Top 10

Science Exhibition
Model
For Class/Grade 8
With Youtube Tutorial
 SCIENCE EXHIBITION MODEL

Advantages
All Connections are already done.
No Soldering Needed.
No Programming Needed.
All kit 100% Tested.

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 Top 10
Science Exhibition Model
For Class/Grade 8
SR. NO. PROJECT NAME

1 Automatic Car Breaking System

2 Laser Security Alarm System For Bank

3 Temperature Control Alarm Sensor Kit

4 Smoke Detection Alarm Kit For Car

5 Vibration Detection Module For Industrial Machine

6 Automatic Water Dispenser Using IR Pair

7 Transformer Overheat Detection System

8 Automatic Irrigation System For Farmer

9 Water Level Indicator

10 LED Lighting in Aquarium Using LDR Sensor

 Automatic Car Breaking
System
Abstract
The aim of the project is to plan and improve a control system based an electronically controlled
automatic break by using IR Sensor. Due to the failure of brake the effectiveness of the brake
system reduces resulting in accidents, when effective brake system which increase the stability of
the vehicle. An efficient brake system is to bring the vehicle to rest within a reasonable distance. It is
also desirable that the rate of retardation should be related to the pedal effort. A Automatic break
indicator is consists of IR sensor, relay, rectifier buzzer and integrated circuit. The sensor is fixed car
. The sensors sense the obstacle failure from distance and gives signal to the relay unit, which
generate indication alarm. In case of failure due at that time of control unit sense the situation and
gives the indication alarm.

Buy Online “Automatic Car Breaking System” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and get
fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/automatic-breaking-system-using-ir-sensor-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

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Introduction
Car safety is the escaping of accidents in automobiles or to the minimization of harmful effects of
accidents, in particular as pertaining to natural life and healthiness. Special safety features which
has been built into the cars for years, some for the safety of car’s occupants only, and some for the
safety of others, which is fully equipped by sensors circuit. It is a fully equipped and designed
respectively for automobile vehicles and this forms an integral part of best quality of the vehicles.
This product underwent strenuous test in our automobile vehicles and it is good. Man has been
needed and used energy at an increasing rate for its sustenance and a few million years ago when
he came on earth. Primitive man required energy primarily in the method of food. He derived food by
eating plants or may be sometimes animals which he hunted and eat in the little mean time.
Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he started his way to make use
of wood and other bio mass products to supply the dynamism needs for cooking as well as
agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals
to work for him. With further depletion for energy in this world, man began to use the wind for sailing
ships and for driving windmills, and the force of failing water to turn the water wheels. Up to this time
it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy that needs of man either
directly proportional or indirectly proportional that man was using only renewable sources of energy
in this planet.

Working
The aim is to the proposed design and develops and improves the control system based on
intelligent breaking system of a normal conventional electronically controlled automotive braking
system. Based on this concept model, strategies such as an ‘antilock braking system’ (ABS) and
stability controlled system has been improved manoeuvrability via individual wheel braking which
was actuated and developed in the later years.
They have been considerable advances in modern vehicle braking systems in recent years. For an
instance, electronically actuated ABS for emergency braking system electronically hydraulic
actuated individual system as brake-by-wire (BBW) concepts for saloon cars and other electronically
controlled pneumatic actuated systems for heavy goods vehicles.

AT BREAKING CONDITION:
The IR transmitter sensor transmits the infrared rays with the help of a Lm393. The IR receiver
sensor receives the IR rays from the receiver. The transistor such as T1 are used as an amplifier
section. At normal condition Transistor T5 is in OFF condition. At that time relay is OFF, the alarm is
also switched OFF.
Circuit Diagram of IR sensor

