ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

SEMESTER II

Discipline:ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION

Stream : EC1
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1
CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

FOUNDATIONS OF DATA DISCIPLINE

222TEC100 3 0 0 3
SCIENCE CORE 2

Preamble: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be
able to

CO 1 Understand the basics of machine learning and different types.

Differentiate regression and classification, Understand the basics of
CO 2
unsupervised learning and non-metric methods
Apply statistical methods in non-linear classification and neural
CO 3
networks
Understand the basics of deep learning networks, convolutional
CO 4
neural networks

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes (1-3)

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 2
CO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
CO 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 1
CO 4 2 1 2 3 3 1 1

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Continuous Internal Evaluation : 40 marks

Micro project/Course based project : 20 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Quiz : 10 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
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End Semester Examination Pattern:
Total : 60 marks
Part A: Answer all – 5 questions x 5 marks : 25 marks
Part B: Answer 5 of 7: 5 questions x 7 marks : 35 marks

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short
answer questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each
question (such question shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and understanding of
the students). Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7
questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and
maturity of the students in a course, through long answer questions relating to
theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem solving and quantitative
evaluation), with minimum one question from each module of which student
should answer any five. Each question can carry 7 marks. Total duration of the
examination will be 150 minutes.

Model Question paper

Total: 60 marks

Part A (Answer all) 25 marks

1. Discuss different types of machine learning with examples. (5)

2. Differentiate regression and classification with examples (5)
3. How SVM is used for multiclass problem? (5)
4. Explain clustering with examples. (5)
5. Discuss different activation functions used in deep neural networks
(5)

Part B (Answer any 5) 35 marks

6. Explain the terms features, training set, target vector, test set, and curse of
dimensionality in machine learning. (7)
7. Show that the Bayesian classifier is optimal with respect to minimizing the
classification error probability. (7)
8. Give a step by step description of the perceptron algorithm in classification.
(7)
9. Obtain the cost function for optimization in SVM for separable classes. (7)

10. Describe convolutional neural networks with detailed description of each

layers (7)
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1
11. Obtain the decision surface for an equi-probable two class system, where
the probability density functions of n-dimensional feature vectors in both
classes are normally distributed. (7)

12. Explain the principle of back propagation neural networks with neat
architecture diagram (7)

Syllabus and Course Plan (total hours: 37)

No Topic hours

1 Module 1 8 hours
1.1 Basics of machine learning, supervised and 2
unsupervised learning,examples,
1.2 features, feature vector, training set, target vector, test 1
set
1.3 over-fitting, curse of dimensionality. 1
1.4 Evaluation and model selection: ROC curves, evaluation 2
measures,
1.5 validation set, bias-variance trade-off. 1
1.6 confusion matrix, recall, precision, accuracy. 1
2 Module 2 7 hours
2.1 Regression: linear regression, error functions in 1
regression
2.2 multivariate regression, regression applications, bias and 1
variance.
2.3 Classification : Bayes’ decision theory, 2
2.4 discriminant functions and decision surfaces, 1
2.5 Bayesian classification for normal distributions, 2
classification applications.
3 Module 3 7 hours
3.1 Linear discriminant based algorithm: perceptron, 1
perceptron algorithm,
3.2 support vector machines. 2
3.3 Nonlinear classifiers, the XOR problem, 2
3.4 multilayer perceptrons, 1
3.5 backpropagation algorithm. 1
4 Module 4 8 hours
4.1 Unsupervised learning: 1
4.2 Clustering, examples, criterion functions for clustering, 2
4.3 proximity measures, algorithms for clustering. 1
4.4 Ensemble methods: boosting, bagging. 2
4.5 Basics of decision trees, random forest, examples. 2
5 Module 5 7 hours
5.1 Introduction to deep learning networks, 1
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5.2 deep feedforward networks, 2
5.3 basics of convolutional neural networks (CNN) 2
5.4 CNN basic structure, Hyper-parameter tuning, 1
Regularization - Dropouts,
5.5 Initialization, CNN examples 1

Reference Books
1. Bishop, C. M. “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning” Springer,
New York, 2006.
2. Theodoridis, S. and Koutroumbas, K. “Pattern Recognition”. Academic
Press, San Diego, 2003.
3. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. “The Elements of
Statistical Learning”. Springer.
4. Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., and Stork, D.G. “Pattern Classification”.
Wiley, New York,
5. Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville. “Deep Learning”
MIT Press, 2016
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CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

DESIGN OF EMBEDDED PROGRAM
222TAE001 3 0 0 3
SYSTEMS CORE 2

Preamble: This course aims to get complete idea of embedded product design skills to
understand, analyze and design different embedded products in software as well as
hardware aspects

Course Outcomes: The COs shown are only indicative. For each course, there can be
4 to 6 COs.

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Familiarize the fundamentals of Embedded System design

CO 2 Analyze Embedded design life cycle and can be applied to selection process
CO 3 Design and Analyzeembedded products
CO 4 Analyze Processes and Operating systems and to evaluate the performance
CO 5 Apply anddevelopproduct design using debugging tools for the product
design

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3
CO 2 3
CO 3 3
CO 4 2 2
CO 5 2

Assessment Pattern
End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply (k3) 20
Analyze (k4) 20
Evaluate (k5) 20
Create(k6)
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Micro project/Course based project: 20 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Quiz: 10 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
The project shall be done individually. Group projects not permitted. Test paper
shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the University. There will be two
parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 5 numerical questions (such questions
shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application,
analysis, synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students), with 1 question
from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students shall answer all
questions. Part B contains 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of
overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course, through long answer
questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem solving and
quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each module of which
student shall answer any five. Each question can carry 7 marks. Total duration of the
examination will be 150 minutes.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

1. Explain the requirement and specification for the embedded system design
using suitable example.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Explain the embedded Product specification design and selection of tools
with suitable example.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3)

1. Explain the embedded system program design using design patterns with
suitable example.
2. Explain the program validation and testing for embedded system
programming
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Outcome 4 (CO4)

1. Explain the analysis and optimization of
a) Execution time of program
b) Program energy and power

Course Outcome 5 (CO5)

1. Explain the various hand and software debugging tools and techniques for
embedded product design.

Model Question Paper

Reg No………………….
Name…………………….

APJ Abdul kalam Technological University

Second Semester M.Tech________,________
Course Code:222TAE001
Course Name: Design of Embedded Systems
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 60

Part A
Answer all questions from each module. Each question carries 5 marks.

1.
a. Briefly explain the characteristics of Embedded computingapplications.
(3 marks)
b. Discuss the challenges faced in embedded computing system design
(2 marks)
2. What is Dhrystone bench mark? Compare the performance of any twoProcessor
with the help of Dhrystone bench mark.
3. Briefly explain the different component of embedded programs.
4. Explain the difference between priority based scheduling and rate monotonic
scheduling.
5. Write short notes on cross assembler.

Part B
Answer any five questions. Each question carries seven marks.

6. Explain the embedded system design process with major level of abstraction in
the design process.
7. Design a complete model train controller with all detailed levels of abstraction.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

8. How can you check the availability of RTOS for your product design? Elaborate
your answer with the help of detailed check list.
9. Explain the complete design of a software modem including design integration
and testing.
10. With suitable example explain the major type of testing strategies used in
embedded program design.
11. Design a telephone answering machine including specification, architecture and
final testing.
12.
a. With the help of block diagram explain the working oh logic analizer
(4 marks)
b. Write short notes on JTAG. (3 marks)

Syllabus

Module 1: Fundamentals of Embedded Systems:

Introduction-Embedding Computers, characteristics of embedded computing
applications, challenges in embedded computing design –design process:
requirements-specification architecture design-designing hardware and software
components-system integration and testing structural description behavioral
description
Design Example: Model train controller

Module 2: The Embedded design life cycle and selection process

Introduction, Product specification, Hardware/Software partitioning, Iteration and
implementation, Detailed hardware and software design, Hardware/software
integration, Product testing and release, Maintaining and upgrading existing products

The selection process: Packaging the Silicon, Adequate Performance, RTOS availability,
Tool chain Availability, Other issues in the selection process.

Module 3:Program Design and Analysis

Introduction, Components for embedded programs, Model of Programs, Compilation
techniques, Program-level performance analysis, Software performance optimization,
Program-level energy and power analysis and optimization, Program Validation and
Testing,
Design Examples: Software Modem, Digital Still Camera

Module 4:Processes and Operating systems

Introduction, Multiple task and multiple processes, Preemtive real time operating
systems, Priority based scheduling ,Interprocess communication mechanism,
Evaluating operating system performance, Power optimization strategies for processes
Design example: Telephone answering machine, Engine control unit.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Module 5Development and Debugging Tools: Software and Hardware tools like
Cross Assembler, Compiler,Debugger, Simulator, InCircuit Emulator (ICE), Logic
Analyzer.
Debugging Techniques: Introduction to BDM, JTAG and NEXUS

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Module 1: Fundamentals of Embedded Systems

Introduction-Embedding Computers, characteristics of

1.1 embedded computing applications challenges in embedded 1
computing design
Design process: requirements-specification architecture
1.2 3
design-designing hardware and software components
System integration and testing structural description
1.3 3
behavioral description
1.4 Design Example: Model train controller 1
2 Module 2: The Embedded design life cycle and selection process
Introduction, Product specification, Hardware/Software
2.1 1
partitioning
Iteration and implementation, Detailed hardware and
2.2 2
software design
2.3 Hardware/software integration, Product testing and release 2
2.4 Maintaining and upgrading existing products 1
The selection process: Packaging the Silicon, Adequate
2.5 2
Performance, RTOS availability
Tool chain Availability, Other issues in the selection
2.6 2
process.
3 Module 3:Program Design and Analysis
Introduction, Components for embedded programs, Model
3.1 1
of Programs
Compilation techniques, Program-level performance
3.2 2
analysis
3.3 Software performance optimization 1
3.4 Program-level energy and power analysis and optimization 2
3.5 Program Validation and Testing 2
3.6 Design Examples: Software Modem Digital Still Camera 1
4 Module 4:Processes and Operating systems
Priority based scheduling ,Interprocess communication
4.1 2
mechanism
4.2 Evaluating operating system performance, 2
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4.3 Power optimization strategies for processes 2

Design example: Telephone answering machine, Engine
4.4 1
control unit
5 Module 5: Development & Debugging Tools
Software and Hardware tools like Cross Assembler,
5.1 2
Compiler
Debugger, Simulator, InCircuit Emulator (ICE), Logic
5.2 2
Analyzer
Debugging Techniques: Introduction to BDM, JTAG and
5.3 2
NEXUS

Reference Books

1. Computer as Components: Principles of embedded computing design, 3rd edition-

Elsevier; Marilyn wolf
2. Computer as Components: Principles of embedded computing design, Elsevier;
Wayne wolf
3. Embedded System Design, An introduction to processes, tools & Techniques, CMP
,books; Arnold S. Berger.
4. An Embedded software Primer, Pearson; David E Simon
5. Embedded System Design: A unified Hardware/Software Introduction, Wiley India
6. Edition; Frank Vahid/Tony Givargis
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SEMESTER II
PROGRAM ELECTIVE III
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ADVANCED PROCESS PROGRAM
222EAE100 3 0 0 3
CONTROL ELECTIVE 3

Preamble: This course introduces students to the avenues of Advanced Control

Systems.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Analyse and tune feedback control systems

CO 2 Analyse and design multivariable control systems
CO 3 Design and implement adaptive control systems
CO 4 Design and implement digital control

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 3 3 3
CO 2 3 3 3 3
CO 3 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 80%
Analyse 20%
Evaluate 0%
Create 0%

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Evaluation shall only be based on application, analysis or design based questions (for
both internal and end semester examinations)
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation (40 Marks)

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed

original publications (minimum 10 publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination (60 Marks)

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There will
be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer
questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each question (such
questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students).
Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions
shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a
course, through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question
from each module of which student should answer any five. Each question can carry 7
marks.
Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not exceed 20% over
the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks awarded to a student for
each elective course shall be normalized accordingly. For example if the average end
semester mark % for a core course is 40, then the maximum eligible mark % for an
elective course is 40+20 = 60 %.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Derive the expressions for the closed loop responses of a liquid level system for
servo and regulator operations. Mathematically show the effect of P, I and D actions on
the response of a control system.

2. Compare continuous and discontinuous control modes.

3.Compare different tuning techniques for feedback control systems.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Mathematically model the given Multivariable system.

2.Design the controller for the given MIMO system.

3. Check the stability of the given multivariable control system.

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Design Model Reference Adaptive Controller for a first order process

2. Design the parameter estimator for a given control system

3. Explain the implementation schemes for controller and estimator

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Design a Digital Compensator for the system given using Minimal prototype design

2.Realise a digital PID controller using Position/Velocity algorithm. Explain the

algorithm with the help of a flow chart.

3. Compare different FIELDBUS protocols. Explain the functional requirements of a

DCS system.

Syllabus

MODULE-I

Review of control modes for SISO systems- Discontinuous control modes,

continuous control modes,Basic control actions, Composite control modes, Controller
tuning, open loop and closed loop tuning

MODULE-II

Multivariable systems - Modelling of multivariable systems, Analysis of multivariable

systems - stability, resiliency, interaction, robustness.Controller design for
multivariable systems, Tuning of multivariable controllers

MODULE-III

Adaptive control - Self Tuning Regulator - Introduction, Need for adaptive control,
Adaptive control schemes-overview, Real time parameter estimation – least squares
and regression models, Estimating parameters in dynamical systems, Deterministic
self tuning regulator -Pole placement design, Direct and indirect self tuning regulators

MODULE-IV

Model Reference Adaptive systems - Model reference adaptive systems - Design of

MRAS, Stability, Applications, Implementation of adaptive controllers, controller
design, Estimator implementation,Interaction of Estimation and control, Prototype
algorithms

MODULE-V

Digital Control- Design of Digital Compensators -Minimal prototype design,

Hierarchical Control, Distributed Control (DCS) architecture, Functional requirements
of DCS, Fieldbus,Digital implementation of PID controller – Positionalgorithm, Velocity
algorithm
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Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Review of control modes for SISO systems
1.1 Discontinuous control modes, continuous control modes 3
1.2 Basic control actions , Composite control modes 3
1.3 Controller tuning, open loop and closed loop tuning 2
2 Multivariable systems
2.1 Modelling of multivariable systems 2
2.2 Analysis of multivariable systems - stability, resiliency,
3
interaction, robustness.
2.3 Controller design for multivariable systems, Tuning of
3
multivariable controllers
3 Adaptive control - Self Tuning Regulator
3.1 Introduction, Need for adaptive control, Adaptive control
1
schemes-overview
3.2 Real time parameter estimation – least squares and
regression models, Estimating parameters in dynamical 4
systems
3.3 Deterministic self tuning regulator -Pole placement design,
3
Direct and indirect self tuning regulators
4 Model Reference Adaptive systems
4.1 Model reference adaptive systems - Design of MRAS,
3
Stability, Applications
4.2 Implementation of adaptive controllers, controller design,
4
Estimator implementation
4.3 Interaction of Estimation and control, Prototype algorithms 1
5 Digital Control
5.1 Design of Digital Compensators -Minimal prototype design 3
5.2 Hierarchical Control, Distributed Control (DCS)
4
architecture, Functional requirements of DCS, Fieldbus
5.3 Digital implementation of PID controller – Position
1
algorithm, Velocity algorithm

Reference Books

1. ‘Process Systems analysis and Control’, D.R. Coughanour, Mc.Graw Hill, II Edition,
1991.

