flow in pipes

τ=( )r = μ =-μ

v= - ( )+c

V= (R2 – r2 )

vc =

v = vc (1- )

= (R2 - r2 )

= (y- )

= *y for y<<R

vc = R2

V= R2 = d2

hL =

hL = : hL = f

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Q= Hagen- Poiseuille eq.

Turbulent flow rough pipe

Nikuradses:
= 2.5 ln + 8.5
=5.75 log +8.5

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

= 5.75 log + 4.75

= 5.75 log + 8.5

= 1+ 4.07 = 1 + 4.07 √

= 2 log + 1.74 = 2 log + 1.14

√

Turbulent flow smooth pipe:

Nikuradses:

= 2.5 ln + 5.5

= 5.75 log + 5.5

= - 0.8 + 2.0 log IR √

√

Blasius equation ( Seventh – root law) for 3000 < IR> 100 000
f=

= ( )1/7

τo = 0.0332 μ0.25 R-0.25V7/4ρ3/4

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

τo = 0.0464 ( )0.25

V* = √ =v√

τo =

The viscous sub-layer (δv):

=

= 11.6

=
√

√ =

= - 0.8 + 2.0 log [ ] ----------Turbulent smooth

√

= 5.75 log + 1.75

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Definition of smoothness and roughness:

Smooth pipe:
If *IR*√
or:
or: < 3.5
Wholly rough pipe:
If *IR*√
or:
or: >70
Transition:
<
3.5 70

Commercial pipes

Colebrook : = 1.14 – 2 log [ + ]

√ √

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Fig.( 2 ) Roughness of commercial pipes

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Minor losses:

Entrance losses: = kL
KL = 0.8 (Reentrant) : KL = 0.5 (square-Edged) : KL = 0.2 (Slightly-Rounded)

KL = 0.04 (Well-Rounded)

Abrupt contraction: = kL : CC =
A2/A1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.617 0.624 0.632 0.643 0.659 0.681 0.712 0.755 0.813 0.892 1.00
CC
0.5 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.3 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.02 0
KL

Gradual contraction : KL = 0.02 to 0.04

Abrupt enlargement :

: KL= 1

Exit losses: = kL : KL= 1

Gradual enlargement :

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Pipe bends: = kL

meter bends

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Smooth bends

Fittings: = kL

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Flow in open channels

v=c.√ ------------------- Chezy Equation

v= ------------------- Manning

Table(1) Typical values of Manning,s roughness coeff. ( n ):

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Economic channel section ( best hydraulic section ):

Rectangular section:

Y= : Rh = --------------- -B.H.S.

Trapezoidal section:

+ zy = y √ : Rh = : Ɵ = 600

√
Y= : y= b

Circualar:

y = 0.95 D : Rh = 0.286 D Using Chezy equation

y= 0.938D : Rh = 0.289 D Using Manning equation

Triangular :

Ɵ/2= 450 , m= 1 , Rh =
√

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Specific energy, Critical depth

yc = ( ) 1/3 : Sc =

= : SC = g ( )

Water surface profiles:

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

Hazen–Williams equation
V= C√ = C. R0.5.S0.5
V= K.C.R0.63.S0.54
Material C factor low C factor high reference
Steel 90 110 -
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 150 150 [10]
Polyethylene 140 140 [10]
Galvanized iron 120 120 [10]
Fibre-reinforced plastic 150 150 [10]
(FRP)
Copper 130 140 [10]
Concrete 100 140 [10]
Cement-Mortar Lined 140 140 -
Ductile Iron Pipe
Cast iron new 130 130 [10]
Cast iron 40 years 64 83 [10]
Cast iron 30 years 75 90 [10]
Cast iron 20 years 89 100 [10]
Cast iron 10 years 107 113 [10]
Asbestos-cement 140 140 -
Fibre-reinforced plastic 150 150 [10]
(FRP)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 150 150 [10]
Asbestos-cement 140 140 -
Cement-Mortar Lined 140 140 -
Ductile Iron Pipe
Polyethylene 140 140 [10]
Copper 130 140 [10]
Concrete 100 140 [10]
Cast iron new 130 130 [10]
Galvanized iron 120 120 [10]
Cast iron 10 years 107 113 [10]
Steel 90 110 -
Cast iron 20 years 89 100 [10]
Cast iron 30 years 75 90 [10]
Cast iron 40 years 64 83 [10]

S=

Spsi per foot = =

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Baghdad University/Engineering College Civil Department
Dr. Khalid A. Abdul-Razzaq 2016/2017

SI units:

S= =

Darcy–Weisbach equation
hL = f : hL = f

Hardy Cross method:

hf = k.Qn

Head Loss Equation Relation k n

Hazen-Williams equation 1.85

hf = L. L.

Darcy-Weisbach equation 2
Hf = L.

∑
=-∑

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