Components Used
IR Sensor
https://smartxprokits.in/ir-proximity-sensor/

Relay 5V
https://smartxprokits.in/ir-proximity-sensor/

Buzzer
https://smartxprokits.in/electromagnetic-buzzer-5v-pcb-mount/

USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

Buy Now

https://smartxprokits.in/smoke-detection-alarm-kit-assembled-
https://www.youtube.com/watch? 100-tested/?
v=axn3yJAIvTEv=Dls35NnPdzw srsltid=AfmBOopHbQnj2bnUyycPNUNpKBkFcRC9La84naN5a
2tpOz72vYg8x5Eq
 Laser Security Alarm System
For Bank
Abstract
A laser-based security system is a type of security alarm that uses a light sensor and laser light. In this tutorial,
we are going to demonstrate a circuit of a laser security alarm system that will detect any irregular activity and
will produce sound using a buzzer. One of the main components of this circuit is LDR. It will detect dark and
light laser beams and will change its resistance to send a signal to the buzzer.
Laser based Security System is a type of security and alarm system that uses laser light and a light sensor. A
security system protects our homes, offices, banks, lockers etc. from intrusion and unauthorised access. There
are different types of security systems available and laser based security system is an important and efficient
type.
A Laser security system can acts as a standalone system, which makes some sound or noise when it detects
any irregular activity, or can be part of a much bigger security and home automation system, which can send
messages, call the owner etc.
In this project, we have designed a simple DIY lased based security system, which acts as a tripwire like
security system and triggers an alarm when the laser in interrupted.
WARNING: We have used a laser pointer in this project. Direct exposure of laser light on eyes can be very
dangerous. Even though it is a low power laser, avoid direct eye exposure of laser.

Buy Online “Laser Security Alarm System For Bank” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and get
fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/laser-alarm-circuit-ldr-based-security-system-assembled-100-tested/
Complete working video can be seen from
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Circuit Design
The design of the laser security system circuit is very simple. We will see the design of the circuit in this
section and in the working explanation we will see the working of the individual component.
Coming to the design of the circuit, first, the LDR and a 10 K Ω resistor are connected in a voltage divider
fashion and its output (common point) is connected to the pin 3 (non – inverting) of the Op- Amp IC LM358.
For the inverting terminal (pin 2), connect the wiper of a 10 KΩ potentiometer (other two terminal of the POT
are connected to VCC and GND).
The output of the Op – Amp (Pin 1) is connected to the base of the transistor (BC547) through a resistor.
The trigger pin of 555 (Pin 2) is pulled high using a 10 KΩ resistor.
The reset pin (pin 4) of the 555 is connected to VCC through a 10 KΩ resistor and a push button is connected
between Pin 4 of 555 and GND. A bypass capacitor of 100 nF is connected between pins 5 and GND. A
buzzer is connected to pin 3 of 555 IC.
Rest of the connection are shown in the circuit diagram.

Working of the Project

A simple, cheap and effective laser based security system is developed in this project. Let us see the working
of this project.
First, the Op – Amp circuit acts as a comparator i.e. it compares the voltages at the inverting and non –
inverting terminals and produces an output accordingly.
The LDR – 10 KΩ resistor Voltage divider is connected to the non – inverting terminal of Op –Amp and a POT
is connected to the inverting terminal.
Assume, the laser pointer is placed directly in line of sight to the LDR and the light from the laser is
continuously being incident on LDR.
In this situation, the resistance of LDR falls down to few Ohms (or tens of Ohms) and as a result, the voltage at
the non – inverting terminal will be less than that at the inverting voltage. The output of the Op –Amp is low and
the transistor is OFF.
If the laser light is blocked by an intruder from falling on the LDR (even for a small duration), the resistance of
the LDR goes to few hundreds of Ohms and as a result, the output of the Op –Amp will be HIGH. This will turn
on the Transistor.
As the output of the transistor is connected to the Trigger Pin (Pin 2) of the 555 Timer IC, if the transistor is
ON, the trigger pin gets a short low pulse and as a result, the output of the 555 becomes HIGH. This will
activate the alarm by turning ON the buzzer.
Since, the 555 Timer IC is configured as a Bi – Stable Multivibrator, a small active low trigger pulse at the
trigger pin will set its output to HIGH and in order to reset it we need to push the reset button.