2.George Stephanopoulos, Chemical Process Control, an introduction to theory and

practice, Prentice-Hall

3.Eckman. D.P., Automatic Process Control, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1993
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

4.Astrom, K. J., and B. Wittenmark, Adaptive Control, Second edition, Pearson

EducationIndia (2006).

5. William L Luyben, Process Modeling, Simulation and Control for Chemical

Engineers, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1990

6. Krishna Kant, Computer based Industrial Control, Second Edition, PHI learning Pvt.
Ltd., 2013

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER
222EAE100 - ADVANCED PROCESS CONTROL
Time: 2:30 hours Max. Marks:60
PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. Compare multi position and floating control modes.

2. Check the stability of the given multivariable system.
3. Explain how parameter estimation is done using FIR model for a dynamic system.
4. Design Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) for a first order plant?
5. With the help of mathematical expression explain velocity algorithm for PID
controller. List its advantages over position algorithm.

PART B
Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks

6. Explain how the gain cross over frequency and amplitude ratio of a feedback
control system are determined experimentally and optimum controller settings are
determined.
7.
a. Calculate the Niederlinski index of the given multivariable system……. and
hence comment on the stability of the system.
b. Calculate the Morari resiliency index (MRI) of the given multivariable
system………… and comment on the resiliency
8. The given system……. is controlled using P-controller. It is desirable to choose
the feedback gain so that the closed loop transfer function is……..Construct a
continuous time indirect self tuning algorithm for the system.
9. Consider the given plant….. Determine a controller that can give the closed loop
system shown…… Determine model reference adaptive controllers based on
gradient and stability theory respectively.
10. Design a minimal prototype controller for the system given…… for step changes in
setpoint.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

11. With the help of a schematic diagram, explain the functional requirements of a DCS
system.
12. Derive the expression for the closed loop response of a first order system controlled
by a PI controller for servo operation.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

MIXED SIGNAL CIRCUIT PROGRAM
222EAE001 3 0 0 3
DESIGN ELECTIVE 3

Preamble: Introduction to Op amp and Op amp Topologies, Introduction to Switched

Capacitor circuits,BASIC sampling circuits for analog signal sampling, Introduction to
D/A converter and itsvarious types, Introduction to A/D converter and its various
types, Noise shaping modulators,Filtering topologies.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Familiarize the concepts of analog design.

Analyze Data converters, CMOS Amplifiers and Switched Capacitor
CO 2
Circuits.
Design systems including Data converters, CMOS Amplifiers and Switched
CO 3
Capacitor Circuits.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 1 2 2 1
CO 2 1 2 2
CO 3 1 2 3 1

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply(K3) 40
Analyse(K4) 20
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications

(minimum 10 publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/ Seminar/ Data Collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There will
be two parts;Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer
questions with 1 question from eachmodule, having 5 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain7 questions with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five. Each
question can carry 7 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

1. Draw and explain folded cascode configuration and list out its advantages.
2. Explain open loop and closed loop sample and hold architectures.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Draw and explain the working of a Switched Capacitor integrator
2. Explain BiCMOS sample and hold circuit.
3. Explain the working of delta sigma DAC.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3)

1. Folding and interpolating ADC
2. Implementation of bilinear filter using switched capacitor.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Program: Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
Course Code: 222EAE001
Course Name: MIXED SIGNAL CIRCUIT DESIGN

Max Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each carries 5 mark.

1 How miller compensation is implemented in a 2-stage op-amp?

2 Discuss the non ideal effects in switched capacitor circuits.

3 Compare open loop and closed loop sample and hold architecture.

4 Why only 2N -1 comparators are required for an N bit flash ADC?

5 List the advantages and disadvantages of noise shaping modulators.

PART B
Answer any FIVE questions. Each question carries 7 mark.

6 Draw and explain folded cascode configuration and list out its advantages.

7 Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of a Switched Capacitor
integrator.
8 Assume that the specifications of a biquad are f0=
1KHz,Q=2,K0=K2=0,K1=2πf0/Q(Band pass filter) The clock frequency is
100KHz.Design the capacitor ratios of a low Q switched capacitor circuit and
determine the maximum capacitor ratio and the total capacitance, assuming
that C1 and C2 have unit values.

9 Explain BiCMOS sample and hold circuit with necessary diagram.

10 What number of comparators are needed for a folding and interpolating ADC
that has a number of coarse bits=3 and number of fine bits=4 and uses an
interpolation of 4 on the fine bits?

11 How a bilinear filter can be implemented using switched capacitors?

12 With detailed block diagram, explain the working of delta sigma DAC.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

Module 1

Op amp Topologies:Introduction to op amp,Op amp Topologies: Telescopic, Folded-

Cascode, OTA,Two-Stage Operational Amplifier: Miller Compensation, common mode
feedback.

Module 2

Switched Capacitor circuits:Introduction to Switched Capacitor circuits-

Basicbuilding blocks,Operation and Analysis, some practicalcircuits such as switched
capacitor integrator, biquadcircuit, and switched capacitor filter, switched
capacitoramplifierNon-ideal effectsin switched capacitor circuits

Module 3

Sampling circuits:Basic sampling circuits for analog signal sampling.Different

types of sampling switches Sample-and-HoldArchitectures: Open-loop & closed-
loop architectures, Switched capacitor Sample and Hold, BiCMOS Sample and Hold
.
Module 4

DAC and ADC:Input/output characteristics of an ideal DAC and ADC,performance

metrics of DAC and ADC,Nyquist rate D/A converters, Resistor-Ladder D/A converter
architecture, Successive approximation converters, Flash converter, Interpolating A/D
converters,Folding A/D converters, Pipelined A/D converters

Module 5

Filtering Topologies: Noise shaping modulators, Decimating filters and interpolating

filters,Filtering topologies - bilinear transfer function and biquadratic transfer
function,Higher order modulators, Delta sigma D/A

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1
1.1 Introduction to op amp 1
1.2 Op amp Topologies: Telescopic, Folded- Cascode, OTA 4
1.3 Two-Stage Operational Amplifier: Miller Compensation, 3
common mode feedback.
2
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2.1 Introduction to Switched Capacitor circuits- Basic 1

building blocks
2.2 Operation and Analysis, some practical 5
circuits such as switched capacitor integrator, biquad
circuit, and switched capacitor filter, switched capacitor
amplifier
2.3 Non-ideal effects in switched capacitor circuits. 2
3
3.1 Basic sampling circuits for analog signal sampling. 2
3.2 Different types of sampling switches Sample-and-Hold 5
Architectures: Open-loop & closed-loop architectures,
Switched capacitor Sample and Hold, BiCMOS Sample and
Hold.
4
4.1 Input/output characteristics of an ideal DAC and ADC, 2
performance metrics of DAC and ADC
4.2 Nyquist rate D/A converters, Resistor-Ladder D/A converter 2
architecture
4.3 Successive approximation converters, Flash converter, 6
Interpolating A/D converters,Folding A/D converters, Pipelined
A/D converters.
5
5.1 Noise shaping modulators, Decimating filters and interpolating 2
filters
5.2 Filtering topologies - bilinear transfer function and biquadratic 3
transfer function,
5.3 Higher order modulators, Delta sigma D/A. 2

Reference Books

1. CMOS Analog Circuit Design - Philip E. Allen and Douglas R. Holberg, Oxford
University Press, International Second Edition/Indian Edition, 2010
2. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits- BehzadRazavi, TMH Edition, 2002
3. Analog Integrated Circuit Design- David A. Johns,Ken Martin, Wiley Student
Edition, 2013
4. Gregorian, Temes, "Analog MOS Integrated Circuit for Signal Processing", John
Wiley & Sons,1986
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE002 DEEP LEARNING 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 3

Preamble: This course provides an introduction to key concept in deep learning and
equip students with knowledge required to develop best deep learning solutions for
real world problems in domains such as computer vision, natural language processing
etc.
Course Outcomes: The COs shown are only indicative. For each course, there can be
4 to 6 COs.

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Demonstrate the uses and limitations of fully connected neural networks

CO 2 Compare different CNN networks for classification and detection in terms of
architecture, performance and computational requirements
CO 3 Develop a convolutional neural network for a real-world application
CO 4 Apply regularization and optimization techniques in CNN training
CO 5 Demonstrate the use of RNNS and LSTM for analysing sequential data
CO 6 Apply the concepts of attention models, transformers and generative models
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3
CO 2 3
CO 3 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3
CO 5 3
CO 6 3 3 3
Assessment Pattern
End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 60%
Analyse 40%
Evaluate
Create
Mark distribution
Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Course project/Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original
publications(minimum 10 publications shall be referred): 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Quiz: 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
End Semester Examination Pattern:
60 Marks
Part A: 5×5 Marks
Part B: 5×7 Marks

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Suppose you have a 3-dimensional input 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥3 ) = (2, 2, 1) fully connected
with weights (0.5, 0.3, 0.2) to one neuron which is in the hidden layer with sigmoid
activation function. Calculate the output of the hidden layer neuron.
2. Consider the case of the XOR function in which points {(0, 0), (1, 1)} belong to one
class, and {(1, 0), (0, 1)} belong to the other class. Design a multilayer perceptron for
this binary classification problem.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Implement AlexNet, VGG Net, ResNet and Inception Net for a classification problem.
Compare and contrast the performance in terms of accuracy and computational
requirements.
2. Implement RCNN, Fast RCNN, Faster RCNN, YOLO and Mask RCNN for detection
problem. Compare and contrast the performance in terms of accuracy and
computational requirements.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

3. Draw and explain the architecture of convolutional neural networks.
4. You are given a classification problem to classify the handwritten digits. Suggest a
learning algorithm with its architecture, an objective function, and an optimization
routine, along with how input and output will be prepared for the classifier

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain how L2 regularization improves the performance of deep feed forward
neural networks.
2. Explain the use of data augmentation and dropouts

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Illustrate the workings of the RNN with an example of a single sequence defined on
a vocabulary of four words
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

2. Draw and explain the architecture of LSTM.

3. List the differences between LSTM and GRU

Course Outcome 6 (CO6):

1. Explain the use of transformers for image recognition
2. Explain the basic principle and architecture of generative adversarial network

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Program: Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
Course Code: 222EAE002
Course Name: DEEP LEARNING

Max Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

PART A
Answer ALL Questions. Each carries 5 mark.

1 There is huge gap between training accuracy and testing accuracy, while 5
training a particular machine learning model. What might be the reason.
Suggest possible methods of overcoming it
2 Draw the block diagram of a naïve inception block. What is the 5
disadvantage of this block? Explain how adding 1x1 convolution helps to
overcome the difficulty.
3 Consider a Convolutional Neural Network having three different 5
convolutional layers in its architecture as
Layer-1 Filter Size – 3×3, Number of Filters – 10, Stride – 1,
Padding – 0
Layer-2 Filter Size – 5×5, Number of Filters – 20, Stride – 2,
Padding – 0
Layer-3 Filter Size – 5×5 , Number of Filters – 40, Stride – 2,
Padding – 0
If we give a 51×51 RGB image as input to the network, then determine
the dimension of the vector after passing through layer 3 in the
architecture.
4 You have a dataset D1 with 1 million labelled training examples for 5
classification, and dataset D2 with 100 labelled training examples. Your
friend trains a model from scratch on dataset D2. You decide to train on
D1, and then apply transfer learning to train on D2. State one problem
your friend is likely to find with his approach. How does your approach
address this problem?
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

5 Differentiate between soft attention and hard attention. 5

PART B
Answer any FIVE questions. Each question carries 7 mark.

6 Astronomers are using a linear classifier to classify long exposed 7

CCDimages into star, nebula and galaxy. The predicted scores of this
linear classifier, during one particular iteration of training is given below
Test Image
Class
Star Nebula galaxy
Star 3.2 1.3 2.2
Nebula 5.1 4.9 2.5
Galaxy -1.7 2 -3.1
Calculate the softmax loss for Nebula. Find minimum and maximum
softmax loss, if there are C classes.
7 Draw the computational graph and calculate the analytical gradients at 7
each node for the following function
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑤𝑤, 𝑥𝑥) =
1 + 𝑒𝑒 0 0 +𝑤𝑤 1 𝑥𝑥 1 +𝑤𝑤 2 )
−(𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥
where 𝑤𝑤0 = 2, 𝑤𝑤1 = −3, 𝑤𝑤2 = −3, 𝑥𝑥0 = −1, 𝑥𝑥1 = −2
8 Consider a CNN implemented with following arrangement. 7
Input 128x128x3
Conv 4- 10, stride 2, pad 0
Conv 9-10,stride 2, pad 2
Pool 2 stride 2, pad 0
Conv 3-5 stride 2, pad 0
FC 5
FC-N denotes fully connected layer with N neuron outputs. Conv M-N
indicates convolution layer of size MxMxD, with M filters and D activation
volume of previous layer. Pool 2 indicates 2x2 maxpooling layer. Find
activation volume and number of parameters at each layer.
9 Write disadvantages of SGD. Explain how ADAM overcome it. 7
10 Imagine you were asked to write a poem in the writing style of John 7
Keats. What kind of network will you use? Draw and explain the
structure of identified network with equations.
11 You were asked to design an object detection frame work to be used in 7
Google‘s autonomous car Waymo. The designed framework should be
able to detect and identify multiple objects (pedestrians, other vehicles
etc.) from images obtained from the camera feed of Waymo. Draw and
explain the general structure of the network. Justify your answer.
12 Design a network to generate your photo in the style of Leonardo 7
DaVinci’s Monalisa.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

MODUE 1: Introduction to Machine Learning

Introduction: Supervised Vs. Unsupervised Learning, Classification Vs. Regression,
Machine Learning Vs. Deep LearningMachine Learning System Design: Data-driven
Approach, Datasets: Training, Testing and Validation Sets, Over fitting and Under
fitting, Hyper parameters, K-nearestneighbour classification
Linear classification: Loss function, Multiclass SVM,Softmax classifier. Optimization,
Numeric andAnalytic gradients.

