technologies to allow users to contribute

MODULE 1 content.
Cloud computing refers to both the
applications delivered as services over Device Accessibility:Accessible from a
the Internet and the hardware and variety of devices, including mobile
system software in the datacenters that phones, car dashboards, and TV
provide those services; sets.Expands the reach and usability of
Cloud computing is a model for the Internet.
enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool Examples of Web 2.0 Applications:
of configurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage, Google Documents and Google Maps:
applications, and services) that can be Productivity tools;Social Networking
rapidly provisioned and released with Sites: Facebook and Flickr, leveraging
minimal management effort or service AJAX and RSS for interactivity;
provider interaction.
Community Websites:Wikipedia,
1|Distributed systems: Blogger, and YouTube, powered by
user-generated content.

Impact on Cloud Computing:Forms the

foundation for delivering rich Internet
applications (RIAs).Encourages the
public’s adoption of cloud computing by
making it more accessible and familiar.

Social Influence:Harnesses collective

intelligence by engaging communities in
A distributed system is a collection of content creation.Introduced the Internet
independent computers that appears to into everyday life,enabling greater
its users as a single coherent system. acceptance of cloud services.

1|Web 2.0 :Definition:Web 2.0 refers to 2|Utility-oriented Computing:Pay-per-

the evolution of the Web into a rich usemodel:Resourceslikestorage,compute
platform for application development, power,and applications are offered as
enabling interactive information sharing, services.Users pay only for the resources
collaboration, and user-centered design. they actually consume.

Key Features:Enhances user experience Historical roots: The concept has a long
by providing web-based access to history,dating back to mainframe
desktop-like functions.Applications are computing.Early mainframe providers
dynamic, continuously improving with offered computing power on a pay-per-
updates integrated based on community use basis.
usage trends.No need for client-side
software installations for updates. Cloud Computing: The advent of cloud
computing has made utility computing a
Technological Backbone:Relies on reality.
XML, AJAX, Web Services, and RSS to
enable interactivity and flexibility in Impact on Technology:Utility
web pages.Integrates standards and computing drove improvements in
mainframe technology with features like End Users: Enjoy seamless access to
operating systems, process control, and documents across devices. Apple iCloud
user metering. allows users to store, update, and access
files effortlessly from smartphones,
Cluster Computing:Expanded the laptops, and tablets.
concept beyond businesses to research
institutions.Enabled researchers to
access external computing resources on
demand.

Service-Oriented Computing (SOC):

Introduced the idea of using external

services for specific tasks within
applications.Enabled the composition of
applications from a mesh of services
provided by different entities.Broadened
the scope of utility computing to include
not just hardware resources but also
services and application components.
4| Challenges Ahead in Cloud
3| A Closer Look: Computing
Cloud computing is revolutionizing 1. Dynamic Provisioning:Determining
computing systems by offering flexible, the optimal amount of resources to
scalable, and cost-effective solutions to provision and the duration for usage to
enterprises, institutions, and individual maximize benefits.
users.
Efficient allocation of cloud resources in
Large Enterprises: Offload computing the Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
tasks to cloud platforms. For instance, domain.
the New York Times used Amazon EC2
and S3 to convert its digital archive into 2.Infrastructure Management:
a web-friendly format in just 36 hours,
saving costs by relinquishing resources Managing large-scale computing
after use. infrastructures effectively.
Small Enterprises and Startups: Addressing technical complexities
Transform ideas into business outcomes arising from virtualization technologies.
without heavy initial investments.
Animoto, for example, creates videos 3.Integration of Real and Virtual
using Amazon Web Services, scaling Infrastructure:Balancing security
resources instantly based on workload. concerns and regulatory compliance
during integration.
System Developers: Avoid
infrastructure complexities and focus on Harmonizing real and virtual systems
business logic. Little Fluffy Toys under different operational constraints.
launched a bike rental widget in just one
week using Google AppEngine.
4.Security Concerns:Ensuring Its limitations in the past have been
confidentiality, secrecy, and data overcome, making it integral to on-
protection in cloud environments. demand IT infrastructure solutions.

