Thermoregulation and Osmoregulation

You are examining an ecosystem and notice a large bird. When you measure its temperature, you find it
to be constant in sun or shade, wind or still air. This indicates the bird is a(n)

endotherm.

Dialysis is a procedure in which a machine takes over the function of the

Kidney

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is

osmosis.

Which part of the human brain controls thermoregulation?

the hypothalamus

The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed

osmoregulation.

The hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that causes the reabsorption of more water by the
kidney is

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

The chemical composition of urine reflects the processes of

Secretion, reabsorption, filtration.

A mammal is __________ and has a body temperature __________.

endothermic; maintained by its own metabolism

Which of the following forms of nitrogenous waste is excreted by mammals?

Urea

The simplest nitrogenous waste product of protein breakdown is

ammonia.

You are working with a patient who thinks she has been poisoned. Her blood pressure is elevated and
tissue biopsies show extra sodium channels in her kidneys. You suspect that the patient has been given

aldosterone.

A diuretic is a substance that

increases the volume of urine.

An organism that has behavioral strategies to manage the gain of heat from and the loss of heat to the
environment, but lacks a physiological temperature-regulating mechanism, is termed a(n)

ectotherm.

Aquatic invertebrates excrete __________, a very toxic waste product, directly into the water.

Ammonia

The control of an organism's body temperature is

thermoregulation.

Homeostasis is defined as the ability of an organism to

maintain a stable internal environment.

A penguin's feet are nearly as cold as ice, while the bird's core body temperature is much higher. Which
of the following explains this observation?

countercurrent heat exchange between warm blood in arteries and cold blood in veins

In animals, which of the following help retain body heat?

fur, fat, and feathers

You are analyzing bird excrement, the product of excretion, in the biology lab. You expect the test to
show an abundance of

uric acid.

A person with a defect in blood flow to the kidney would have a problem with the __________ artery.

Renal

In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the

ureter.

A nonavian reptile is __________ and has a body temperature __________.

ectothermic; that changes with fluctuation in environmental temperature

If a drug had been banned for damaging the kidneys by causing poor drainage of the glomerulus, you
would suspect the drug caused damage to the

Bowman's capsule.

What effect would drinking salt water have in a human?

dehydration as the extra salt pulls water out of the blood into the urine
Turbinates were found in therapsids, extinct reptiles thought to be ancestors of mammals. What could
the researchers conclude from this observation?

Endothermy arose before fur.

A tuft of capillaries within the kidney that obtains blood from the arterioles and filters it into the
nephron is called the

glomerulus.

Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low sodium in the blood. This is a concern for marathon
runners who drink too much water, and can cause life-threatening pressure on the brain. Why would
this occur?

Neurons would swell by osmosis.

One symptom of kidney failure can be the appearance of blood in the urine. This would indicate that
which part of the kidney was damaged?

Glomerulus

The major excretory organ(s) of the human urinary system is/are the

kidneys.

The outer main section of the kidney is the

renal cortex.

Like the kidney, a dialysis machine leaves what in the blood?

blood cells

The functional units of the kidneys are the

nephrons.

Fresh water is much more dilute than the cells of a fish, so the animal constantly takes in water at its
gills. How would a freshwater fish osmoregulate?

produce dilute urine and use active transport at the gills to take up salt from the water

Alcohol reduces ADH secretion which in turn

decreases tubule permeability to water and thus increases urine volume.

If you were faced treating a patient with hypertension and wanted to help, you would prescribe
diuretics because they __________ blood volume and __________ blood pressure.

decrease; decrease

If you awoke and looked out your window and saw a gopher shaking, what might be true about the
temperature outside?

It is very cold, and the gopher is shivering to help thermoregulate.

If you were working with a patient and were told urine was blocked at the last step before exiting the
body, you would try to find a technique or drug to unblock the

urethra.

Selection and evolution

A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent genetic change in a different species is
termed

coevolution.

If an environment changes rapidly, individual organisms with __________ will likely survive and
reproduce.

existing beneficial mutations

Which of the following is defined as genetic change in a population over multiple generations?

Evolution

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because

antibiotics are used in feed for livestock even in the absence of infection, antibiotics are overprescribed
by doctors, some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed, antibiotics are used to treat infections
in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes.

Suppose a small group of individuals leaves its home population and establishes a new settlement where
the individuals mate only among themselves. This phenomenon is referred to as the

founder effect.

The bottleneck effect is the loss of genetic diversity that occurs when

many members of a population die.