MODULE 2: Neural Networks

Deep feedforward networks/ Multilayer perception: Perceptron, activation functions,
Example: Learning XOR, Architecture of deep neural network
Back propagation, Gradient-Based Learning.
Convolutional Neural Networks: Convolution, Pooling Layers, spatialarrangement,
layer patterns, layer sizing patterns.

MODULE 3: Training Neural Networks

Initialization, batch normalization, Hyper parameter optimization.
Optimization algorithms: SGD, Momentum, Adagrad, RMS Prop, Adam
Regularization methods: L1 and L2 regularization, Early stopping, drop outs,
ensembles, data augmentation, Update rules, transfer learning

MODULE 4: CNN architectures

AlexNet, VGG Net, ResNet, Inception Net
Object Detection: RCNN, Fast RCNN, Faster RCNN, YOLO, Mask RCNN
Recurrent Neural Networks: RNN, Bidirectional RNN, LSTM, GRU

MODULE 5: Attention Models, Transformers and Generative Models

Attention: Multimodal attention, Self-Attention
Transformers: BERT and vision transformer
Autoencoders, Variational auto encoders, Generative Adversarial Network

Course Plan
No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction to Machine Learning
1.1 Introduction: Supervised Vs. Unsupervised Learning,
Classification Vs. Regression, Machine Learning Vs. Deep 1
Learning
1.2 Machine Learning System Design: Data-driven Approach,
Datasets: Training, Testing and Validation Sets, Over fitting and 3
Under fitting, Hyper parameters, K-nearestneighbour
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

classification
1.3 Linear classification: Loss function, Multiclass SVM,
4
Softmax classifier. Optimization, Numeric andAnalytic gradients.
2 Neural Networks
2.1 Deep feedforward networks/ Multilayer perception: Perceptron,
activation functions, Example: Learning XOR, Architecture of 2
deep neural network
2.2 Back propagation, Gradient-Based Learning. 2
2.3 Convolutional Neural Networks: Convolution, Pooling Layers,
3
spatialarrangement, layer patterns, layer sizing patterns.
3 Training Neural Networks
3.1 Initialization, batch normalization, Hyper parameter
2
optimization.
3.2 Optimization algorithms: SGD, Momentum, Adagrad, RMS Prop,
2
Adam
3.3 Regularization methods: L1 and L2 regularization, Early
stopping, drop outs, ensembles, data augmentation, Update 2
rules, transfer learning
4 CNN architectures
4.1 AlexNet, VGG Net, ResNet, Inception Net 3
4.2 Object Detection: RCNN, Fast RCNN, Faster RCNN, YOLO, Mask
3
RCNN
4.3 Recurrent Neural Networks: RNN, Bidirectional RNN, LSTM,
3
GRU
5 Attention Models, Transformers and Generative Models
5.1 Attention: Multimodal attention, Self-Attention 3
5.2 Transformers: BERT and vision transformer 3
5.3 Autoencoders, Variational auto encoders, Generative Adversarial
4
Network

Reference Books

1. Ian Goodfellow, YoshuaBengio, and Aaron Courville. Deep learning. MIT

press,2016.
2. Francois Chollet. Deep learning with Python. Simon and Schuster, 2021.
3. Ivan Vasilev. Advanced Deep Learning with Python: Design and implement
advanced next-generation AI solutions using TensorFlow and PyTorch. Packt
Publishing Ltd, 2019.
4. C. M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, 2006
5. Michael A Nielsen. Neural networks and deep learning. Determination press,
2015.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ROBOTICS AND PROGRAM
222EAE003 3 0 0 3
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ELECTIVE 3

Preamble: This course will serve as an introductory robotics course for the design of
control of complex robotic systems and also provide an introduction to artificial
intelligence, neural network etc.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 Describe the basic concepts related to robotics design

CO2 Familiarize kinematics and dynamics of robot structure.
CO3 Develop the basic principles in Robotics programming
Familiarize the principles of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network for
CO4
robotic design and control.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7

CO 1 2 2 1 1
CO 2 2 3 2 2 2
CO 3 2 3 2 1
CO 4 2 1 2 2 2 2

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 20
Analyse 60
Evaluate 20
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Evaluation shall only be based on application, analysis or design based questions (for
both internal and end semester examinations).

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred) : 15 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

60 Marks

Part A: 5×5 Marks

Part B: 5×7 Marks

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Differentiate between cartesian coordinate and cylindrical robot.
2. Describe in detail the anatomy of an industrial robot
3. Discuss about the salient features of different drive systems used in robots.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Describe composite rotation matrix of a robot manipulator in detail.
2. Determine the inverse kinematic solution of a RRR robot configuration with
three DOF with 2D manipulator.
3. Discuss Denavit - Hartenberg convention in detail.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Explain the various programming methods used in robotics with examples and
featuresof each.
2. Write a VAL robot program to perform pick and place operation on the conveyer
system. it consist of two conveyors running parallel with centre distance of 600
mm at same level. An industrial robot is fixed centrally between the conveyors.
The robot is used to transfer work pieces from conveyor 1 to 2 at a constant
speed. Draw a schematic view of the system assume all necessary dimension
3. Explain WAIT, SIGNAL, DELAY commands used for robot programming with
example.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. List out with examples of some real-world applications in Artificial Intelligence.
2. Explain the control of a robotic arm using neural network.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

3. Explain the different types of search used in AI

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SECOND SEMESTER M. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Program: Applied Electronics and Instrumentation

Course Code: 222EAE003

Course Name: ROBOTICS AND INTELLIGENTSYSTEMS

Max Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. How are robots classified, explain?

2. Define path planning in the context of robotics. What is trajectory of a robot?

3. Discuss about different methods of robot programming

4. Why LISP is used for Artificial Intelligence?

5. Write the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning.

PART B
Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks

6. Draw and explain the architecture of robotic system.

7. What are the various inputs of an inverse kinematics algorithm? Explain

functioning of an inverse kinematics algorithm.

8. Write short notes on Jacobian Work Envelope xx.

9. Explain Basic Commands and Operations with examples for robotic

programmimg.

10. What is the "minimal" set of primitives needed for a Lisp interpreter?

11. Explain about various types of learning in problem solving.

12. Explain different models of Artificial Neural Network.

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

Module 1:

Robot anatomy:Definition, law of robotics, History and Terminology of Robotics-

Accuracy and repeatability of Robotics-Simple problems- Specifications of Robot-Speed
of Robot-Robot joints and links-Robot classifications-Architecture of robotic systems-
Robot Drive systems- Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric system.

Module 2:

Kinematics, dynamics and control - Object location, three dimensional

transformation matrices, inverse transformation, kinematics and path planning,
Jacobian work envelope, manipulator dynamics, dynamic stabilization, position
control and force control, present industrial robot control schemes.

Module 3:

Robot Programming: Methods of robot programming, lead through programming

methods, robot program as a path in space - defining position in space, speed control,
motion interpolation, WAIT, SIGNAL, DELAY commands, Branching.
Basic Commands and Operations: Motion commands- move and related statements,
points in workspace, paths and frames.

Module 4:

AI for Robotics: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, goals of AI research, AI

techniques- knowledge representation, problem representation, search techniques.
LISP programming. AI and Robotics. LISP in the factory. Robotic Paradigms.

Module 5:

Neural Network Approach in Robotics: Introduction, Connectionist Models, Learning

Principles and Learning Rules: Supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning.
Sensor based robot learning, Neural Network in Robotics: Control of robot hands by
neural network, neural set approach to robot motion coordination, robotic motor
control using reinforcement learning optimization.

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Robot anatomy
Definition, law of robotics, History and Terminology of
1.1 1
Robotics
1.2 Accuracy and repeatability of Robotics-Simple problems 2
1.3 Speed of Robot-Robot joints and links-Robot classifications 2
1.4 Architecture of robotic systems-Robot Drive systems- 2
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric system

2 Kinematics, dynamics and control
2.1 Object location, three dimensional transformation matrices 1
2.2 inverse transformation, kinematics and path planning 1
Jacobian work envelope, manipulator dynamics, dynamic
2.3 2
stabilization
Position control and force control, present industrial robot
2.4 2
control schemes.
3 Robot Programming
3.1 Methods of robot programming, 1
3.2 Lead through programming methods 1
robot program as a path in space - defining position in
3.3 2
space
3.4 speed control, motion interpolation 2
3.5 WAIT, SIGNAL, DELAY commands, Branching 1
Basic Commands and Operations: Motion commands-
3.6 1
move and related statements
3.7 Points in workspace, paths and frames 1
4 AI for Robotics
4.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, goals of AI research. 1
AI techniques- knowledge representation, problem
4.2 2
representation, search techniques
4.3 LISP programming. 1
4.4 AI and Robotics. LISP in the factory. Robotic Paradigms. 1
5 Neural Network Approach in Robotics
5.1 Introduction, Connectionist Models 1
Learning Principles and Learning Rules: Supervised,
5.2 2
unsupervised, reinforcement learning
5.3 Sensor based robot learning 1
Neural Network in Robotics: Control of robot hands by
5.4 1
neural network
5.5 Neural set approach to robot motion coordination 1
Robotic motor control using reinforcement learning
5.6 optimization 1

Reference Books

1. Bratko I., Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 3/e, Pearson

Education.2001

2. R. K. Mittal, I. J. Nagrath, Robotics and Control, TATA McGraw Hill Publishing

Co Ltd, New Delhi (2003)
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

3. Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach"

Prentice Hall, 2003.

4. Klafter, Chmielewski and Negin, Robotic Engineering An Integrated Approach,

PHI, 2007.

5. D.W. Patterson, “Introduction to AI and Expert Systems”, PHI, 1992

6. R.J. Schalkoff, “Artificial Intelligence - an Engineering Approach”, McGraw Hill

Int. Ed., Singapore, 1992

7. Russell S., Norvig, P, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Pearson

Education, 2009.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE004 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 3

Preamble: This course provides an introduction to key concept in optical

instrumentation, and trained the students in fundamental and
advance optical component and basic instrumentation.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Apply fundamental knowledge of mathematics and Optics to design

CO 1
application specific optical fiber.
Apply Lasers in Instrumentation for the measurement of Pressure,
CO 2
temperature, Level and find the solutions for the errors if any.
CO 3 Describe the advantages of using Lasers

CO 4 Apply opto-electronic components and lasers in Medical instrumentation

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 1 1 1
CO 2 3 1 1
CO 3 3 1
CO 4 2 1 1
CO 5 2 2

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 40
Analyse 20
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications (minimum 10

publications shall be referred) : 15 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short
answer questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each
question. Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions, with
minimum one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.

Course level Assessment Questions:

Course outcome 1 (CO1):

1. What is an optical fiber, explain its types along with their properties.
2. Explain the working principle of photodetector with neat sketch.

Course outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Illustrate the working of the type of LASER with their application, and define
why is laser safety important.
2. Explain the fundamental characteristics and properties of laser and laser mode.

Course outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Explain different types of fiber optic sensors, and how does it work as a sensor.
2. What are the best type of fiber optic sensors for in- plane and through
thickness permeability measurements.

Course outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain how the laser instruments are used for plastic surgery, and explain the
medical application of laser in dermatology.
2. Explain holographic interferometry and its application in detail.
3. Explain LED , OLED , AMOLED with neat sketches.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Second Semester M. Tech. Degree Examination _____ , _______
Course Code: 222EAE004

Course Name: OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Time: 2.5 Hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Define basic principles of light propagation through a fiber.

2. What is the basic principle of Q-Switching ? Mention its advantages.

3. What are Moire fringes?

4. Explain applications of holography in non-destructive testing

5. Explain the following.

a) CCD
b) AMOLED

PART B

Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks.

1. What are the different types of optical fibers and explain their
transmission characteristics.
2. Explain about the operation of
a) Mode locking (3 Marks)
b) Cavity dumping (4 Marks)

3. What is the use of fiber optic gyroscope? Explain its working with neat
diagram.
4. Explain the application of lasers in the removal of tumours of vocal
chords.
5. Discuss the application of laser in dermatology.
6. Explain about the operation of
a.) Photodiodes
b.) Phototransistors
7. What is magneto optic modulators ?
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

MODULE 1
Optical Fibers and Their Properties:
Introduction to Optical Fibers - principles of light propagation through a fiber –
Different types of fibers and their properties –Transmission characteristics of optical
fiber –Absorption losses – Scattering losses –Dispersion - advantages and
disadvantages of optical fibers Light sources for fiber optics, photo detectors, source
coupling, splicing and connectors. Waveguides and Micro-Optical Fiber Bundles.

MODULE 2
Laser Instruments
Fundamental characteristics of Lasers – Three level and four level lasers – Properties
of Laser and Laser modes – Resonator configuration – Q-switching and Mode locking –
Cavity dumping – Types of lasers: Gas lasers, Solid lasers, Liquid lasers – Semi
conductor lasers. Laser Safety: Radiation hazards, maximum permissible exposure,
classification, safety measures and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

MODULE 3
Industrial Applications of Optical Instruments
Fiber optic sensors – Fiber optic Instrumentation system - Interferometric method of
measurement of length - Moiré fringes – Measurement of pressure, temperature,
current, voltage, liquid level and strain. Fiber optic gyroscope – polarization
maintaining fibers – applications.

MODULE 4
Applications of Lasers
Industrial applications of lasers – Laser Doppler Velocity meter – Laser heating
Medical Applications Lasers - Laser and Tissue interaction, Laser instruments for
surgery - CO2 laser as bloodless scalpel, Removal of tumors of vocal cords, Brain
surgery, Plastic surgery, Gynecology, Oncology, Dermatology and Ophthalmology.
Holography – Basic principle; methods (reflection, transmission, and hybrid),
Holographic Components, Holographic Interferometry and Applications, Holography
for Non-destructive Testing.