Components is Used
LM358 (Op – Amp IC)
NE555 (Timer IC)
LDR
3 x 10 KΩ Resistors (1/4 Watt)
220 Ω Resistors (1/4 Watt)
10 KΩ Potentiometer
BC547 (NPN Transistor)
Small Buzzer
100 nF Capacitor (Ceramic Disc Type Capacitor – Code 104)
Push Button
Laser Pointer
9V Battery
Connecting Wires
Breadboard (Prototyping board)

Advantages
The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System is very simple.
If used with a battery, the laser security system can work even when there is a power outage.

Disadvantages
The laser security system works only if the laser is obstructed. If the intruder passes without obstructing
the laser, it is considered as a failure.
In order to secure a larger area, we need more lasers and corresponding sensors.
 Applications
Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where even if the locker’s code is
hacked, it acts as an additional layer of security.
Apart from security systems, this laser based setup can also be used to check if pets or babies crossed a
certain boundary.

Buy Now

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieSPjzmjD9E https://smartxprokits.in/laser-alarm-circuit-ldr-based-security-
system-assembled-100-tested/
Temperature Control Alarm
Sensor Kit
Abstract
Automatic Over Temperature Detection and Alert circuit is presented here is based on the readily
available NTC, comparator IC LM393 and relay. The NTC is used as the temperature detector while
IC LM393 used as comparator. In the absence of heat, no rise in temperature of the temperature
sensor. As a result temperature sensor stop conducting and LED stays off. However, when
temperature rises of the temperature sensor NTC starts conducting and LED glows and buzzer
turns ON.

Buy Online “Temperature Control Alarm Sensor Kit ” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and
get fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/automatic-over-temp-detection-and-alert-ready-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

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Application of the Circuit
Most of the NTC based circuits available in market use one or another kind of NTC which increases the cost
and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this NTC based circuit uses readily available NTC as light
detector. The functioning of this Automatic Over Temperature Detection and Alert circuit is to detect
temperature and automatically activate the LED and buzzer with increase in temperature. LED glows and
buzzer sound continuously indicating the increase in temperature of NTC.

Why this Particular Circuit

NTC used here as a temperature detector. The variation in temperature wanted can be easily done placing
solder gun near to NTC. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by DC
supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON LED and buzzer when there is temperature rise. The
NTC is needed for this purpose. NTC is thermistor. It is heat sensitive resistor element of which resistor value
rapidly decreases with increase in temperature. Here, Automatic Over Temperature Detection and Alert circuit
works as temperature detector while NTC working as temperature sensor that glows LED and turn ON the
buzzer. IC LM393 is used as comparator. NTC output is connected as input to comparator. Pin no. 4 of LM393
is pulled towards ground. Relay is used as a switch. When relay is activated, normally closed contact becomes
open and normally open contact becomes closed. In normal condition, NTC temperature is low and LED and
buzzer stays off. Now consider second scenario when temperature rises, the LED glows and buzzer turns ON.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB
and components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.
Testing the Kit
After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose manually hold solder gun close to NTC. LED glows and buzzer sound in this case.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive
value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit at ceiling of room.

ICs Used
The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/
 Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous

D4: – NTC
https://smartxprokits.in/product/843/

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/

D2: – Green LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/
5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB
Buzzer
https://smartxprokits.in/product/electromagnetic-buzzer-5v-pcb-mount/

Relay
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-10a-pcb-mount-relay-spdt/

Buy Now

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07QBYB69fVU https://smartxprokits.in/automatic-over-temp-
detection-and-alert-ready-kit-assembled-100-
tested/
Smoke Detection Alarm kit

Abstract
In this project, we have designed Smoke Level Detector using MQ-135 Sensor for measuring the
level of smoke in the environment. Simply we have interfaced MQ-135 Gas Sensor module with
Relay and Buzzer. The Smoke sensor we used is the MQ-135 sensor. Smoke Detectors are very
useful in detecting smoke or fire in buildings, and so are the important safety parameters.
Smoke Detector Circuit which not only senses the smoke in the air but also reads and displays the
level of Smoke in the Air. This circuit triggers the Buzzer when Smoke level becomes higher than
the desirable limit, this threshold value can be changed in the Circuit according to the requirement.