Darwin's theory was strongly founded on the geographic distances traveled by migrating species, or
occupied by their populations. A theory of "island biogeography" was introduced in 1967, further
elaborating on importance of the distances traveled, or areas occupied by populations. A specialized
field of "landscape ecology" concerns patches of habitat, and distances between them, along with
movement corridors, or barriers to movement. With all of these, the individuals that move about and
successfully reproduce in the population

demonstrate gene flow that can counteract trends in selection and other allele frequency changes, can
reunite smaller groups of the species population that were previously isolated, can be aided by human
construction of artificial corridors of movement, such as railways and roadways, can be blocked by
human construction of cities, or modification of vast landscapes for agriculture.
After raising small beetles for several generations, a researcher discovers a distinctive phenotype in the
wing shape that appears every other generation. This trait most likely appears only in the __________
genotype.

homozygous recessive

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is

mutualism.

A gradual change in an organism, from an ancestral type, was referred to by Darwin as

descent with modification.

You are shown an example of two organisms in a relationship, in which one lives on the other. The
organism living on the other benefits from nutritional resources, while the organism being lived upon is
harmed. This is an example of

parasitism.

Heritable traits that help individuals in a population survive and reproduce are

adaptations.

A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is

commensalism.

The collection of genes and the corresponding alleles is a population's

gene pool.

Which of the following is not a type of natural selection?

artificial selection

The Chemistry of Life

Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that active transport

moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, moves
molecules against a concentration gradient, requires transport proteins embedded within the cell
membrane, requires energy.

The six carbons that form glucose in your food are effectively lost from the cell as CO2

during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and in the Krebs cycle.

Anaerobic respiration is most common in

archaeans.

Once ATP donates its phosphate to a coupled reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can be recharged in an endergonic reaction to form ATP.

The reactants for cellular respiration are

glucose and oxygen.

Determine which of these statements best summarizes the cellular regulation of concentration
gradients.

Membrane phospholipids and proteins regulate transport functions to establish concentration gradients
or equilibria.
Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site.

The compound that enters the Krebs cycle as a reactant is

acetyl CoA.

Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme.

The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Much medical advice towards heart health indicates that you should eat less sodium (table salt).
Notable higher risks of high sodium may include high blood pressure and damage to arteries or organs in
your body. If you eat a single meal with large amounts of salt to suit your taste, which of these may
result within minutes, as the sodium enters your bloodstream?

Your blood will become hypertonic, and water in your body tissues will flow into your arteries, inflating
them.

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by

lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Only a small amount of ATP is produced during glycolysis because most of the energy stored in a glucose
molecule remains in the bonds of

pyruvate.

The Krebs cycle produces

ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

The Krebs cycle runs

twice, once for each acetyl CoA that was formed from the glucose molecule.
Nervous system
A neuron fires when Na+ ions

move down their concentration gradient by the process of facilitated diffusion.

You hear that a friend has had a traumatic injury to a part of their nervous system. The injury is
interfering with nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of their body. There has been damage to
the

spinal cord.

If you were told to use a fluorescent antibody that binds to sodium channels to view the origin of nerve
impulses, what area on the neuron would have the greatest antibody fluorescence?

trigger zone

The division of the nervous system that integrates sensory information and coordinates the body's
response is the __________ nervous system.

Central

If a woman has a stroke and her speech becomes impaired, which region of her brain was likely
affected?

frontal lobe

If you wanted to stop the function of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron, you could starve the cell
of ATP because this pump is driven by

active transport.

In myelinated axons, __________ ions can diffuse __________ the axon only at nodes of Ranvier.

sodium; into

During an action potential, sodium ions

rush into the cell, switching the potential to +35 mV.

The three major roles of the human nervous system are

sensory input, sensory integration, and motor response.

A nerve impulse travels __________ times faster when it leaps between nodes of Ranvier than when it
travels along an unmyelinated axon.

100

The nervous tissue that consists of myelinated axons transmitting information throughout the central
nervous system is the

white matter.
In a neuron at rest

potassium ions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside.

What condition develops when GABA levels in the brain are deficient?

Huntington's disease

The three types of neurons in the nervous system of humans are

sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

Nodes of Ranvier are intervals between Schwann cells that __________ the conduction of nerve
impulses.

speed up

The Cell
The function of the nucleolus is

the assembly of ribosome components.

Between the specialized functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, neither have the
ability to

produce mRNA.

Of the following, which statement is false regarding the characteristics of mitochondria?

Mitochondria carry out photosynthesis.

A phospholipid molecule has

a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water.

Which are recycling centers for the cell?

central vacuole and lysosome

In most mammals the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from

the mother only.

A central vacuole of a mature plant cell

produces turgor pressure.

A eukaryotic cell

has membrane-bounded organelles.

Cilia in eukaryote cells can

be used in eukaryotes to do any of these functions.

You have macrophage white blood cells that can respond to injury and infection by moving to the site of
the wound. They can ingest infectious bacteria or viruses, and digest the organic molecules of what they
take in. The digestion organelle they have is the

lysosome.

The Golgi apparatus is not

studded with ribosomes.