MODULE 5
Opto-Electronic Components:
Photodiodes, phototransistors, photomultipliers, optoisolators/optocouplers, IOC
elements, photoresistors, CCD, laser diodes, LED, OLED, AMOLED; Magneto Optic
and Acoustic – optic and other types of Optical Modulators – Detectors – Applications
in Instrumentation.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Plan:

No. of
No Topics
Lectures
1 Optical Fibers and their Properties:
1.1 Introduction to Optical Fibers - principles of light propagation
3
through a fiber- Different types of fibers and their properties.
1.2 Transmission characteristics of optical fiber –Absorption losses –
2
Scattering losses –Dispersion
1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of optical fibers Light sources for
fiber optics, photo detectors, source coupling, splicing and 3
connectors. Waveguides and Micro-Optical Fiber Bundles.

2 Laser Instruments:
2.1 Fundamental characteristics of Lasers – Three level and four level
2
lasers – Properties of Laser and Laser modes
2.2 Resonator configuration – Q-switching and Mode locking – Cavity
dumping 2

2.3 Types of lasers: Gas lasers, Solid lasers, Liquid lasers – Semi
conductor lasers. Laser Safety: Radiation hazards, maximum
4
permissible exposure, classification, safety measures and Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE)
3 Industrial Applications of Optical Instruments
3.1 Fiber optic sensors – Fiber optic Instrumentation system -
2
Interferometric method of measurement of length - Moiré fringes
3.2 Measurement of pressure, temperature, current, voltage, liquid level
3
and strain.
3.3 Fiber optic gyroscope – polarization maintaining fibers –
2
applications
4. Applications of Lasers:
4.1 Industrial applications of lasers – Laser Doppler Velocity meter –
Laser heating Medical Applications Lasers - Laser and Tissue 2
interaction
4.2 Laser instruments for surgery - CO2 laser as bloodless
scalpel,Removal of tumors of vocal cords, Brain surgery, Plastic 3
surgery, Gynecology, Oncology, Dermatology and Ophthalmology.
4.3 Holography – Basic principle; methods (reflection, transmission, and
hybrid), Holographic Components, Holographic Interferometry and 4
Applications, Holography for Non-destructive Testing.
5 Opto-Electronic Components:
5.1 Photodiodes, phototransistors, photomultipliers, 2
optoisolators/optocouplers.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

5.2 IOC elements, photoresistors, CCD, laser diodes, LED, OLED, 3

AMOLED; Magneto Optic and Acoustic
5.3 Optic and other types of Optical Modulators – Detectors – 3
Application in Instrumentation.

Reference Books

1. Understanding Fiber Optics, 4th or 5th edition; Jeff Hecht; Prentice Hall
publishers
2. Optical Fibre Communication’, G. Keiser, ‘McGraw Hill, 1995.
3. Monte Ross, ‘Laser Applications’, McGraw Hill, 1968.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PWM AND POWER PROGRAM
222EAE005 3 0 0 3
CONVERTERS ELECTIVE 3

Preamble: This course provides the concepts of multilevel and multiphase

inverters,different modulation schemes, common mode voltage elimination schemes
and the implementation of PWM controller.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Describe the basic concepts of different types of PWM schemes and their
CO 1
performance
CO 2 Analyse harmonic distortion in multilevel inverters
CO 3 Compare different topologies of multilevel inverters
Describe different modulation schemes and optimum switching in
CO 4
multilevel inverters
Compare common mode voltage elimination schemes in multilevel and
CO 5
multiphase inverters
CO 6 Implement a PWM controller using a simulation platform

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3
CO 2 3
CO 3 3
CO 4 3
CO 5 3
CO 6 1 3

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 50%
Analyse 50%
Evaluate
Create
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewedoriginal publications (minimum 10

publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks.

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

60 Marks
Part A: 5×5 Marks
Part B: 5×7 Marks

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Illustrate the square wave operation of three-phase inverter

2.Explain the concepts of sine triangle PWM and space vector PWM

3. Describe current hysteresis control of VSI

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1.Analyse harmonic distortion factor for three-phase inverters

2.Explain triplen Carrier Ratios and Subharmonics

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Explain different multilevel inverter topologies

2. Explain Five-phase and Six-phase inverters

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain sine triangle PWM and Space vector PWM for 3-level inverters

2.Illustrate space vector approach to Over modulation

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain common mode voltage elimination schemes in multilevel and multiphase

inverters

Course Outcome 6 (CO6):

1. Apply modern simulation tools to implement PWM controller

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Second Semester M. Tech. Degree Examination _____ , _______
Course Code: 222EAE005

Course Name: PWM AND POWER CONVERTERS

Time: 2.5 Hours Max. Marks: 60

PART-A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. Explain why PWM signals are more suitable for Speed control applications of
motors.

2. Derive expression for WTHD of a 3-level inverter

3. Realize a 3-level inverter using two 2-level inverters. Draw the resulting space
vector diagram

4. Explain the importance of zero vectors in space vector pulse width modulation.

5. What is the effect of common mode voltage in motor drives?

PART – B

Answer any 5 questions. Each question carries 7 marks

6. Which PWM scheme is suitable for eliminating predominant low order

harmonics? Justify your answer.

7. Prove that the total harmonic distortion of a square wave inverter is 0.48

8. With schematic explain a 2-level six phase inverter.

9. With schematic explain a 3-level NPC inverter topology and issues of neutral
point fluctuation.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

10. The overmodulation region of PWM provides a useful extension of the operating
range of an inverter without requiring an increased DC link voltage. Justify
your answer.

11. Describe the steps involved in the implementation of space vector PWM for a 2-
level voltage source inverter.

12. With schematic explain any one technique of common mode voltage elimination
scheme in an induction motor drive.

Syllabus

Module1: Voltage Source Inverters

Three phase Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) - Fundamental Concepts of PWM schemes,
Sine-triangle PWM - Space Vector PWM -Comparison of Sine-triangle PWM and Space
vector PWM

Module 2: Harmonic Distortion

HarmonicDistortion- Harmonic distortion factors for 3 phase inverters

Module 3: Multilevel and Multiphase Inverters

Multilevel Inverters – Different multilevel inverter topologies – Multiphase inverters

Module 4: Modulation Schemes for Multilevel Inverters

Modulation schemes for multilevel inverters –Sine-triangle PWM andSpace vector PWM
for multilevel inverters - Optimum switching in space vectorPWM – Overmodulation

Module 5: Common Mode Voltage Elimination Schemes

Common mode voltage elimination schemes in multilevel and multiphase inverters –

Implementation of PWM controller

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) (8 hours)
1.1 Three phase voltage source inverters (VSI) 2
1.2 Fundamental Concepts of PWM schemes, Sine-triangle
PWM, Spacevector PWM, Selective Harmonic Elimination 4
PWM, Random PWM.
1.3 Comparison of Sine-triangle PWM and Space vector PWM 1
1.4 Current hysteresis control of a voltage source inverter 1
2 Harmonic Distortion(8 hours)
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

2.1 Harmonic voltage distortion factor and Harmonic current

3
distortion factor
2.2 Harmonic distortion factors for three phase inverters 2
2.3 WTHD of three level inverter 1
2.4 Triplencarrier ratios and subharmonics 2
3 Multilevel and Multiphase Inverters(8 hours)
3.1 NPC, Cascaded H-Bridge and Flying capacitor inverters 4
3.2 Multilevel inverters with open-end winding induction motor 2
3.3 Multiphase inverters –five and six phases only 2
4 Modulation Schemes for Multilevel Inverters(8 hours)
4.1 Sine triangle PWM and Space vector PWM for multilevel
3
inverters
4.2 Optimum switching in space vector PWM 2
4.3 Zero vectors and importance of their placement in PWM 1
4.4 Over modulation of a voltage source inverter- Space vector
2
approach to over modulation
5 Common Mode Voltage EliminationSchemes (8 hours)
5.1 Common mode voltage and its adverse effects 2
5.2 Common mode voltage elimination schemes in multilevel
4
and multiphase inverters
5.3 Implementation of PWM controllers - Overview 2

Reference Books

1.G.Holmes& T.A. Lipo, Pulse width Modulation for Power Converters, Principle and
practice, IEEE Press, 2003

2. M.P.Kazmierkowski, Control of Power Converters: Selected Problems, Academic

Press,2003

3. Current literature
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

SEMESTER II
PROGRAM ELECTIVE IV
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE006 ROBUST CONTROL 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 4

Preamble: This course introduces students to the rapidly emerging, multi-disciplinary,

and exciting field of Robust Control systems.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to
Familiar with Robust control and its classification. Understand norms for
CO 1
signals and systems, uncertainty and robustness
CO 2 Analyse stability
Discuss design constraints and performance of H2 optimal control and
CO 3
estimation techniques.
CO 4 Do control design, H-infinity optimal control techniques

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 1 2 2 1 1
CO 2 1 1 2 2 2 1
CO 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
CO 4 3 1 2 1 2

Assessment Pattern
End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 20%
Analyse 60%
Evaluate 20%
Create

Mark distribution
Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original
publications (minimum 10 publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

The end semester examination will be conducted by the University. There will be two
parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 5 numerical questions (such questions shall
be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis,
synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students), with 1 question from each
module, having 5 marks for each question. Students shall answer all questions. Part B
contains 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall
achievement and maturity of the students in a course, through long answer questions
relating to theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem solving and
quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each module of which
student shall answer any five. Each question can carry 7 marks. Total duration of the
examination will be 150 minutes.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Robust control and its classification, norms for signals
and systems, uncertainty and robustness.

1. Explain the different types of Robust control?

2. Define and calculate Additive and multiplicative perturbations in robust control

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Stability analysis of Robust Control

1. Discuss the various Norms for signals and SISO & MIMO systems.
2. Explain the Robust stability condition for plants with additive uncertainty.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):Design constraints and performance of H2 optimal

control and estimation techniques
1. Given P and W, find a proper stabilizing controller to minimize the 2-norm of a
weighted closed-loop transfer function.
2. Discuss the H2-optimal control against general deterministic inputs.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Control design, H-infinity optimal control techniques

1. Obtain the Characteristics of an H-infinity sub-optimal controllers.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

̇ 0 1 𝑥𝑥1 0
2. Consider a double integrator�𝑥𝑥1� = � � � � + � � 𝑢𝑢, |u| ≤ 1 Design the sliding
𝑥𝑥2 ̇ 0 0 𝑥𝑥2 1
manifold: σ = c1x1 + x2 = 0, c1 > 0

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER
222EAE006 - ROBUST CONTROL

Time: 2:30 hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Explain about Multiplicative perturbation.

2. What do you understand by Plant Uncertainity.

3. What is Co prime Factorisation.

4. Discuss the Analytic Constraints for Robust Control

5. Compare Gain Margin & Phase margin Optimisation

PART B
Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks

6. Explain in detail about Design Objectives and Specifications of Robust Control.

7. Evaluate the asymptotic tracking performance of Robust Control.

8. Explain in detail about Parameterisation of all Stabilizing controller.

9. Discuss about various Design Constraints & Design for performance of an

Unstable system.

10. Explain the Sliding Mode Control of a Linear System with Full State Feedback.

11. Obtain Trade-Off between Performance and Robustness via H∞ Control

12. Suppose that {Pi :i=1,2,...,n} is a set of MIMO plants and that there is a single
controller K that internally stabilizes each Pi in the set. Show that there exists a
single transfer function P such that the set

P = { Fu(P,Δ)│Δ Є H∞,║Δ║∞ ≤ 1} is also robustly stabilized by K and that {Pi} ⊂ P

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus
Module 1

Introduction- Definition of robust control-Classification of robust control-Elements of

robust control theory-Modelling-Design objectives and specifications-Additive and
multiplicative perturbations

Module 2

Norms for signals and systems, input output relationships, internal stability,
asymptotic tracking, performance. Uncertainty and robustness: plant uncertainty,
robust stability, robust performance.

Module 3

Stabilization: controller parameterization for stable plant, co- prime factorization,

controller parameterization for general plant, asymptotic properties, strong and
simultaneous stabilization.

Module 4

Design constraints: algebraic constraints, analytic constraints. Design for

performance: unstable, 2-norm minimization. Linear Quadratic Controllers –
Characterization of H2 optimal controllers – H2 optimal estimation- Kalman Bucy
Filter – LQG Controller.

Module 5

Stability Margin Optimization: optimal robust stability, gain margin optimization,

phase margin optimization. Characterization of H-infinity sub-optimal controllers by
means of Riccati equations – H-infinity control with full information – H-infinity
estimation. Loop Shaping, Sliding mode control and H∞ control. Applications in
control design.

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition of robust control 1
1.2 Classification of robust control-Elements of robust control
2
theory
1.3 Design objectives and specifications 2
1.4 Additive and multiplicative perturbations 2
2 Norms , Uncertainty and robustness
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

2.1 Norms for signals and systems, input output relationships, 2

2.2 Internal stability, asymptotic tracking performance. 2
2.3 Plant uncertainty, robust stability, robust performance. 3
3 Stabilization:
3.1 Controller parameterization for stable plant, co- prime
3
factorization, controller
3.2 Parameterization for general plant, asymptotic properties. 2
3.3 Strong and simultaneous stabilization. 2
4 Design constraints: H2 OPTIMAL CONTROL
4.1 Algebraic constraints, analytic constraints. 2
4.2 Design for performance: unstable, design example. 3
4.3 2-norm minimization.. 2
4.4 Characterization of H2 optimal controllers 1
4.5 – H2 optimal estimation- KalmanBucy Filter – LQG Controller 2
5 Stability Margin Optimization:
5.1 Optimal robust stability, gain margin optimization, phase
3
margin optimization.
5.2 Loop Shaping, Sliding mode control and H∞ control. 2
5.3 Applications in control design. 2
5.4 H-infinity sub-optimal controllers by means of Riccati equations 2
5.5 H-infinity control with full information – Hinfinity estimation 2

Reference Books

1. 1.S.P. Bhattacharyya, H. Chapellat, L.H. Keel, “Robust Control: The

ParametricApproach”, Prentice Hall, 2007.

2. Chandrasekharan, P.C., “Robust Control of Linear Dynamical

Systems”,AcademicPress, 1996.

3. U. Mackenroth “Robust Control Systems: Theory and Case Studies”,Springer

International Edition, 2010.