Introduction
MQ-135 Module sensor has lower conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exists,
the sensor’s conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. Convert change of
conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ135 gas sensor has high
sensitivity to Ammonia, Sulphide and Benzene steam, also sensitive to smoke and other harmful
gases. It is with low cost and suitable for different applications such as harmful gases/smoke
detection.

Buy Online “Smoke Detection Alarm Kit” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and get fastest
delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/smoke-detection-alarm-kit-assembled-100-tested/?
srsltid=AfmBOopHbQnj2bnUyycPNUNpKBkFcRC9La84naN5a2tpOz72vYg8x5Eq

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Working
The MQ-135 smoke sensor consists of a tin dioxide (SnO2), a perspective layer inside aluminum oxide
microtubes (measuring electrodes) and a heating element inside a tubular casing. The end face of the sensor
is enclosed by a stainless steel net and the backside holds the connection terminals. Smoke is emitted from
the source by burning anything. With the smoke cascade on the tin dioxide sensing layer, the resistance
decreases. By using the external load resistance the resistance variation is converted into a suitable voltage
variation.

Circuit Diagram

Component Used
MQ135 Smoke Sensor
Relay Module 5V
https://smartxprokits.in/product/mq135-gas-sensor-module/
USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/
Buzzer 5V
https://smartxprokits.in/product/electromagnetic-buzzer-5v-pcb-mount/

Buy Now

https://smartxprokits.in/smoke-detection-alarm-kit-assembled-
https://www.youtube.com/watch? 100-tested/?
v=Dls35NnPdzw srsltid=AfmBOopHbQnj2bnUyycPNUNpKBkFcRC9La84naN5a
2tpOz72vYg8x5Eq
Vibration Detection Module
For Industrial Machine
Abstract
Industrial Machine Vibration Detection circuit is presented here is based on the readily available
vibration sensor also called piezoelectric sensor and comparator IC LM393. The Vibration sensor is
used as the vibration detector while IC LM393 used as comparator. In the absence of vibration, no
vibrations detect on the piezoelectric sensor. As a result piezoelectric sensor stop conducting and
LED stays off. However, when vibrations detect on the piezoelectric sensor, piezoelectric sensor
starts conducting and LED glows.

Buy Online “Industrial Machine Vibration Detection” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and
get fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/induction-motor-vibration-detection-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPgNWCX23Sg

Follow Us on Instagram
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Application of the Circuit
Most of the vibration sensor based circuits available in market use one or another kind of piezoelectric sensor
which increases the cost and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this piezoelectric sensor based
circuit uses readily available piezoelectric crystal as vibration detector. The functioning of this Industrial
Machine Vibration Detection circuit is to detect vibration and automatically activate the LED in presence of
vibration. LED glows continuously indicating the presence of vibration till vibration stops.

Why this Particular Circuit

Piezoelectric sensor used here as a vibration detector. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V
which can be obtained by DC supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON LED in presence of vibration. The piezoelectric sensor
is needed for this purpose. Vibration sensor is piezoelectric device as it converts vibrations to electric energy.
Here, Industrial Machine Vibration Detection circuit works as vibration detector while piezoelectric sensor
working as vibration sensor that glows LED. IC LM393 is used as comparator. Vibration sensor output is
connected as input to comparator. Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled towards ground. In normal condition, no
vibration detected and LED stays off. Now consider second scenario when vibration detects, the LED glows in
the presence of vibration.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB
and components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.
Testing the Kit
After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose vibration applied to vibration sensor. LED glows in this case.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of vibration. This can be done by changing the
resistive value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit at ceiling of room.