When phospholipids are mixed with water their ____ interact with water and their ___ are repelled by
water, forming a lipid bilayer.

hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane?

along microtubules

Which of these is an incorrect comparison between flagella and cilia?

Flagella are used for propulsion, while cilia are used to attach cells to other cells or surfaces.

A cytoskeleton is

composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, a structure that aids in the
process of cell division, a system of tracks used for intracellular transport, found in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells.

More Evolution/Even More Evolution

Fossils may be

casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone, formed when organic matter is
replaced by minerals, turning to stone, formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen, from
impressions left after an organism decays.

Some dinosaurs and birds share characteristics that make flight possible such as

a horizontal back, a short tail, an upright stance, hollow bones.

The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is
as follows: rhesus monkey - 1 difference; pigeon - 12 differences; and fruit fly - 24 differences. The order
in which these species are most similar to humans is

rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly.

Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as

embryos.
The observation that most aquatic vertebrates (e.g., fish, penguins, and whales) have streamlined bodies
and fins or flippers for steering are a result of

convergent evolution.

In a fruit fly embryo, a homeotic gene Antp determines where legs grow. When the promoter of Antp is
mutated, a fly ends up with legs growing out of its head in place of antennae. In this mutation

Antp must be turned on in the head.

In the Proterozoic eon, __________ accumulated in the atmosphere that supported the first eukaryotes
and multicellular organisms.

Oxygen

If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated
rate of 5% per 1 million years, then about _____ million years have passed since the two species
diverged.

The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the __________ era.

Mesozoic

As recently as 2007, researchers found evidence of __________ that were shared by chickens
and Tyrannosaurus rex.

amino acids sequences of collagen proteins

Petrification occurs when

minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism.

If an isotope's half-life is 100 years,

in 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain unchanged.

A gene that, when mutated, leads to organisms with structures in abnormal or unusual places is termed

homeotic.

The large geologic time period that includes eons that predate life on Earth and eons in which the
earliest life on Earth began is the

Precambrian supereon.

The forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a bird are examples of __________ structures.

Homologous

The process by which new species originate

is speciation.
A flowering vine plant, Gelsemium spp., includes two separate species that diverged from one another
while occupying a common habitat. The two species currently occupy overlapping areas in the
southeastern United States. This type of speciation is known as _________ speciation.

Sympatric

A tetraploid (i.e., four sets of chromosomes) plant species is typically __________, whereas a plant
species with three sets of chromosomes is typically __________.

fertile; infertile

The observation that freshwater habitats account for only 1% of Earth's water, and they are home to
36% of the known species of fish is due to __________ speciation.

Sympatric

The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat
preferences is

ecological isolation.

Species such as mice have a better chance of surviving sudden environmental change than elephants
because elephants

reproduce much more slowly than mice.

An illustration constructed by a biologist to depict hypothesized evolutionary relationships is a(n)

phylogenetic tree.

The process by which species cease to exist

is extinction

Polyploidy means having

three or more sets of chromosomes.

Polyploidy is common in _____ species

Plant

The type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot
align correctly during meiosis, due to a different number of chromosomes being inherited from each
parent, is

hybrid infertility.

Prezygotic reproductive isolation affects the ability of gametes to combine between species. Of the
following, which is not an example of prezygotic reproduction isolation?

hybrid infertility isolation

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to the sperm cells of one
not being able to fertilize the egg cells of the other is

gametic isolation.

Of the following, which are believed to be the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history

impact of Earth with a large celestial body and the shift of Earth's continents

Island species are especially vulnerable to extinction because __________ may destroy a small island
population

a single event like a hurricane, the extinction of a prey species, the introduction of a new predator,
random fluctuations in birth and death rates

Senses and the eye

In humans, which receptor is used primarily to detect sharp blows and excessive heat?

pain receptor

Receptors for the general senses are

found throughout the body.

The point where the optic nerve exits the retina and lacks photoreceptors is called the

blind spot.

If you had a friend who was unable to see color, you would expect that your friend's eyes had defective

cone cells.

Senses are divided into two groups: general and special. Receptors for the special senses are limited to
the

head.

Which receptor is used to detect light?

Photoreceptor

If a person has been prescribed eyeglasses with lenses that shorten the path of light, the correction is
for

farsightedness.

The part of the eye that focuses light onto a sheet of photoreceptors is the

lens.

The snail-shaped __________ transduces sound into nerve impulses.

Cochlea
You are swimming in a pool and feel the waves of water moving against your body. Which receptor is
used to detect the pressure associated with the waves against your body?

Mechanoreceptor

Tasting dissolved sugar molecules from ice cream is detected by

chemoreceptors.

In humans, which receptor is used to primarily detect heat?

Thermoreceptor

Which type of receptor detects the location of limbs, head, and other body parts?

Proprioceptor

A phenomenon in which sensations become less noticeable with prolonged exposure is called

sensory adaptation.