4. J. B. Burl, “ Linear optimal control H2 and H-infinity methods”, Addison W

Wesley, 1998

5. Kemin Zhou, John Comstock Doyle, “Essentials of Robust Control”,

PrenticeHallInternational, 1998.

6. Sinha, “Linear Systems: Optimal and Robust Control”, Taylor & Francis
Group,2007.

U. Mackenroth, “Robust Control Systems Theory and Case studies”, Springer, 2013.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE007 CAD FOR VLSI 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 4

Preamble: This course deals with the fundamentals of Computer Aided Design (CAD)
tools for the design, analysis, synthesis, test, verification, routing and placement of
Digital Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) systems.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO 1 Apply different algorithms in VLSI design flow
CO 2 Apply Optimization of VLSI Design in circuit partitioning, floor planning and
placement
CO 3 Familiarize pin assignment and global routing
CO 4 Implement hardware models for high level synthesis
CO 5 Familiarize basics of Verilog tool

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 3 1
CO 2 3 3 3
CO 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3

Assessment Pattern
End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 40
Analyse 20
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewedoriginal publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:60 Marks

Part A: 5×5 Marks
Part B: 5×7 Marks

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the prim’s algorithm for spanningtree with necessary pseudo code.
2. Explain Dijkstra’s Algorithm.
3. Explain a suitable Data structures to represent a Graph.

Course Outcome 2(CO2):

1. Discuss types of placement problems.

2. Explain different steps in the application of Kernighan-Lin algorithm applied for
edge – weighted undirected graph.
3. Describe the shape function, floor plan sizing in floor planning.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Explain Maze routing algorithm

2. Discuss the relevance of Lee’s algorithm inGlobal routing.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain the force directed scheduling algorithm and explain the role of it in high
level synthesis.
2. Explain ASAP Scheduling.
3. What is high level synthesis? How is it difficult from logic level synthesis.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain the basic constructs used in Verilog.

2. Explain FSM model in Verilog.
3. Explain the various behavioural modelling with Always blocks. Give Suitable
examples.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

Second Semester M.Tech-Applied Electronics
Course Name: CAD for VLSI
Course Code: 222EAE007

Time:2.5 Hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Explain Dijkstra’s Algorithm.

2. Discuss types of placement problems.
3. Explain Maze routing algorithm.
4. Explain ASAP Scheduling.
5. Explain the basic constructs used in Verilog.
PART B

Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks.

6. Explain the prim’s algorithm for spanning tree with necessary pseudo
code.
7. Explain a suitable Data structures to represent a Graph.
8. Explain different steps in the application of Kernighan-Lin algorithm
applied for edge – weighted undirected graphs.
9. Determine a minimum weight strainer tree as shown in figure
corresponding to the net {a,b,c,d,e}. Assume that all horizontal edges
have weights equal to 2 and all vertical edges have weights equal to 1.

10. Explain the force directed scheduling algorithm and explain the role of it
in high level synthesis.
11. Explain FSM model in Verilog.
12. Explain the various behavioural modelling with Always blocks. Give
Suitable examples.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO VLSI DESIGN FLOW

Introduction to VLSI Design Methodologies: New Trends in VLSI Design Cycle, New
Trends in Physical Design Cycle.

Graph Algorithms:Data structures for Representation of Graphs, Breadth First Search,

Depth First Search, Topological Sort, Spanning Tree Algorithm - Kruskal’s and Prim’s,
Shortest path Algorithm - Dijkstra’s Algorithm for single pair shortest path.

MODULE 2: LAYOUT, PLACEMENT, PARTITIONING AND PLANNING

Layout Compaction: Problem Formulation, Longest Path Algorithm for DAGs – without
cycles and with cycles, Liao-Wong Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm.

Placement and Partitioning: Constructive Placement, Iterative Improvement, The

Kernighan-Lin Partitioning Algorithm, Simulated Annealing

Planning: Classification of Floor planning algorithms, Constraint based floor planning,

Rectangular Dualization.

MODULE 3: PIN ASSIGNMENT AND GLOBAL ROUTING

Pin Assignment: Classification of pin assignment algorithms, General and channel Pin
assignments.

Global Routing: Classification of global routing algorithms, Maze routing algorithms –

Lee’s Algorithm, Line-Probe algorithm, Strainer Tree based Algorithm.

Detailed Routing: Classification of routing Algorithms, Single layer routing algorithms.

MODULE 4: HIGH LEVEL SYNTHESIS

High-level Synthesis- Hardware models for High-level Synthesis, lntemal

Representation of the Input Algorithm - Allocation, Assignment and Scheduling, Some
Scheduling Algorithms - ASAP Scheduling - Mobllity-based Scheduling, Force-directed
Scheduling – List Scheduling.

MODULE 5: VERILOG BASICS

Introduction – BehavioralModeling with continuous assignments – Basic Constructs,

Behavioral Modelling with Always Blocks – Registers, Latches, Counters,
Combinational logic, Memories,Blocking and Non Blocking assignments – Finite State
Machines –Parameterized Modules – Structural primitives – Test Benches.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO VLSI DESIGN FLOW
1.1 Introduction to VLSI Design Methodologies: 1
1.2 New Trends in VLSI Design Cycle 1
1.3 New Trends in Physical Design Cycle 1
1.4 Graph Algorithms:Data structures for Representation of 2
Graphs,
1.5 Breadth First Search, Depth First Search, Topological Sort, 2
1.6 Spanning Tree Algorithm - Kruskal’s and Prim’s, 1
1.7 Shortest path Algorithm - Dijkstra’s Algorithm for single pair 1
shortest path.
2 MODULE 2 LAYOUT, PLACEMENT, PARTITIONING AND PLANNING
2.1 Layout Compaction: Problem Formulation, Longest Path 2
Algorithm for DAGs – without cycles and with cycles, Liao-
Wong Algorithm, Bellman-Ford Algorithm.
2.2 Placement and Partitioning: Constructive Placement, 2
Iterative Improvement, The Kernighan-Lin Partitioning
Algorithm, Simulated Annealing.
2.3 Planning: Classification of Floor planning algorithms, 2
Constraint based floor planning, Rectangular Dualization.
3 MODULE 3 PIN ASSIGNMENT AND GLOBAL ROUTING
3.1 Pin Assignment: Classification of pin assignment algorithms, 2
General and channel Pin assignments.
3.2 Global Routing: Classification of global routing algorithms, 2
Maze routing algorithms–Lee’s Algorithm, Line-Probe
algorithm, Strainer Tree based Algorithm.
3.3 Detailed Routing: Classification of routing Algorithms, 2
3.4 Single layer routing algorithms. 2
4 MODULE 4 – HIGH LEVEL SYNTHESIS
4.1 High-level Synthesis- Hardware models for Highlevel 2
Synthesis
4.2 lntemal Representation of the Input Algorithm - Allocation, 3
Assignment and Scheduling
4.3 Some Scheduling Algorithms - ASAP Scheduling - Mobllity- 2
based Scheduling
4.4 Force-directed Scheduling – List Scheduling 2
5 MODULE 5 VERILOG BASICS
5.1 Introduction – BehavioralModeling with continuous 2
assignments – Basic Constructs
5.2 Behavioral Modelling with Always Blocks – Registers, 2
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Latches, Counters, Combinational logic, Memories,

5.3 Blocking and Non Blocking assignments – Finite State 2
Machines –
5.4 Parameterized Modules – Structural primitives – Test 2
Benches.

Reference Books

1. S.H. Gerez, Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation, John Wiley & Sons, 2e,2006
2. N.A. Sherwani, Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation, Kluwar
Academic Publishers,2002.
3. Neil H. E. Weste, David Harris, Ayan Banerjee, CMOS VLSI Design, A Circuits
and Systems Perspective, 3e, 2006, Pearson Education
4. VivekSagdeo, The Complete Verilog Book,2002, Kluwer Academic Publishers
5. Samir Palnitkar, Verilog HDL, 2e, SunSoft Press
6. J. Bhaskar, VERILOG HDL SYNTHESIS: A Practical Primer, 2e, Star Galaxy
Publishing
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE008 BIOINFORMATICS 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 4

Preamble: This course aims to develop the skillto perform big data analysis and
analyze genomic sequences. After the completion of the course the student will be able
to perform big data analysis with emphasis on molecular data processing technologies.

Prerequisite: Basic knowledge of python programming.

Course Outcome: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Course Outcomes

Familiarize the central dogma of molecular theory, nature and scope of

CO 1 Bioinformatics and various file formats for biomolecular sequences

CO 2 Access and retrieve data from biological data bases.

Familiarize the concept of sequence alignment and database search

CO 3
tools.
CO 4 Build bio informatics programming capability

Compare various sequencing technologies and associated data

CO 5 processing.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7

CO 1 3 3 3 1

CO 2 3 3 3 1

CO 3 3 3 3 1

CO 4 3 3 3 1

CO 5 3 3 3 1
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination

Apply 70%

Analyse 30%

Evaluate

Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed
original publications (minimum 10 publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks.

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination: 60 marks

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There will
be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer
questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each question (such
questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students).
Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions
shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a
course, through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question
from each module of which student should answer any five. Each question can carry 7
marks.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Familiarize the central dogma of molecular theory,

nature and scope of Bioinformatics and various file formats for biomolecular
sequences

1. Explain the Structure of DNA, RNA and Protein

2. What is meant by gene density? Explain the gene densities in

eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

3. Explain various file formats for biomolecular sequences.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Access and retrieve data from biological data bases.

1. Explain the different types of biological data bases.

2. What are the features of Biological databases?

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Familiarize the concept of sequence alignment

and database search tools.

1. Explain the significance of sequence alignment.

2. Explain the importance of scoring matrices in sequence alignment.

3. Needleman–Wunsch & Smith–Waterman algorithms for global and

local sequence alignment.

4. Familiarize Database search tools: BLAST &FastA

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Build bio informatics programming capability

1. What is the basic structure of HTML page? Explain.

2. Explain split() and join() functions in Python.
3. What is Biopython ? Explain its applications

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Compare various sequencing technologies and

associated data processing.

1. Explain first Generation, second Generation and third Generation

sequencing technologies.

2. Explain FPKM and RPKM.

 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

Module 1: Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (10 Hours)

Computational Biology: Cell - Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Structure of DNA,

RNA and Protein - Coding and Non-coding RNAs - mRNA, tRNA, miRNA and siRNA.
Eukaryotic &Prokaryotic genome, Gene structure, GC content, Gene Density in
Eukaryotes &Prokaryotes, Bioinformatics: Nature & Scope of Bioinformatics, Genome
projects and Importance of bioinformatics, extracting, collecting and storing
sequences; file formats for biomolecular sequences: GenBank, Fasta.

Module 2: Biological Databases (6 Hours)

Biological Databases : NCBI, ENSEMBL, UNIPROT, PFAM, Primary Sequence

Databases, Composite protein sequence databases, Secondary Databases, Composite
protein pattern databases, Structure classification databases.

Module 3: Sequence Alignment & Search Tools (6Hours)

Pairwise and Multiple sequence alignments: basic concepts of sequence alignment,

Use of pairwise alignments and Multiple sequence alignment for analysis of Nucleic
acid and protein sequences and interpretation of results. Needleman–Wunsch &
Smith–Waterman algorithms for global and local sequence alignment. Familiarize
Database search tools: BLAST &FastA

Module 4: Advanced Programming for Bioinformatics (9 Hours)

WebTechnology: Client Server Technology, Web servers, Web browsers, basic HTML,
Scripting Languages: Python- Regular expressions, control statements, functions,
string manipulations, Creation and accessing Modules and Packages in Python,
Parallel programming/ Computing; Access public databases and different types of files
using BioPython.

Module 5: Sequencing Technologies and data processing (9 Hours)

Introduction to sequencing technologies : First Generation (Sanger sequencing),

Second Generation (Next Generation Sequencing, NGS), Third Generation (long-read
sequencing). Data file formats : FASTA, FASTQ, BAM, SAM, vcf, BED. Quality
assessment & pre-processing of NGS data. Variant discovery : Mapping to reference
genome & variant calling, Introduction to Gene expression and quantification :
Microarray & RNA-Seq.

Gene expression estimation from RNA-Seqdata : TPM, FPKM, RPKM. Gene &
Transcript annotation :blastn, blastx, DIAMOND, UNIPROT database, KEGG.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Reference Books

1. Arthur Lesk, Introduction to Genomics, Oxford University Press, 3e,2017

2. David W. Mount, Bioinformatics:Sequence and Genome Analysis, Coldspring
harbor Laboratory,2e,2004
3. JinXiong, Essential Bioinformatics, Cambridge University Press, 1e,2007
4. Xinkun Wang, Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis, 2016, CRC Press
5. SupratimChoudhuri, Bioinformatics for Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular
Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools, Academic Press, 1e, 2014
6. Jonathan M. Keith, Bioinformatics: Volume I: Data, Sequence Analysis, and
Evolution, Humana, 2017
7. EijaKorpelainen ,JarnoTuimala, PanuSomervuo, Mikael Huss, Garry Wong,
RNA-seq Data Analysis: A Practical Approach, Chapman & Hall/CRC
Mathematical and Computational Biology, 1e, 2014
Laiq Hasan, Acceleration of Bioinformatics Sequence Alignment, LAP Lambert
Academic Publishing, 2011.
8. AsheeshShanker, Bioinformatics: Sequences, Structures, Phylogeny, Springer,
1e, 2018
9. Dr Martin Jones, Python for Biologists: A complete programming course for
beginnersCreate Space Independent Publishing Platform,1e, 2013
10. YASH AKBARI, PYTHON PROGRAMMING : BLACK BOOK,
ebook,https://www.amazon.in/PYTHON-PROGRAMMING-BLACK-YASH-AKBARI-
ebook/dp/B08F3RZS7N

Course Plan
No. of
No Topic Lectures
1 Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
1.1 Cell - Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, Structure of DNA 2
1.2 RNA and Protein: Coding and Non-coding RNAs -mRNA 2
1.3 tRNA, miRNA and siRNA 2
1.4 Importance of bioinformatics, Pattern recognition and 1
prediction
1.5 Folding 1
1.6 Eukaryotic &Prokaryotic genome, Gene structure, GC content, 1
Gene Density in Eukaryotes &Prokaryotes
1.7 Nature & Scope of Bioinformatics,Genome projects.extracting, 1
collecting and storing sequences. Biomolecular sequences:
Extracting, collecting and storing sequences. File formats for
biomolecular sequences: GenBank, Fasta
2 Biological Databases
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