ICs Used
The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/
Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous

D4: – Vibration Sensor

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/

D2: – Green LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/

5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB

Buy Now

https://www.youtube.com/watch? https://smartxprokits.in/induction-motor-
v=hPgNWCX23Sg vibration-detection-kit-assembled-100-tested/
Automatic Water Dispenser
Using IR Pair
Abstract
Automatic Water dispenser using IR Pair circuit is presented here is based on the readily available
IR sensor, comparator IC LM393 and relay. The photo diode is used as the light intensity detector
while IC LM393 used as comparator. IR beam is continuously falling on photodiode. On interruption
the movement is detected. Hence, no IR beam falls on the photo diode. As a result photo diode stop
conducting and water pump starts. However, when IR beam falls on the photo diode, photo diode
starts conducting and water pump stays off.

Buy Online “Automatic Water dispenser using IR Pair” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below
and get fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/product/automatic-water-dispenser-using-ir-pair-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

https://youtu.be/6v3oMG6lpY0

Follow Us on Instagram
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 Application of the Circuit
Most of the IR based circuits available in market use one or another kind of IR sensor which increases the cost
and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this IR based circuit uses readily available IR sensor as IR
beam detector. The functioning of this Automatic Water dispenser using IR Pair is to detect interruption in IR
beam falling on photo diode and automatically activate the pump in absence of beam. Water pump
continuously indicating the absence of beam till beam falls on the photo diode.

Why this Particular Circuit

IR sensor used here as a beam detector. The variation in beam wanted can be easily done by interrupting IR
beam using hand palm. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by DC
supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON pump in absence of IR beam. The photo diode is
needed for this purpose. Photo diode is photoelectric device as it converts light energy to electric energy. Here,
Automatic Water dispenser using IR Pair works as IR beam detector while photo diode working as light sensor
that pumps water. IC LM393 is used as comparator. Photo diode output is connected as input to comparator.
Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled towards ground. Relay is used as a switch. When relay is activated, normally
closed contact becomes open and normally open contact becomes closed. In normal condition, IR beam falls on
photo diode and water pump stays off. Now consider second scenario when IR beam is irrupted, the water
pumps in the absence of light.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB and
components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

Testing the Kit

After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose manually hold hand palm over IR sensor. Water pumps in this case.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive
value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit in room.

ICs Used
The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/
R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous
D4: – IR Sensor
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5mm-ir-led-infrared-led/

D3: – Photo diode

https://smartxprokits.in/product/photodiode/

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/

D2: – Green LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/

5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB
Pump
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-dc-mini-submersible-water-pump/

Relay
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-10a-pcb-mount-relay-spdt/
 Buy Now

https://youtu.be/6v3oMG6lpY0 https://smartxprokits.in/automatic-water-
dispenser-using-ir-pair-kit-assembled-100-
tested/
 Transformer Overheat
Detection System
Abstract
Transformer Overheat Detection System circuit is presented here is based on the readily available
NTC, comparator IC LM393 and relay. The NTC is used as the temperature detector while IC
LM393 used as comparator. In the absence of heat, no rise in temperature of the temperature
sensor. As a result temperature sensor stop conducting and LED stays off. However, when
temperature rises of the temperature sensor NTC starts conducting and LED glows and buzzer
turns ON.

Buy Online “Transformer Overheat detection” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and get
fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/transformer-overheat-detection-ready-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

https://youtu.be/pz2Lnq9nBis?si=9g4_5FW7nJ-Boz4N

Follow Us on Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/smartxprokits/igsh=MWd0YXVoMTF1b2FqdA%3D%3D
 Application of the Circuit
Most of the NTC based circuits available in market use one or another kind of NTC which increases the cost
and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this NTC based circuit uses readily available NTC as light
detector. The functioning of this Transformer Overheat Detection System circuit is to detect temperature and
automatically activate the LED and buzzer with increase in temperature. LED glows and buzzer sound
continuously indicating the increase in temperature of NTC.