What sense is not one of the special senses?

Touch

The senses of equilibrium and balance derive from the

semicircular canals and vestibular apparatus.

Olfaction is another name for the sense of

smell.

A subject in a physiological experiment who has been listening to loud noise for 5 minutes reports
noticing the noise less over time. The nerve most involved in this sensory adaptation is the

auditory nerve.

Photosynthesis
Why is photorespiration more of a problem for a C3 plant when its stomata are closed?

Oxygen, a by-product of the light reactions, cannot leave the leaf and competes with carbon dioxide for
rubisco's active site.

The Calvin cycle

is a cyclic pathway that produces three-carbon molecules from CO2.

The membrane studded with photosynthetic pigments in plant cells is the

thylakoid.

The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants is the

chloroplast.
Discrete packets of kinetic energy in light are called

Photons

The main by-product molecule of photosynthesis that is released into the environment is

oxygen.

Thinking about the wavelength of light compared to its energy, which of these portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum has the highest amount of energy?

ultraviolet light, at 330 nm

The primary pigment molecule needed for photosynthesis is

chlorophyll a.

The energy sources needed for the light reactions and the carbon reactions, respectively, are

sunlight and ATP.

In the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide molecules are reduced by the addition of electrons
carried from the light reactions by

NADPH.

The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

sunlight.

Which of the following pathways would be used for photosynthesis by corn plants found in a hot, sunny
environment?

C4 pathway

In photosynthesis, the carbon in CO2 is being _____ to form glucose.

Reduced

How do C4 plants minimize photorespiration?

Carbon dioxide is fixed twice in different cells. The Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells where
oxygen concentrations are lower.

Examples of accessory pigments for photosynthesis are

chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

How do CAM plants minimize photorespiration?

Stomata are only opened at night, storing carbon dioxide in malate. During the day the carbon dioxide is
released for use in the Calvin cycle.
A gelatinous fluid inside the chloroplast containing ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes is the

stroma.

Tiny openings in the leaf epidermis that allow gas exchange in and out of the leaf are

stomata.

Which plants keep their stomata open only at night?

CAM

The main product of the Calvin cycle is

a carbohydrate.

Photosystem II produces

both oxygen and high-energy electrons.

The primary pigment molecule needed for photosynthesis is

chlorophyll a.

Photosystem I and photosystem II are, respectively, part of

the light reactions only.

Burning a log is an example of a combustion reaction. This type of reaction is a reverse reaction of
photosynthesis. Based on this information, what products would be formed from burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

In this cross section of a typical plant leaf, the ______ are where photosynthesis takes place.

mesophyll cells

Water provides electrons, hydrogens, and oxygen in photosystem II. The resulting electrons in
photosystem II

replace the electrons lost by the reaction center chlorophyll.

Organisms that make their own organic compounds from inorganic substances are called

autotrophs.

Photosynthesis is

an energy transfer process that produces glucose and oxygen.

Plants require a lot of water for hydration, metabolism, homeostasis, and photosynthesis. How is water
used in photosynthesis?

as an electron donor in the photosystems

Accessory pigments include molecules that reflect reds, oranges, and yellows. Leaves of many plants
show these colors in the fall because

the chlorophyll in the leaves degrades before the plants shed leaves, revealing the accessory pigments.

Photosystem I harnesses the energy that is used to produce

NADPH.

The energy sources needed for the light reactions and the carbon reactions, respectively, are

sunlight and ATP.

In photosystem II of photosynthesis, the H2O molecules are split to form a proton gradient and put
electrons in the electron transport chain. This step indicates H2O is initially

oxidized.

Blue light has ___ energy than red light and is ____ by a green leaf.

more; absorbed

The reactions of photosynthesis may be summarized as

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Which of these groups represents organisms that are heterotrophs?

microorganisms that consume organic carbon for energy

A plant performing photosynthesis will produce ____ and consume _____.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Blue light has ___ energy than red light and is ____ by a green leaf.

more; absorbed

Which of these organism(s) photosynthesizes?

plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

When NADP+ _____ in the light cycle it is ______, forming NADPH.

accepts electrons; reduced

section 3
In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that has

the highest probability of dying at a very young age.

Emigration happens when individuals move __________ a population, while immigration
happens when individuals move __________ a population.

out of; into

Why are the leading causes of death in high-income countries heart disease, stroke, and
cancer, while in low-income countries infectious diseases are the leading causes of death?

Access to sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics is greater in high-income countries.

In a survivorship curve, a type I species, like a human or elephant, is a species that has

the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.

A population with a large fraction of post-reproductive individuals is common in __________-

developed countries; this population will most likely __________ in size.

more; decrease

A population with a large fraction of pre-reproductive individuals is common in __________-

developed countries; this population will most likely __________ in size.

less; increase

The difference between a population and a community in the same location is that

a population includes members of one species, while a community includes members of

multiple species.
The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support is its

carrying capacity.