2.1 Biological Databases : NCBI, ENSEMBL, UNIPROT, PFAM 1

2.2 Primary Sequence Databases, Composite protein sequence 2
databases
2.3 Secondary Databases 1
2.4 Composite protein pattern databases, 1

2.5 Structure classification databases. 1

3 Sequence Alignment & Search Tools

3.1 Basic concept of sequence alignment, Pairwise alignments and 1
Multiple sequence alignment for analysis of Nucleic acid and
interpretation of results.
3.2 Pairwise alignments and Multiple sequence alignment for 1
analysis of protein sequences and interpretation of results.
3.3 Needleman–Wunsch algorithm for global and local sequence 1
alignment.
3.4 Smith–Waterman algorithm for global and local sequence 1
alignment.
3.5 Familiarize Database search tools: BLAST &FastA 2
4 Advanced Programming for Bioinformatics
4.1 WebTechnology: Client Server Technology, Web servers, Web 3
browsers, basic HTML,
4.2 Scripting Language: Python- Regular expressions, control 5
statements, functions, string manipulations, Creation and
accessing Modules and Packages in Python, Parallel
programming/ Computing..
4.3 Access public databases and different types of files using 1
BioPython.
5 Sequencing Technologies and data processing
5.1 Introduction to sequencing technologies : First Generation 1
(Sanger sequencing), Second Generation (Next Generation
Sequencing, NGS), Third Generation (long-read sequencing).
5.2 Data file formats : FASTA, FASTQ, BAM, SAM, vcf, BED. 1
5.3 Quality assessment & pre-processing of NGS data. Variant 2
discovery : Mapping to reference genome & variant calling,
5.4 Introduction to Gene expression and quantification 3
:Microarray& RNA-Seq
5.5 Gene expression estimation from RNA-Seqdata : TPM, FPKM, 1
RPKM.
5.6 Gene & Transcript annotation :blastn, blastx, DIAMOND, 1
UNIPROT database, KEGG.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

---------------SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: 222EAE008

Program: Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Course Name: Bioinformatics

Max.Marks: 60 Duration: 3Hours

PART A

Answer all questions. Each carries 5 marks

1. List the roles of mRNA ,tRNA and rRNA.

2. Write short note on primary biological databases.

3. Explain the pairwise alignments for analysis of protein sequences and

interpretation of results.

4. What is web browser and what is the purpose of web browser?

5. Explain the advantages of RNA-sequencing over Microarray Technology.

PART B

Answer any five questions. Each carries 7 marks

6. Explain the bio-sequences associated with central dogma of molecular biology.

7. Using Needleman and Wunsch dynamic programming method, construct
thepartial alignment score table for the following two sequences, using the
following scoring parameters: match score: +5, mismatch score: -1, gap penalty:
-2.
GCATGCU
GATTACA

Write down the optimal global alignment between these sequences along
withoptimal score.

8. Discuss the principal features and structures of NCBI and UniProt database
projects.
9. Write a python script to generate all possible ORFs in the given sequence :
ATGTACTTATAGATTCTGATGCCCGCAACACACCCCATATAGCATTCATAAGTA
CAT
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

10. Write a python script to accept two input numbers (10,6) as command line
arguments, and returns the values of arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division) which are in separate subroutines.

11. Draw the analysis workflow for RNA-Seq data analysis and explain.

12. Draw the analysis workflow for variant discovery and explain.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE009 IOT BASED SYSTEM DESIGN 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 4

Preamble: The digital space has witnessed major transformations in the last couple of
years and as per industry experts would continue to evolve itself. The latest entrant to
the digital space is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT can also be defined as interplay for
software, telecom and electronic hardware industry and promises to offer tremendous
opportunities for many industries. The number of Internet-connected devices (12.5
billion) surpassed the number of human beings (7 billion) on the planet in 2011, and
by 2020, Internet-connected devices are expected to number between 26 billion and
50 billion globally. Therefore, to leverage India’s strength as a leader in the global
service industry, this course will help students to become part of the IoT ecosystem in
the country.

Course Outcomes: The COs shown are only indicative.

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the concept of IoT.

CO 2 Describe Networking basics for IoT application development

CO 3 Analyze various protocols for IoT.

CO 4 Design a PoC of an IoT system using various hardware platforms

CO 5 Apply data analytics and use cloud offerings related to IoT.

CO 6 Analyze applications of IoT in real time scenario.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7

CO 1 1 1 - 3 - - -

CO 2 - - - - 1 2 -

CO 3 - - 2 - 2 - -

CO 4 - - 3 - 2 - -

CO 5 2 - - 3 - - -

CO 6 2 - - 3 - - -
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Assessment Pattern
End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 30
Analyse 20
Evaluate 10
Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original
publications (minimum 10 publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

The end semester examination will be conducted by the University. There will be two
parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 5 numerical questions (such questions shall
be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis,
synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students), with 1 question from each
module, having 5 marks for each question. Students shall answer all questions. Part B
contains 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall
achievement and maturity of the students in a course, through long answer questions
relating to theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem solving and
quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each module of which
student shall answer any five. Each question can carry 7 marks. Total duration of the
examination will be 150 minutes.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER
222EAE009 -IOT BASED SYSTEM DESIGN
Time: 2:30 hours Max. Marks: 60
PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Discuss the IoT system architecture and standards.

2. Discuss the available indegenious RISC V based SoC solutions for prototyping
the IoT node.

3. Briefly discuss MQTT protocol and its application in IoT.

4. Write a short note on IoT Security.

5. What is TinyML? Discuss the significance of TinyML in IoT perspective.

PART B
Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks

6. Discuss 6LoWPAN and its applications in IoT.

7. How to interface a sensor or actuator to an embedded hardware development

board? discuss with reference to the IoT context.

8. Compare the LoRa, LoRaWAN, sigfox and NB-IoT connectivity technologies.

9. Discuss about Open and commercial Cloud solutions for IoT applications.

10. Discuss about ARM Cortex Microcontroller Security and Root Security Services
(RSS)

11. Discuss the detailed procedure for designing an IoT based system for Smart
vehicle status monitoring system, also mention the hardware, software, cloud
and security concepts used in designing the complete system with relevant flow
diagrams and figures.

12. Discuss the detailed procedure for designing an IoT based system for Smart
Irrigation systems. Mention the hardware, software, cloud and security
concepts used in designing the complete system with relevant flow diagrams
and figures.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

MODULE 1

Overview of IoT - Introduction to the Internet of Things, IoT system architecture and
standards, Networking Basics - TCP/IP, Networking Basics - IP addressing basics
(IPV4 and IPV6), Optimizing IP for IoT: From 6LoWPAN to 6Lo, Routing over Low Power
and Lossy Networks.

MODULE 2

IoT hardware Platforms - IoT Design Methodology – Embedded computing logic –

Microcontroller-System on Chips, Hardware platforms for prototyping IoT node-
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU, ESP32, ARM Cortex Microcontrollers, IoT mote
hardware platforms, Swadeshi RISC V based solutions, Interfacing sensors and
actuators with hardware platforms, Developing IoT applications using Raspberry Pi
with Python Programming.

MODULE 3

IoT connectivity & Protocols- IoT Access Technologies: WiFi, Zigbee, Zwave,
Bluetooth,UWB, sub1GHz, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT; Topology and Security of
IEEE 802.15.4, 802.15.4g, 802.15.4e, 1901.2a, 802.11ah and LoRaWAN; IoT
application level protocols: MQTT, CoAP, XMPP, HTTP/Rest Services, WebSockets.

MODULE 4

Data analytics, Cloud and IoT Security - No SQL Databases Vs SQL Databases,
Apache web servers, JSON, Open and commercial Cloud solutions for IoT, Python Web
Application Frameworks for IoT, IoT data visualisation tools, IoT Security - Need for
encryption, standard encryption protocol, lightweight cryptography, Trust models for
IoT, ARM Cortex Microcontroller Security, Root Security Services (RSS).

MODULE 5

IoT Case studies- Smart Lighting, Smart home, Smart Agriculture, Smart farming,
IoT for health care & patient monitoring, Smart and Connected Cities, Building end-to-
end smart applications with TinyML
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures

1 Overview of IoT

1.1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 1

1.2 IoT system architecture and standards 1

1.3 Networking Basics - TCP/IP 1

1.4 Networking Basics - IP addressing basics (IPV4 and IPV6) 2

1.5 Optimizing IP for IoT: From 6LoWPAN to 6Lo, Routing over Low 2
Power and Lossy Networks

2 IoT hardware Platforms

2.1 IoT Design Methodology – Embedded computing logic – 1

Microcontroller-System on Chips

2.2 Hardware platforms for prototyping IoT node- Arduino, 3

Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU, ESP32, ARM Cortex Microcontrollers,
IoT mote hardware platforms, Swadeshi RISC V based
solutions

2.3 Interfacing sensors and actuators with hardware platforms 2

2.4 Developing IoT applications using Raspberry Pi with Python 2

Programming.

3 IoT connectivity & Protocols

3.1 IoT Access Technologies: WiFi, Zigbee, Zwave, Bluetooth,UWB, 3

sub1GHz, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT

3.2 Topology and Security of IEEE 802.15.4, 802.15.4g, 802.15.4e, 2

1901.2a, 802.11ah and LoRaWAN

3.3 IoT application level protocols: MQTT, CoAP, XMPP, HTTP/Rest 3

Services, WebSockets

4 Data analytics, Cloud and IoT Security

4.1 No SQL Databases Vs SQL Databases 1

4.2 Apache web servers 1

4.3 JSON 1
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

4.4 Open and commercial Cloud solutions for IoT 2

4.5 Python Web Application Frameworks for IoT 1

4.6 IoT data visualisation tools 1

4.7 IoT Security - Need for encryption, standard encryption 1

protocol, lightweight cryptography, Trust models for IoT

4.8 ARM Cortex Microcontroller Security, Root Security Services 1

(RSS)

5 IoT Case studies

5.1 Smart Lighting, Smart home 1

5.2 Smart Agriculture, Smart farming 1

5.3 IoT for health care & patient monitoring 1

5.4 Smart and Connected Cities 1

5.5 Building end-to-end smart applications with TinyML 4

Reference Books

1. David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome
Henry, ―IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for
Internet of Things, Cisco Press, 2017

2. Alessandro Bassi, Martin Bauer, Martin Fiedler, Thorsten Kramp, Rob van
Kranenburg, Sebastian Lange, Stefan Meissner, “Enabling things to talk –
Designing IoT solutions with the IoT Architecture Reference Model”, Springer Open,
2016

3. Vijay Madisetti ,ArshdeepBahga, Adrian McEwen (Author), Hakim Cassimally

“Internet of Things: A Hands-on-Approach” ArshdeepBahga& Vijay Madisetti, 2014.

4. Gian Marco Iodice, TinyML Cookbook: Combine artificial intelligence and ultra-low-
power embedded devices to make the world smarter

5. Olivier Hersent, David Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi , ―The Internet of Things – Key
applications and Protocols, Wiley, 2012

6. Vijay Madisetti ,ArshdeepBahga, Adrian McEwen (Author), Hakim Cassimally

“Internet of Things A Hands-on-Approach” ArshdeepBahga& Vijay Madisetti, 2014

7. S.Misra, A. Mukherjee, and A.Roy, 2020. Introduction to IoT. Cambridge

University Press.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

8. Rajkamal, “Internet of Things : Architecture and Design Principles”, McGraw Hill

(India) Private Limited

9. ChuanKunWn,”Internet of Things Security: Architectures and Security Measures”,

Springer 2021.

10. Alessandro Bassi, Martin Bauer, Martin Fiedler, Thorsten Kramp, Rob van
Kranenburg, Sebastian Lange, Stefan Meissner, “Enabling things to talk –
Designing IoT solutions with the IoT Architecture Reference Model”, Springer Open,
2016
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROGRAM
222EAE010 SOFT COMPUTING 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 4

Preamble:This course provides an introduction to key concepts in soft computing as

Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithms to equip students with
knowledge required to develop intelligent systemsto solve real world problems in
domains such as control system,machine learning etc.
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Familiarize the basic areas of Soft Computing including Artificial Neural

CO 1
Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithms.
Comprehend fuzzy logic and the concept of fuzziness involved in various
CO 2
systems.
CO 3 Analyze the various neural network architectures.
CO 4 Apply genetic algorithm concepts and their applications.
Design hybrid system to apply the principles of soft computing in various
CO 5
applications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 2
CO 2 3 3
CO 3 3 3
CO 4 3 3
CO 5 2 3 3 3

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 30
Analyse 30
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5 hours
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewedoriginal publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

60 Marks
Part A: 5×5 Marks
Part B: 5×7 Marks

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Compare and contrast the three different soft computing techniques.
2. Give the advantages of using soft computing approach for real world problems.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Given fuzzy sets A and B as A = 0.2/1 +0.9/2 + 0.7/3 + 0.6/4 + 0.1/5 and
B = 0.3/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.5/3 + 0.4/4 + 0.1/5, compute:
(a) The subset hood value S(A, B) and S(B, A),
(b) Union of A and B.
2. With block diagram explain the different components of fuzzy rule based
system.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Give the architecture of McCulloh Pits neuron and explain how a logic is
implemented in it. How can you model the logic S=A+B+C using MCP neuron
model?
2. Draw and explain the architecture of convolutional neural networks.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain the following selection methods in genetic algorithm.
(a) Tournament selection (b) Roulette wheel selection
2. What makes genetic algorithm a good optimization tool?

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. With the architecture explain fuzzy backpropagation algorithm. Also give the
convergence condition.
2. Explain the neural realization of basic fuzzy logic operations in neuro-fuzzy
systems
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER
222EAE010SOFT COMPUTING

Time: 2:30hours Max. Marks:60

PART A

(Answer all questions. Each carries 5 marks)

1 Let A = {(3, .5), (5, 1), (7, .6) } and B= {(3, 1), (5, .6) } are two fuzzy sets in 5

X={ 1,2,3….10}. Applying the definitions of fuzzy set operations , prove

the De Morgan laws related to fuzzy sets.

2 Explain perceptron convergence theorem. 5

3 Give the architecture of Convolutional Neural Network. Give any two 5

benefits of using convolutional layers instead of fully connected ones for
visual tasks.