The inherent risk of data decryption 2.Customization and Control:

during processing, where malicious
actors can exploit vulnerabilities. Provides the level of customization and
control that attracts users to cloud
Addressing the potential risks of computing while ensuring sustainability
virtualization, which may expose for service providers.
sensitive memory pages.
3.Virtual Computing Environments:
5.Legal and Regulatory
Issues:Navigating diverse privacy laws Virtualization creates environments
across different countries. called "virtual" because they simulate
the interface expected by a guest.
The challenge of data accessibility for
governments with differing legislative 4.Hardware Virtualization:
frameworks (e.g., the U.S. vs. Europe).
Simulates hardware interfaces expected
Scenarios where jurisdictional conflicts by operating systems.
arise, such as when U.S. organizations
store data in European cloud data Enables multiple software stacks to run
centers. on the same hardware in isolated virtual
machine (VM) instances.
6.Cross-Border Data Challenges:U.S.
legislation granting government 5.Cloud Service Enablement:
agencies extensive data access rights in
cases of national security threats. Forms the foundation of services like
Amazon EC2, RightScale, and VMware
The stricter privacy protections in vCloud by enabling on-demand virtual
European countries that could limit servers.
external access to stored data.
6.Storage and Network Virtualization:
Complications in scenarios where
organizations operate across Complements hardware virtualization to
jurisdictions with contrasting legal emulate the entire IT infrastructure.
requirements.
7.Process Virtual Machines:Isolate
5| Virtualization: application execution through specific
programs, such as Java or .NET virtual
1.Core Role in Cloud Computing: machines;

Virtualization is a fundamental 8.Cloud Platform Scaling:Process

technology for cloud computing, virtual machines are used in cloud
enabling the abstraction of hardware, platforms like Google App Engine and
runtime environments, storage, and Windows Azure to scale applications on
networking. demand.
MODULE 3  Transition to cloud solutions as
existing IT assets depreciate.
1|Economics of Cloud Computing:
 Cost Savings:
 Main Drivers of Cloud Computing:
o Reduces administrative and
o Economy of scale reduces resource maintenance costs for IT
costs. infrastructure.
o Simplifies software delivery and o Cuts expenses for IT staff and
management. support centers.
o Eliminates software licensing fees
 Financial Benefits: through subscription models.
o Reduces carbon emissions and
o Pay-as-you-go model offers flexible potential tax penalties in regions
usage-based pricing. with carbon taxes.
o Reduces capital costs for IT
infrastructure and software.  Pricing Models in Cloud Computing:
o Eliminates depreciation costs of IT
assets (hardware and software). o Tiered Pricing: Fixed specifications
o Replaces software licensing fees and SLAs at specific prices (e.g.,
with subscription-based payments. Amazon EC2).
o Lowers operational costs for o Per-Unit Pricing: Costs based on
maintenance, electricity, and cooling. service units like RAM/hour (e.g.,
GoGrid).
 Capital Costs and Their Impact: o Subscription-Based Pricing: Regular
payments for software or services
o Capital costs are one-time expenses (e.g., SaaS providers).
for purchasing IT assets.
o Depreciation of IT assets reduces  Enterprise Benefits:
enterprise profits.
o Cloud computing shifts capital costs to o Provides better control of IT costs
operational expenses (renting based on demand.
infrastructure, subscription fees). o Allows efficient management of peak
loads through temporary resource
 Impact on Different Enterprises: scaling.
o Enables cost optimization by
o Small Startups: leveraging operational expenses.

 Use cloud for IT infrastructure,  Environmental and Tax Advantages:

software development, CRM,
and ERP. o Consolidates data centers to reduce
 Completely eliminate capital carbon emissions.
costs due to no initial IT assets. o Lowers tax liabilities in countries
with carbon footprint penalties (e.g.,
o Established Enterprises: Australia).

 Handle unplanned capital costs

by renting resources for short-
term needs.
2|Community Clouds:  Facilitates communication and
collaboration among government
Definition and Characteristics : agencies and institutions.
 Supports processes like
o Distributed systems integrating infrastructure planning, invoice
services from multiple clouds to approval, and public hearings.
meet specific industry, community,
or business needs. o Scientific Research:
o Infrastructure shared by organizations
with common concerns (e.g.,  Shared infrastructure supports
security, policy, compliance). scientific computing across
o Managed by the organizations different organizations.
themselves or a third party, on-
premise or off-premise.  Benefits of These Community
Clouds :
Candidate Sectors for Community
Clouds : o Openness: Reduces dependency on
cloud vendors, enabling fair
o Media Industry: competition.
o Community: Scalability through
 Supports collaborative content collective resource sharing and user
production, including large data base expansion.
movement and rendering tasks. o Graceful Failures: No single point
 Offers shared infrastructure for of failure as there is no central
business-to-business vendor control.
collaboration and efficient o Convenience and Control:
resource use. Decisions made collectively by the
community for shared ownership.
o Healthcare Industry: o Environmental Sustainability:
 Provides a platform for sharing
knowledge while maintaining  Smaller carbon footprint by
sensitive patient data privately. using underutilized resources.
 Hybrid deployment supports  Grows and
private and shared infrastructure shrinks organically based on
needs. community demand.
o Energy and Other Core Industries:

 Bundles solutions for service

management, deployment, and
orchestration.
 Creates open and fair markets by
uniting various providers and
organizations.

o Public Sector:

 Addresses legal and political

restrictions on public cloud use.
3|Hybrid Clouds: ensuring efficient virtual machine
allocation.
 Definition and Characteristics:
 Role of PaaS Middleware in
o Hybrid clouds are heterogeneous Hybrid Clouds
distributed systems combining
private and public cloud resources. o Maps distributed applications onto
o Enables enterprises to maintain the cloud infrastructure for optimal
sensitive information within private performance.
premises while leveraging public o Middleware examples:
cloud resources for scalability and
flexibility.  Aneka: Offers a provisioning
service that balances budgets
 Advantages of Hybrid Clouds: and scales infrastructure as
needed.
o Scalability: Addresses peak loads  Elastra CloudServer and Zimory
through cloudbursting by leasing Pools: Facilitate hybrid cloud
public cloud resources temporarily. deployment and dynamic
o Cost Optimization: Transforms capital provisioning capabilities.
costs into operational costs by
dynamically provisioning resources  Use Cases of Hybrid Clouds
as needed.
o Security: Confines security concerns o Primarily used in IaaS scenarios to
to the public portion of the cloud integrate private and public
while safeguarding critical data in resources efficiently.
private clouds. o Ideal for enterprises seeking to
manage fluctuating workloads,
 Dynamic Provisioning in Hybrid optimize costs, and maintain control
Clouds over sensitive
data.
o Allows on-demand acquisition and
release of virtual machines to meet
workload demands.
o Essential for ensuring applications
meet Quality of Service (QoS)
requirements while optimizing
resource usage.

 Infrastructure Management for

Hybrid Clouds

o Tools like OpenNebula integrate

public and private cloud resources
seamlessly.
o Advanced scheduling engines like
Haizea enable cost-effective
resource allocation based on user
budgets.
o InterGrid provides distributed
scheduling across peer networks,
4|Private Clouds:  InterGrid: Manages multi-
administrative domain clouds
 Definition: Private clouds are virtual with enhanced resource
distributed systems relying on allocation.
private infrastructure to provide  Aneka: Software development
dynamic provisioning of computing platform supporting
resources within an organization’s distributed application
boundaries. execution.
 Purpose: Address the limitations of
public clouds, such as loss of control, o PaaS Options:
security risks, and compliance issues,  DataSynapse:
by keeping IT infrastructure and Virtualizes applications for
sensitive data in-house. private cloud environments.
 Advantages:  Elastra Cloud
o Customer Information Protection: Server: Configures and
Ensures sensitive data remains deploys distributed application
secure and within organizational infrastructures.
control.  Zimory Pools:
o Infrastructure Supporting SLAs: Automates the use of resource
Delivers specific operational pools and facilitates
features like clustering, failover, application migration.
data replication, system
monitoring, and disaster recovery.  Challenges: Limited ability to scale
o Compliance with Standards: elastically on demand compared to
Simplifies adherence to public clouds.
compliance standards and
organizational procedures.
o Testing Environment: Allows cost-
effective testing of applications
before deploying on public clouds.
o Optimized Resource Utilization:
Better utilization of existing IT
resources while maintaining
operations in-house.
 Implementation:

o Virtual Machine Technologies: Use

of Xen, KVM, and VMware for
virtualization.
o Infrastructure Management
Software: Options include
VMware vCloud (proprietary),
Eucalyptus (AWS-compatible),
and OpenNebula (open-source
with modular architecture).
o Value-Added Solutions:

 OpenPEX: Web-based system

for reserving virtual machine
instances.