In a survivorship curve, a type II species, like a songbird, is a species that has

an equal probability of dying at any age.

The movement of individuals into a population is termed

immigration.

A country's ecological footprint can be calculated by multiplying its population size by the
footprint of each individual. Why are some ecologists concerned about the ecological
footprint of a country like India?

Both its population and standard of living are increasing.

The number of individuals produced per individual per unit time in a population is its
__________ rate.

Birth

An example of a density-independent factor that affects a population's growth is

frost killing all of your tomato plants.

The number of individuals that die in a population per unit time is its __________ rate.

Death

Immunity

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction in a pregnant woman to which of the

following?

a foreign antigen on red blood cells

Which of the following can be a target of an autoimmune disease but is not considered to be
part of the immune system?

Pancreas

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

an unpunctured skin, mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract, tear fluid from the eye, the
acidity of the stomach.

In a process called __________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from
stimulated B cells.

clonal selection
A phagocyte is a cell that

engulfs other cells and debris.

White blood cells are produced

from bone marrow stem cells.

In clonal selection, activated T helper cells divide and differentiate into __________ cells and
into __________ cells that help activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

memory; effector

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens.

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the
influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu
virus?

Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies leads to variability.

Which of the following exhibit phagocytic activity?

macrophages and neutrophils

Which of the following is the large lymphoid organ in the abdomen that produces and stores
large amounts of white blood cells?

Spleen

How does fever help fight infection as part of the innate defense?

Fever kills some bacteria, Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses, Fever reduces the iron level in
the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria, Fever speeds up the rate of
phagocytosis.

What is an example of adaptive cell-mediated immunity?

A cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell.

In humoral immunity, cells that are produced by activated B cells and function by secreting
antibodies are called

plasma cells.

Which of the following is part of the adaptive, rather than the innate, immune response?

antibody production

Antigens attached to harmless substances found in food, dust mites, pollen, fur, and some oils
in plants that elicit an immune attack are called

allergens.
If asked to sort cards of immune responses into boxes marked "active immunity" and "passive
immunity," which of the following cards would go into the "passive immunity" box?

A fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, and a person receiving an injection of
antibodies.

A Y-shaped protein that proliferates in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these
antigens is a(n)

antibody.

Immunological memory results from the production of

memory B cells and memory cytotoxic T cells.

B cells and T cells are

lymphocytes.

The mass extinction of the Permian period

paved the way for the age of dinosaurs, was caused by a drop in sea level, was
caused by a rise in global temperature, was caused by a long series of volcanic
eruptions.
Mitochondria are proposed to have evolved before chloroplasts based on
which observation?

All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotes have chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are proposed to have arisen after host cells engulfed __________
in endosymbiosis, allowing the engulfed cell to remain, with specialized
function.

photosynthetic bacteria

Mitochondria are proposed to have arisen after host cells engulfed

__________ in endosymbiosis.

aerobic bacteria

Primitive reptiles first appeared during the __________ period.

Carboniferous

At the end of the Cretaceous period, a mass extinction occurred and

coincided with the impact of a large asteroid that hit Earth near the Yucatán
peninsula; this impact likely produced __________, which created
uninhabitable conditions.

massive volumes of debris that blocked out sunlight

Jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to leave fossil evidence during the
__________ period.
Ordovician

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-

day cells originated as independent organisms includes

similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes,

similarities in size and shape between mitochondria and some bacteria,
similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria,
similarity in the way mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria reproduce.

Which scientist is given credit for proposing the endosymbiont theory?

Lynn Margulis

The first amphibians appeared during the __________ period.

Devonian

The amniote egg, in which an embryo could develop completely on dry

land, arose during the __________ period.

Permian

It is thought that the first cells probably arose about __________ years ago.

3.85 billion

Placental mammals appeared during the __________ period.

Paleogene

It is thought that eukaryotes probably originated about __________ years

ago.

1.5 billion

Name

In a covalent bond, atoms

share electrons.

An ion is an atom that has

a net negative or positive charge, with the number of electrons different from
the number of protons.

The three major components in a nucleotide are

a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.

The atomic number of an element is the number of

protons in the nucleus.

An amino acid contains a structural "backbone" chain of

nitrogens and carbons.

Sugars like glucose (C6H12O6) dissolve well in water because sugars form
____ bonds with water.

Hydrogen

The mass number is defined as the total number of __________ of an atom.

protons and neutrons

The primary building block (monomer) of nucleic acids is

a nucleotide.

The first energy shell of an atom has one orbital. Therefore, it can contain a
maximum of ________ electron(s).

Two

Within a single molecule of water, as shown, ____ bonds are formed

between oxygen and hydrogen.

Covalent

The four nitrogen bases found in RNA are

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.