4 Explain any two popularly used crossover operators in genetic algorithm. 5

5 With block diagram explain a fuzzy neural system. 5

PART B

(Answer any 5 questions. Each carries 7 marks)

6 What is defuzzification process? Explain any two defuzzification 7

strategies used in decision making infuzzy logic systems. For the fuzzy
sets given find the defuzzified value.

7 Consider fuzzy sets M, N and T given as 7

M = { 0.9/low+0.3/average+0.5/high },

N= { 0.9/small+0.3/medium+0.5/big } and
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

T ={ 0.4/low+0.1/average+0.7/high }.

Find the fuzzy relation for Cartesian product R=MxN and max min
composition between T and R.

8 Consider a multilayer feed forward network having 2 input nodes,1 7

hidden layer with 2 nodes and one output node.

Given the training set as :

Input pairs: [(0.4, -0.7) (0.3,-0.5) ] Target output: [ 0.1 0.05 ]

Initial weight matrix as:

Weights to hidden node : [w11 w12 ;w21 w22 ]= [0.1 -0.2; 0.4 0.2]

Weights to output node : [ 0.2 -0.5]

(wij denote weight from jth to ith node)

Given learning rate =0.6 and activation function of neurons as

1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
(1 + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 )−1

Find the updated weights when the given training pairs are fed in order.

9 What are support vectors in SVM algorithm? Differentiate between hard 7

margin and soft margin SVMs.
10 Give architecture Discrete Hopfield network and explain the algorithm 7
used. How can you store the pattern (1,1,1,0) in a Hopfield net.
Describe the form of weight matrix. Also test the net with mistakes in
the first and second component of the stored vector.
11 What are the steps involved in optimization using genetic algorithm? 7
What makes genetic algorithm a good optimization tool?

12 With the architecture explain fuzzy backpropagation algorithm. Also give 7

the convergence condition.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to soft computing - Fuzzy Systems, Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic

Algorithm and Evolutionary Programming.
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic - Membership functions, Operations on fuzzy sets, Fuzzy
Relations. Fuzzy rule base and Approximate Reasoning - Introduction to Fuzzy
Decision Making.

Module 2

Overview of Artificial Neural Networks - Basic Models and Learning rules of ANN’s.
McCulloh-Pitts Neuron.
Supervised Learning Networks: Perceptron Networks, Linear Separability,
Adaptive Linear Neuron, Multiple Adaptive Linear Neurons, MLP -Backpropagation
Network.

Module 3

Unsupervised Learning Networks: Kohonen Neural Network, Hamming Neural Network

- Hopfield Neural Network- Bi-directional Associative Memory -Adaptive Resonance
Theory Neural Networks- Support Vector Machines - Spike Neuron Models,
Convolutional Neural Networks, Deep Learning neural networks.

Module 4

Basic Concepts of Genetic Algorithm – Encoding - Fitness Function - Reproduction -

Inheritance Operators - Cross Over - Inversion and Deletion - Mutation Operator -
Convergence of Genetic Algorithm.

Module 5

Hybrid Systems -Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic - GA Based Weight
Determination - LR-Type Fuzzy Numbers - Fuzzy Neuron - Fuzzy BP Architecture -
Learning in Fuzzy BP- Inference by Fuzzy BP - Fuzzy ArtMap. A Brief Introduction -
soft computing Tools - GA in Fuzzy Logic Controller Design, Fuzzy Logic Controller.

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Module 1: Soft Computing, Introduction to fuzzy sets
1.1 Introduction to soft computing - Fuzzy Systems, Artificial
Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithm and Evolutionary 2
Programming.
1.2 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic - Membership functions,
2
Operations on fuzzy sets, Fuzzy Relations.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

1.3 Fuzzy rule base and Approximate Reasoning 2

1.4 Introduction to Fuzzy Decision Making 2
2 Module 2: Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks
2.1 Overview of Artificial Neural Networks – Basic Models and
2
Learning rules of ANN’s
2.2 McCulloh-Pitts Neuron 1
2.3 Supervised Learning Network: Perceptron Networks, Linear
1
Separability
2.4 Adaptive Linear Neuron, Multiple Adaptive Linear Neurons 2
2.5 MLP – Backpropagation Network 2
3 Module 3: Different Neural Network architectures
3.1 Unsupervised Learning Networks: Kohonen Neural Network 1
3.2 Hamming Neural Network - Hopfield Neural Network- Bi-
2
directional Associative Memory
3.3 Adaptive Resonance Theory Neural Networks- Support
2
Vector Machines
3.4 Spike Neuron Models, convolutional neural networks, deep
learning neural networks. 3

4 Module 4: Introduction to Genetic Algorithm

4.1 Basic Concepts of Genetic Algorithm – Encoding 1
4.2 Fitness Function 1
4.3 Reproduction - Inheritance Operators 2
4.4 Cross Over - Inversion and Deletion - Mutation Operator 2
4.5 Convergence of Genetic Algorithm 2
5 Module 5: Hybrid systems
5.1 Hybrid Systems -Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic
1
algorithm.
5.2 GA Based Weight Determination 2
5.3 LR-Type Fuzzy Numbers - Fuzzy Neuron - Fuzzy BP
2
Architecture - Learning in Fuzzy BP- Inference by Fuzzy BP
5.4 Fuzzy ArtMap 1
5.5 A Brief Introduction - soft computing Tools - GA in Fuzzy
2
Logic Controller Design, Fuzzy Logic Controller.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Reference Books

1. 1.S.N.Sivanandam , S.N.Deepa, "Principles of Soft Computing", Wiley India

Pvt.Ltd., 2nd Edition, 2011.
2. S.Rajasekaran, G.A.Vijayalakshmi Pai, "Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and
Genetic Algorithm, Synthesis and Applications ", PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd., 2017.
3. James A. Freeman and David M. Skapura, ―Neural Networks Algorithms,
Applications, and Programming Techniques‖, Addison Wesley, 2003.
4. Timothy J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic with engineering applications – Wiley India.
5. Simon Haykin, Neural Network- A Comprehensive Foundation- Prentice Hall
International, Inc
6. Goldberg D.E., Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine
Learning- Addison Wesley.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

SEMESTER II
INTERDISCIPLINARY ELECTIVE
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

INTER
222EAE012 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION DISCIPLINARY 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE

Preamble: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to
CO 1 Develop software program in VI
Experiment with plug-in DAQ interfaces for prototype measurement
CO 2
systems
Implement basis concepts incorporating various VI Toolsets based on the
CO 3
application in Virtual Instruments.
CO 4 Familiarize Smart Sensors
Develop VI for real time systems, embedded controller, HMI/SCADA
CO 5
software and Active X programming.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 1 2 2 1 1
CO 2 1 2 2 1 1
CO 3 1 3 2 2 1
CO 4 2 2 2
CO 5 1 2 2 1

Assessment Pattern
End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 40
Analyse 20
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5 hours
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short
answer questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each
question. Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions, with
minimum one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.

Course level Assessment Questions:

Course outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Draw the general architecture of a virtual instrument and explain the functions
of each block.
2. What is graphical programing in VI and why is it differ from conventional
programing

Course outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Create a VI to find the sum of N natural numbers using a while loop with a
feedback node.
2. Explain the difference between global and local variables with suitable example.
3. Develop a VI program that displays a string in the array of LEDs each letter has
to displayed in a separate array and the letters have to move from one array to
another in the direction of left to right.

Course outcome 3 (CO3):

1. What are the major components of a PC based data acquisition system. How do
the software and hardware work together to process data.
2. Explain data acquisition in LabVIEW with suitable example.

Course outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Define GPIB and how the communication can be established, Explain
advantages over bus interface.
2. Explain the operation and functions of PXI controller and classify them.

Course outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Give an example for real time application in VI, and also explain development of
virtual instrument using GUI.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

2. What is HMI and SCADA,and also explain the components layers of SCADA.

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Second Semester M.Tech. Degree Examination _____ , _______

Course Code: 222EAE012

Course Name: VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION

Time: 2.5 Hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Explain the essential need for Virtual Instrumentation and compare it

with the traditional instruments.
2. Draw and Explain the graphical and VI models with design flow.

3. Define resolution in DAC

4. Explain how VISA is Helpful in instrument control.

5. Explain development of virtual instrument using GUI

PART B

Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks.

1. Draw the general architecture of a virtual instrument and explain the

function of each block.

2. Pictorially represent data flow programming in VI

3. List out the important characteristics of DAC? Explain them
4. Explain IVI with basic architecture , also list out the advantage of
interchangeable VI.

5. What is VISA ? Mention the various types of instruments can be

controlled by VISA.

6. List the types of interfacing bus

7. Explain
a) Virtual oscilloscope
b) Virtual function generator
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

MODULE 1: Virtual Instrumentation

An Introduction: Historical perspective, Advantages, Block Diagram and Architecture

of Virtual Instrument, Data-Flow Techniques, Graphical Programming in data flow,
Comparison with convectional programming, Development of Virtual Instrumentation
using GUI, Real Time systems.

MODULE 2: VI Programming Techniques

VIs and sub-VIs, Loops and Charts, Arrays, Clusters and Graphs, Case and Sequence
Structures, Formula nodes, local and global variables, State Machine String and file
I/O.

MODULE 3: Data Acquisition Basics

Introduction to PC based data acquisition , Sampling fundamentals, Input/Output

techniques and buses. DC, DAC, Digital I/O, Counters and timers, DMA, Software and
Hardware Installation, Calibration, Resolution, Data acquisition interface
requirements.

MODULE 4: VI Interface

Common Instrument Interfaces: Current loop, RS 232C/RS485, GPIB. Bus Interfaces:

USB, PCMCIA, VXI, SCSI, PCI, PXI, Firewire. PXI system controllers, Ethernet control
of PXI. Networking basics for office and Industrial applications, VISA and IVI.

MODULE 5: VI Toolsets and Applications

Distributed I/O modules-Virtual Laboratory, Virtual Oscilloscope, Virtual function

generator, Simulation of systems using VI, Development of Control system, Industrial
Communication, Image acquisition and processing, Motion control. Development of
Virtual Instrument using GUI, Real-time systems, Embedded Controller, OPC, HMI /
SCADA software, Active X programming.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Virtual Instrumentation
1.1 An Introduction: Historical perspective, Advantages, Block
2
Diagram and Architecture of Virtual Instrument.
1.2 Data-Flow Techniques, Graphical Programming in data
3
flow, Comparison with convectional programming,
1.3 Development of Virtual Instrumentation using GUI, Real
2
Time systems.
2 VI Programming Techniques
2.1 VIs and sub-VIs, Loops and Charts, Arrays, Clusters and
2
Graphs.
2.2 Case and Sequence Structures, Formula nodes, local and
global variables. 3

2.3 State Machine String and file I/O. 2

3 Data Acquisition Basics
3.1 Introduction to PC based data acquisition , Sampling
1
fundamentals,
3.2 Input/Output techniques and buses. DC, DAC, Digital I/O,
3
Counters and timers, DMA,
3.3 Software and Hardware Installation, Calibration,
4
Resolution, Data acquisition interface requirements.
4 VI Interface
4.1 Common Instrument Interfaces: Current loop, RS
2
232C/RS485, GPIB. Bus Interfaces:
4.2 USB, PCMCIA, VXI, SCSI, PCI, PXI, Firewire. PXI system
4
controllers, Ethernet control of PXI.
4.3 Networking basics for office and Industrial applications,
3
VISA and IVI.
5 VI Toolsets and Applications
5.1 Distributed I/O modules-Virtual Laboratory, Virtual 3
Oscilloscope, Virtual function generator, Simulation of
systems using VI,
5.2 Development of Control system, Industrial Communication, 3
Image acquisition and processing, Motion control
5.3 Development of Virtual Instrument using GUI, Real-time 3
systems, Embedded Controller, OPC, HMI / SCADA
software, Active X programming,
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Reference Books

1. Kevin James, “PC Interfacing and Data Acquisition: Techniques for

Measurement, Instrumentation and Control”, Newnes, 2000.
2. LabVIEW Graphical Programming , Gary Johnson, Second edition, McGraw Hill,
Newyork, 1997
3. S. Gupta, J.P. Gupta, ‘PC interfacing for Data Acquisition & Process Control’,
2nd Ed., Instrument Society of America, 1994.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

INTER
ROBOTIC DESIGN AND
222EAE013 DISCIPLINARY 3 0 0 3
CONTROL
ELECTIVE

Preamble: This course will serve as an introductory robotics course for the design and
control of complex robotic systems.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able
CO 1 Introduce the concepts of Robotic systems
CO 2 Analyse drives and sensory systems in robotics
CO 3 Model the kinematics and dynamics of robotics
CO 4 Familiarize the control of Robotics
CO 5 Implement Robot programming

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 1 2 1 1
CO 2 2 2 2 2
CO 3 3 1 3 2 2
CO 4 2 1 1 2 1 1
CO 5 2 1 1 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 20%
Analyse 60%
Evaluate 20%
Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred): 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination: 60marks

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There will
be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer
questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each question (such
questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students).
Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions
shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a
course, through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question
from each module of which student should answer any five. Each question can carry 7
marks.

Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not exceed 20% over
the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks awarded to a student for
each elective course shall be normalized accordingly. For example if the average end
semester mark % for a core course is 40, then the maximum eligible mark % for an
elective course is 40+20 = 60 %

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the commonly used robot configuration system?
2. Explain the different types of joints in robot design?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Explain the performance and selection criteria of electric motors in robotics
2. Discuss mechanical grippers used in robots and list out its advantages.?

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Discuss Denavit - Hartenberg convention in detail
2. Explain the Lagrange Euler’s formulation for robot arm.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Differentiate between Cartesian control and Force control
2. Explain PID control of a single link flexible robot.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Using VAL language, discuss the basic commands and explain the structure of
the program for a typical pick and place operation.
2. Explain the manual lead through programming in robot application
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

Module 1:

Introduction to robotics: Brief History, Definition, Robot Anatomy, Three laws,

Classification of robots, Robot terminologies: work volume, Degree of Freedom,
resolution, accuracy, repeatability, dexterity, compliance, payload capacity, speed of
response etc., Robotic arm – Components and structure, Types of joints
andworkspace, Common kinematic arrangements, Wrists, End effectors- Areas of
application.