Water has unique properties which include its strength as a solvent; its
three environmental stages of solid, liquid, and gas; and its temperature
regulation. These properties are due to polar covalent bonds between
oxygen and hydrogen. The polar covalent bonds are a result of

oxygen being more electronegative and therefore attracting more electrons

than hydrogen.

You collect and measure samples of ice and surrounding liquid water from a
stream in the winter. You find that you collected the same number of water
molecules in each form. The volume of the ice samples are larger than the
liquid water samples. This is a result of

the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules being in a fixed position that
increases the volume and decreases the density of the ice.

The primary building block (monomer) of proteins is

an amino acid.

In an ionic bond,

atoms, having gained or lost electrons, attract one another with opposite
charges.

In DNA, the "rungs" between the two strands of DNA are formed from the

hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairs.

A diploid cell only has two copies of most genes, but can make hundreds of
copies of a protein from those genes per second because

transcription can repeat and make multiple mRNA copies of genes, and
multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA.

The 5' and 3' designations used in reference to DNA and RNA sequences are
assigned to the

carbon atoms of deoxyribose and ribose.

A single strand of DNA consists of covalently bonded building blocks called

nucleotides.

Which proteins initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing

sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracts RNA
polymerase?

transcription factors

What would be the first codon translated in the mRNA sequence 5'–
GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC–3'?

AUG

RNA differs from DNA in that

Some RNA molecules can catalyze bond formation, RNA is usually single
stranded, RNA contains ribose, RNA contains uracil.

In eukaryotic cells, how can a single gene encode for more than one
protein?

by removing different combinations of introns

The process used by cells to convert the mRNA "message" into a sequence
of amino acids is

translation.

The step of translation in which release factors bind to a stop codon is

termination.

A three-base sequence, found on the bottom loop of tRNA, that is

complementary to a sequence of three bases in mRNA is a(n)

anticodon.

In a molecule of DNA, hydrogen bonds hold together the two strands, such
as hydrogen bonds that form when

adenine pairs with thymine.

Which of the following RNA strands is complementary to the DNA sequence

5'–ATCGATCG–3'?
3'–UAGCUAGC–5'

In eukaryotic cells, if you compared the DNA sequence of a gene with the
sequence of the processed mRNA that was transcribed from the gene you
would find

the mRNA is shorter because it does not contain introns.

The nucleotides called pyrimidines include

thymine and cytosine.

Of the following statements, which does not correlate a type of RNA with its
function?

Complementary RNA reorders the amino acids in a protein to ensure their

correct sequence.

In the lac operon, the protein that binds to the operator to prevent
transcription is

the repressor.

A group of prokaryotic genes that are controlled together is a(n)

operon.

The central dogma refers to

the flow of genetic information in cells, from a gene sequence in DNA to a
specific protein.

A visiting scientist is introduced to you, and has a current project studying

initiation, elongation, and termination. As a result, you know she is studying

either transcription or translation.

Why does a replication fork have a leading and lagging strand?

DNA synthesis always goes from 5' to 3'.

During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized by forming

Okazaki fragments. The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together is

ligase.

Why would a cancer cell need to induce angiogenesis?

Cancer cells depend on a large blood supply.

Sister chromatids are

genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere.

In order for a cell to become cancerous, oncogenes must be ________, or

tumor suppressors must be ________.
activated; inactivated

Meiosis is a process used for

production of gametes.

In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is divided into two main phases in which
the cell spends most of its time and metabolic energy. These two phases
are

interphase and mitosis.

The role of the enzyme telomerase is to

extend telomeres, which enables cells to continuously divide.

An embryo fish in its egg cannot survive outside the egg because it has
underdeveloped tissues and organs needed for survival. The embryo has a
large number of cells undergoing mitosis for the purpose of

production of new cells that can differentiate and specialize for different
functions.

The correct sequence for the phases of the cell cycle, starting with a newly
divided cell, is

interphase - mitosis - cytokinesis.

Apoptosis is the process of

programmed cell death.

After replication, in eukaryotic cells, the identical copies of the chromosome

are each called a

sister chromatid.

In what phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?

S phase of interphase

The eukaryotic cell will complete the ______ portion of the cell cycle to
______.

mitosis; divide the replicated chromosomes before the cell splits into two
daughter cells

Among enzymes required for DNA replication, ligases are needed to form
______ bonds between nucleotides to join DNA segments.

Covalent

In the biology lab, you observe animal cells under a microscope. In one
slide you see the nucleus with two nucleolus areas of compact chromatin.
The value in packaging DNA in tighter forms of chromatin is for

both DNA mobility and protection and regulation in mitosis and transcription.
By ignoring a checkpoint in the cell cycle, a cancer cell may
divide before its DNA is completely replicated.

During DNA replication, the enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA
double-helical molecule is

helicase.

Mutations are usually rare, because

DNA polymerase quickly corrects mismatched nucleotide base pairs.

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes align next to one another during

prophase I.

Why does sexual reproduction produce more genetic variability in a

population than asexual reproduction?

In addition to the variation that meiosis creates, fertilization mixes parental

genetics.

Identify the correct comparison between the human X and Y chromosomes.

The X chromosome is paired with a homologous match in human females, The

X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome, Although both are sex
chromosomes, they do not share the same genes, Only the Y chromosome is
always found without a homologous match.

Nondisjunction may cause

Klinefelter syndrome, Jacobs syndrome, Turner syndrome, trisomy 21.

Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the
same traits, such as these shown from two parents, are

homologous chromosomes.

Diploid (2n) means having

two complete sets of homologous chromosomes.

The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

is crossing-over.

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during

anaphase I.

Meiosis is a process that produces

egg cells, sperm cells, gametes, haploid cells.

Which of the following may occur in meiosis but not in mitosis?

crossing-over
In meiosis I, cytokinesis usually occurs after telophase I and produces

two haploid cells.

In humans, germ cells are located in the

testes and ovaries.

You have an opportunity in biology lab to observe the prepared, stained

karyotypes of a stallion, a mare, and their foal offspring horses. Banding
patterns of some of the autosomes from the foal match those of the
stallion, while others from the foal match those of the mare. This variability
is produced in meiosis due to

random orientation of chromosome pairs

If a chromosome in one of your bone cells becomes mutated, you will not
pass this mutation on to your children because

somatic cells cannot undergo meiosis.

If a sperm cell combines with an egg cell, then the result is a

diploid cell.

Alternate forms of the same gene

are alleles.

Crossing-over is more likely to separate genes on a chromatid if they are

far apart.

A Barr body is a(n)

inactive X chromosome.

At a given locus, homologous chromosomes have

the same genes but can have different alleles.

Phenotype refers to

the observable expression of the genes in an individual.

Inheritance of autosomal dominant disorders require ___ to pass on the

allele, while inheritance of autosomal recessive disorders require ___ to pass
on the allele for it to be expressed in the offspring.

either the mother or the father; both the mother and the father

Mendel observed that some genetic traits seemed to mask others in the
pea plants. The masking trait is referred to as the
dominant trait.

If any of the traits that Mendel worked with had been due to linked genes,
his dihybrid crosses would have

had different results.

Mendel's monohybrid cross of Tt parents resulted in a tall-to-short ratio of

3:1

Genotype refers to

the combination of alleles in an individual.

Recombinant chromatids have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to

crossing-over between the linked genes.

In the biology lab, you observed that your lab partner's blood type is AB.
The placement of the A and B molecules on each cell is controlled by
proteins, coded by different versions of the same gene. Having both is an
example of

codominant inheritance.

A male expresses
both dominant and recessive alleles on his X chromosome.

Which of Mendel's laws states that two alleles separate during the
formation of gametes?

law of segregation

In biology lab, your class counts the number of people with different colors
of hair and eyes. Your instructor says that these traits are variable and
difficult to trace in each family. The reason is that these two traits depend
on more than one gene, and are called

polygenic.

Linked genes

are found on the same chromosome.

Chapter 4

You are shown an example of two organisms in a relationship, in which one

lives on the other. The organism living on the other benefits from nutritional
resources, while the organism being lived upon is harmed. This is an
example of

parasitism.

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase,

plant growth will also increase. What is the best explanation for this
hypothesis?
Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

In __________, bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting

nitrates to N2.

Denitrification

In the water cycle, animals return water to the environment by

evaporation and urination.

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is

mutualism.

The total of all the resources, both biotic and abiotic, a species exploits for
its survival, growth, and reproduction is its

niche.

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

from respiration of plants, as carbon dioxide, from respiration of animals, by

the burning of fossil fuels.
A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with
no effect on the other is

commensalism.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, in the roots of soybeans, help provide a source of

nitrogen to the plants. In exchange, the bacteria obtain food from the
plants. The bacteria are converting

nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium (NH4).

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase,

the pH of the oceans will drop, thus threatening coral and organisms within
shells. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

Carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N 2 into

ammonium.

Decomposers

return organic molecules to an inorganic form, include bacteria, include fungi,

obtain nutrients from detritus.

Any chemical, physical, or biological change in the environment that harms

living organisms is called
pollution.

In a process called __________, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilize algae in the

water, resulting in algal blooms.

Eutrophication

In addition to eutrophication in lakes, which process is being caused by

excess nutrients in rivers?

formation of the seasonal dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

The normal pH of rainfall is

slightly acidic, pH 5.6.

Commercial fisheries are increasingly focusing on catching smaller fish like

anchovies because of __________ large predatory fishes.

overexploitation of

Greenhouse gases, such as CO2 block __________ and can contribute to

climate change.

heat escape from Earth.