Module 2:

Robot drive systems: End effectors and Automation, Types of drives – Hydraulic,
Pneumatic and Electric, Comparison of all such drives, DC servo motors, Stepper
motors, AC servo motor – salient features and applications, pulse count calculations
End effectors - Types of Grippers – Mechanical, Magnetic, vacuum, pneumatic and
hydraulic, selection and design considerations.

Module 3:

Robot Sensors: Internal and external sensors, Position- potentiometric, Optical

sensors, Encoders - absolute, incremental, Touch and slip sensors, Velocity and
acceleration sensors, Proximity sensors, Force and torque sensors, tactile sensors,
Flow sensors, Temperature sensors, vision sensors.

Module 4:

Robot Kinematics and Dynamics- Kinematic Modelling: Translation and Rotation

Representation, Coordinate transformation, DH parameters, Forward and inverse
kinematics, Jacobian, Dynamic Modelling: Forward and inverse dynamics, Equations
of motion using Euler-Lagrange formulation, Newton Euler formulation.

Module 5:

Motion planning and control- Joint and Cartesian space trajectory planning and
generation, Classical control concepts using the example of control of a single link,
Independent joint PID control, Control of a multi-link manipulator, Nonlinear model
based control schemes. Serial and parallel manipulators, Control of constrained
manipulators, Cartesian control, Force control and hybrid position/force control
Robot Programming – Programming methods, Robot languageclassification, Robot
language structure, elements and itsfunctions. Motion, End-effecter and Sensor
commands in VALprogramming language.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Course Plan
No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction to robotics
1.1 Definition, law of robotics, History and Classification of
1
Robotics
1.2 Robot Terminologies 2
1.3 Robotic arm 2
1.4 Common kinematic arrangements, Wrists, End effectors-
2
Areas of application
2 Robot drive system
2.1 End effectors and Automation 1
2.2 Types of drives – Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electric 2
2.3 DC servo motors, Stepper motors, AC servo motor 2
2.4 Types of Grippers 3
3 Robot Actuators and Sensors
3.1 Internal and external sensors 2
3.2 Position Sensors 1
3.3 Velocity and acceleration sensors 1
3.4 Proximity sensors, Force and torque sensors. 2
3.5 Actuators- Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Electrical 2
4 Robot Kinematics and Dynamics
4.1 Kinematic Modelling: Translation and Rotation
2
Representation, Coordinate transformation
4.2 DH representation parameters 1
4.3 Forward and inverse kinematics 2
4.4 Jacobian, Dynamic Modelling 1
4.5 Equations of motion using Euler-Lagrange formulation,
Newton Euler formulation. 3

5 Motion planning and control

5.1 control of a single link, Independent joint PID control 2
5.2 Control of a multi-link manipulator 1
5.3 Nonlinear model based control schemes 1
5.4 Robot Programming methods 1
5.5 Robot languageclassification, Robot language structure. 1
5.6 Motion, End-effecter and Sensor commands in
VALprogramming language 2
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Reference Books

1. John J. Craig, Introduction to Robotics, Pearson Education Inc., Asia, 3rd

Edition, 2005

2. R. K. Mittal, I. J. Nagrath, “Robotics and Control”, McGraw Hill Education,

2017.

3. S. K. Saha, “Introduction to Robotics”,McGraw Hill Education, 2014

4. Robotics, control vision and intelligence-Fu, Lee and Gonzalez. McGraw Hill
International, 2nd edition, 2007

5. Programming Robots with ROS, Morgan Quigley, Brian Gerkey, & William D
Smart, SPD Shroff Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd., 2016
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER
222EAE013 - Robotic Design and Control

Time: 2:30hours Max. Marks:60

PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Define a robot and with a neat diagram explain the anatomy of a robot?
2. Compare the various drive systems used in robotics?
3. Differentiate between forward and inverse kinematics?
4. Distinguish textual and lead through programming.
5. Explain Position Sensors.

PART B
Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks
6. Define the term degrees of freedom and explain six degrees of freedom
associated with robot.
7. With a neat sketch explain the following hydraulic actuators
(i) Rotary actuator (ii) Linear actuator
8. What do you mean by link parameter table? How it can be obtained by using
Denavit - Hartenberg method?
9. List the typical features of robotic sensors? Explain any five sensors used in
robotics and mention areas of application of each?
10. How can PID controller be useful in robot actuation and control?
11. Explain the structure of robot programming language?
12. Explain the Control of a multi-link manipulator.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

INTER
222EAE014 EMBEDDED RTOS DISCIPLINARY 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE

Preamble: This course aims to acquire knowledge on various embedded RTOS, how it
offers a real time response to a problem, etc..

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Familiarize the need for an Embedded system and its peripherals

CO 2 Acquire knowledge on RTOS in Embedded systems

CO 3 Describe interrupts and software architecture

CO 4 Design RTOS
CO 5 Acquire knowledge on the various development tools

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 3
CO 2 1 2 3
CO 3 3 2
CO 4 1 3 3 3 1
CO 5 - 2 1 3 3 1

Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s End Semester
Category Examination
Apply 40
Analyse 20
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution
Total CIE ESE ESE
Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5 hours
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short
answer questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each
question. Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions, with
minimum one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.

Course level Assessment Questions:

Course outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain in detail about interrupt latency and their solutions.
2. State the special features on I2C?
3. List the functions performed by the physical layer of 802.3 standard?

Course outcome 2 (CO2):

1. What is the purpose of embedded OS?
2. Which type of OS is used to run an embedded computer?
3. What are the three main parts of Linux?

Course outcome 3 (CO3):

1. How do you solve round robin scheduling?
2. What is function queue scheduling?
3. What are the important considerations in RTOS?

Course outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Why RTOS may be required in the design of embedded systems?
2. What is the rule of the real time operating system RTOS in embedded software
design?
3. What makes RTOS deterministic?

Course outcome 5 (CO5):

1. What are the testing activities in debugging?

2. What is the purpose of assert() macro?
3. How software development tools are used in embedded applications? Explain in
detail.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Second Semester M.Tech. Degree Examination _____ , _______

Course Code: 22EAE014

Course Name: Embedded RTOS

Time: 2.5 Hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks.

1. Write notes on I2C and CAN.

2. What is the difference between general purpose OS and RTOS?
3. Define Round Robin with Interrupts.
4. What are Semaphores and Queues?
5. What is the purpose of assert() macro?

PART B

Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks.

1. Explain different components in an embedded hardware with neat sketch

of embedded architecture.
2. a. Explain in detail the Scheduler Algorithms using in an operating
system. (3 Marks)
b. What are the various memory management functions? (4 Marks)
3. What are the main challenges of choosing a RTOS for an embedded
system design?
4. Draw and Explain RTOS architecture.
5. What are the requirements needed while designing using RTOS?
6. What is an interrupt? Explain its significance in RTOS.
7. How software development tools are used in embedded applications?
Explain in detail.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

Syllabus

MODULE 1

Introduction to embedded systems: Categories of embedded systems, overview of

embedded system architecture; specialties of embedded systems, recent trends in
embedded systems,

Memory Systems- memory technology, memory organization, error detecting and

correcting memory, access times, DRAM interfaces, DRAM refresh techniques, Cache
coherency , Bus Snooping, MESI , MEI protocols, big and little Endian memory,dual
port and shared memory.

Basic Peripherals- parallel port, timers/counters, real time clocks, serial ports, SPI,
I2C, RS232, UART RS 422/RS485, USB, IEEE1394, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wifi, CAN.

MODULE 2

Real Time Operating Systems:-Overview of Operating Systems, Operating System

Internals, multitasking Operating Systems, Scheduler Algorithms, Commercial OS,
Resource Protection, LINUX, Disk Partitioning.

Introduction to RTOS- Characteristics of an RTOS, Task and task states, Task and
data, Semaphore and Timer functions, events, Memory Management, Interrupt routine
in an RTOS environment.

An overview of Embedded Operating System-A survey on embedded OS and RTOs,

A review of POSIX standards, the scheduler, objects, services, Hard real time and soft
real time, Difference between general purpose OS and RTOS, Operating system for
microcontroller.

MODULE 3

Interrupts - its significance in real time processing- saving and restoring context,
disabling interrupts, characteristics of shared data, atomic and critical sections
interrupt latency.

Survey of software Architectures: Round Robin, Round Robin with interrupts,

Function Queue scheduling Architecture, RTOS Architecture, Architecture selection.

MODULE 4

Design using RTOS- Principle, Encapsulating Semaphores and Queues, Hard Real-
Time scheduling considerations, saving memory space, saving power.

MODULE 5

Embedded Software Development Tools: Host and Target Machines, Linker/ Locator
for embedded Software, Getting Embedded Software into the target system, Debugging
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

, Testing on your host machine, Instruction, Set Simulators, The Assert Macro, Using
Laboratory tools.

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction to embedded systems:
1.1 Introduction to embedded systems: Categories of
embedded systems, overview of embedded system
3
architecture; specialties of embedded systems recent trends
in embedded systems
1.2 Memory Systems- memory technology, memory
organization, error detecting and correcting memory, access
times, DRAM interfaces, DRAM refresh techniques, Cache 4
coherency , Bus Snooping, MESI , MEI protocols, big and
little Endian memory ,dual port and shared memory
1.3 Basic Peripherals- parallel port, timers/counters, real time
clocks, serial ports, SPI , I2C, RS232, UART RS 3
422/RS485, USB, IEEE1394, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wifi, CAN.
2 Real Time Operating Systems
2.1 Real Time Operating Systems:-Overview of Operating
Systems , Operating System Internals, multitasking
2
Operating Systems, Scheduler Algorithms, Commercial OS,
Resource Protection, LINUX, Disk Partitioning
2.2 Introduction to RTOS- Characteristics of an RTOS, Task
and task states, Task and data, Semaphore and Timer
functions , events, Memory Management, Interrupt routine 3
in an RTOS environment.

2.3 An overview of Embedded Operating System-A survey on

embedded OS and RTOs, A review of POSIX standards, the
scheduler, objects, services, Hard real time and soft real 3
time, Difference between general purpose OS and RTOS,
Operating system for microcontroller
3 Interrupts
3.1 Interrupts - its significance in real time processing- saving
and restoring context, disabling interrupts, characteristics
4
of shared data, atomic and critical sections interrupt
latency
3.2 Survey of software Architectures: Round Robin, Round
Robin with interrupts, Function Queue scheduling 4
Architecture, RTOS Architecture, Architecture selection
4 Design using RTOS
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

4.1 Design using RTOS- Principle, Encapsulating Semaphores

3
and Queues
4.2 Hard Real-Time scheduling considerations, saving memory
3
space, saving power
5 Embedded Software Development Tools
5.1 Embedded Software Development Tools: Host and Target
Machines, Linker/ Locator for embedded Software, Getting 4
Embedded Software into the target system.
5.2 Debugging Techniques, Testing on your host machine,
Instruction, Set Simulators, The Assert Macro, Using 4
Laboratory tools.

Reference Books

1. Steve Heath, Embedded System Design, 2nd edition, Newnes.

2. David Simon, “Embedded Software Primer”, Addison- Wesley, 1999.
3. DM Dhamdhere, “Operating Systems: A concept based approach, 2E.
4. Qing Li, “ Real time Concepts of Operating Systems”.
5. Raj Kamal, “Introduction to Embedded Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill
Publications, 2002
6. Frank Vaid,Tony D. Givargis, “Embedded System Design- A Unified Hardware/
Software Introduction”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2002.
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

COURSE
COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
CODE
222PAE100 MINI PROJECT PROJECT 0 0 4 2

Mini project can help to strengthen the understanding of student’s fundamentals

through application of theoretical concepts and to boost their skills and widen the
horizon of their thinking. The ultimate aim of an engineering student is to resolve
a problem by applying theoretical knowledge. Doing more projects increases
problem solving skills.

The introduction of mini projects ensures preparedness of students to undertake

dissertation. Students should identify a topic of interest in consultation with PG
Programme Coordinator that should lead to their dissertation/research project.
Demonstrate the novelty of the project through the results and outputs.The
progress of the mini project is evaluated based on three reviews, two interim
reviews and a final review. A report is required at the end of the semester.

Evaluation Committee - Programme Coordinator, One Senior Professor and Guide.

Sl. No Type of evaluations Mark Evaluation criteria

1 Interim evaluation 1 20
2 Interim evaluation 2 20
3 Final evaluation by 35 Will be evaluating the level of
a Committee completion and
demonstration of functionality/
specifications, clarity of
presentation, oral
examination, work knowledge
and involvement

4 Report 15 the committee will be evaluating

for the technical content,
adequacy of references,
templates followed and permitted
plagiarism level( not more than
25% )

5 Supervisor/Guide 10
Total Marks 100
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VLSI AND EMBEDDED
222LAE100 LABORATORY 0 0 2 1
SYSTEMS LAB

Preamble: On completion of the LAB student will be capable of doing programming in

ARM kit and a sound understanding of CMOS circuit design using modern tools.

Course Outcomes: The COs shown are only indicative.

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Design and analyse CMOS circuits

CO 2 Design and program in ARM development kits/ 32 bit processors
CO 3 Design and implement circuits using Verilog/VHDL

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 1 3
CO 2 2 1 3
CO 3 2 1 3

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category
Examination
Apply 60%
Analyse 20%
Evaluate 20%
Create 0%

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 100 - -
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION- EC1

List of Experiments
Part A is compulsory. From Part B, either Sections II or III can be selected based on
the specialization of the stream.

Part A (VLSI Lab Experiments)

Section I
Tools - CADENCE/SYNOPSYS/MENTOR GRAPHICS or any other equivalent
tools
Design (Schematic), Simulation & Characterization of the following CMOS
Logic Circuits
(Use Technology Library 180nm or less)
1. Universal Gates
2. Inverter
3. Half Adder
4. Full Adder
5. J K Flip-Flops
Part B (Embedded system Lab experiments)
Section II
Implement the following programs in an ARM development board /any 32
bitProcessor development board.
1. Toggle all the LEDs connected to a port with some time delay.
2. Design a counter and display the output in a seven segment display.
3. Interface a 4*4 matrix keypad
4. Interface a Stepper motor
5. Using PWM output, control a motor
Section III
Tools - Synopsys / cadence / Mentor Graphics' Model Sim or any other
equivalent tools.
Design and implement the following circuits in an FPGA Development Board
using Verilog/VHDL.
1. Decoder
2. Multiplexer
3. Adder
4. ALU
5. 8 bit microprocessor