An increase in the surface temperature of Earth, caused by heat-trapping

gases in the atmosphere, is known as
the greenhouse effect.

Since the 1950s, __________ of the ocean's large predatory fishes have
disappeared.

90%

How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change?

Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide, and transpiration by trees is

diminished.

The "background" species extinction rate

estimates how quickly species disappeared before human intervention.

The primary cause of biodiversity loss is

habitat destruction.

To be considered __________, an introduced species must begin breeding in

its new location and spread widely from its point of introduction.

Invasive

In examining water samples preserved in glass jars over the last century,
you notice a steadily declining pH. What is the most likely general
explanation?
rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels leading to gradual acidification

Which of the following is an important invasive species?

Zebra mussel

Observing a patient in the hospital, you notice that the patient requests
extra food at most meals, but has a low BMI and housekeeping frequently
finds vomit on towels in the patient's room. You would diagnose

bulimia.

Which of the following is caused by a vitamin C deficiency?

Scurvy

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive
system is the

large intestine.

The function of bile is to

emulsify fats.

Antlers on a male deer and the lack of antlers on a female deer are
examples of
sexual dimorphism.

Which of the following is caused by a vitamin B 1 (thiamine) deficiency?

Beriberi

If you didn't consume enough niacin (vitamin B 3), you would have diarrhea
since you would have what disease?

Pellagra

A behavior that can increase reproductive success of an individual male in a

species is

the removal of the sperm from other males, so that there will be no successful
fertilization, post mating physical competition to block other males from
subsequently mating with the female, direct physical competition for the "right"
to mate with a particular female, producing more sperm than other males.

In the human digestive system, __________ is the rhythmic smooth muscle

contractions that aid in moving food along the system.

Peristalsis

Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI (body mass index) of at least

40.

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

Metabolism, growth, maintenance, repair of tissues.

The three main regions of the human small intestine proceeding in

sequence from the stomach to the large intestine are

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

The showy feathers of a male peacock versus the plain feathers of a female
peacock is an example of

sexual dimorphism.

Which of the following is an advantage of birds traveling in flocks?

An individual bird's chance of being eaten by a predator is diminished.

Which of the following would result in elevated heart rate?

Hyperthyroidism

Insulin is a peptide hormone. Which of the following would occur in a

muscle cell exposed to insulin?

Intracellular second messenger molecule levels would increase.

Which of the following hormones helps the body during long-term stress?
Glucocorticoids

A person who lives in an area where food is severely deficient in iodine may
have a __________, which presents with a swollen thyroid gland.

Goiter

The hormone oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored by the

posterior pituitary gland, which also releases it into the bloodstream.
Oxytocin binds to receptors in the

mammary glands and uterus.

If you were working on a comatose patient suffering from extreme

hypoglycemia, you would try to find the cause by asking a friend of the
patient if they knew of a history of either

insufficient carbohydrate intake or too much insulin production.

Prednisone would be most similar to which of the following?

Cortisol

Lipid-soluble steroid hormones are synthesized from

cholesterol.

Which hormone deficiency would lead to a female that is not ovulating?

follicle-stimulating hormone

Insulin

levels increase after eating foods high in carbohydrates, is used to treat type 1
diabetes, is secreted by islets of Langerhans, is produced by the pancreas.

The hormone that promotes conservation of water in the human endocrine

system is

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Which of the following would elevate melatonin secretion?

increase darkness exposure time

The endocrine gland that controls homeostasis in terms of blood glucose

levels is the

pancreas.

If you radioactively labeled antidiuretic hormone (ADH), where would you

expect to find the radioactivity after the hormone had been allowed to
circulate?

Kidneys

A person suffering from acromegaly produces too much __________ as a(n)

__________.
growth hormone; adult

Peptide hormones

are typically water-soluble and bind to receptors that extend from the plasma
membrane of the target cell.

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that help regulate blood
calcium is the

parathyroid gland.

Which hormones are primary endocrine products of the ovaries?

estrogen and progesterone

The adrenal glands are found at the top of the

kidneys.

Which of the following is(are) not part of the human endocrine system?

Gallbladder

The endocrine gland that produces melatonin is the

pineal gland.

The human parathyroid gland regulates which of the following in blood?

Calcium

Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary

gland?

Oxytocin

If a patient has high blood sugar characterized with insulin resistance, they
are diagnosed with

type 2 diabetes.

Lipid-soluble hormones

do not require a second messenger, alter gene expression, pass through cell
membranes, have a slower response time than water-soluble hormones.

In the human endocrine system, the hormone prolactin is produced by the

__________ and targets the __________.

anterior pituitary; mammary glands

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are
produced by the

anterior pituitary gland.

All of the glands in the vertebrate endocrine system are regulated by the

hypothalamus and pituitary gland.