Why this Particular Circuit

NTC used here as a temperature detector. The variation in temperature wanted can be easily done placing
solder gun near to NTC. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by DC
supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON LED and buzzer when there is temperature rise. The
NTC is needed for this purpose. NTC is thermistor. It is heat sensitive resistor element of which resistor value
rapidly decreases with increase in temperature. Here, Transformer Overheat Detection System circuit works as
temperature detector while NTC working as temperature sensor that glows LED and turn ON the buzzer. IC
LM393 is used as comparator. NTC output is connected as input to comparator. Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled
towards ground. Relay is used as a switch. When relay is activated, normally closed contact becomes open and
normally open contact becomes closed. In normal condition, NTC temperature is low and LED and buzzer stays
off. Now consider second scenario when temperature rises, the LED glows and buzzer turns ON.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB and
components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

Testing the Kit

After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose manually hold solder gun close to NTC. LED glows and buzzer sound in this case.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive
value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit at ceiling of room.

ICs Used Here

The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/
Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous

D4: – NTC
https://smartxprokits.in/product/843/

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/

D2: – Green LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/

5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB
Buzzer
https://smartxprokits.in/product/electromagnetic-buzzer-5v-pcb-mount/

Relay
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-10a-pcb-mount-relay-spdt/

Buy Now

https://youtu.be/pz2Lnq9nBis? https://smartxprokits.in/transformer-overheat-
si=gGClC1cizSKJIi8G detection-ready-kit-assembled-100-tested/
Automatic Irrigation System
for Farmer
Abstract
Automatic Irrigation System circuit is presented here is based on the readily available moisture
sensor, comparator IC LM393 and relay. The moisture sensor is used as soil moisture detector
while IC LM393 used as comparator. In the absence of water, no moisture sense in the soil. As a
result moisture sensor start conducting and turn ON the water pump. However, when there is a
moisture present in the soil the moisture sensor detect moisture and water pump stays off.

Buy Online “Automatic Irrigation System for Farmer” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and
get fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/automatic-irrigation-system-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTUc5eaMeLs

Follow Us on Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/smartxprokits/igsh=MWd0YXVoMTF1b2FqdA%3D%3D
 Application of the Circuit
Most of the moisture sensor based circuits available in market use one or another kind of soil moisture
detector probe which increases the cost and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this moisture
sensor based circuit uses readily available soil moisture detector probe as moisture detector. The functioning
of this Automatic Irrigation System circuit is to detect moisture in soil and automatically activate the water
pump in absence of moisture. Water pump is ON continuously indicating the absence of moisture till it detects
moisture on moisture sensor.

Why this Particular Circuit

Soil moisture detector probe used here as a moisture detector. The variation in moisture wanted can be easily
done by introducing water. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by
DC supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON water pump in absence of moisture. The soil moisture
detector probe is needed for this purpose. Soil moisture detector probe is a device that converts soil moisture to
electric energy. Here, Automatic Irrigation System circuit works as moisture detector while soil moisture detector
probe working as moisture sensor that turns ON water pump. IC LM393 is used as comparator. Soil moisture
detector probe output is connected as input to comparator. Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled towards ground. Relay
is used as a switch. When relay is activated, normally closed contact becomes open and normally open contact
becomes closed. In normal condition, there is moisture in the soil and water pump stays off. Now consider
second scenario when there is no moisture in the soil, the water pump turns ON.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB and
components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

Testing the Kit

After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose manually induce water in the soil. Pump turns on in absence of water.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive
value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit in soil.

ICs Used Here

The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/
Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous

D4: – Moisture Sensor

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/

D2: – Green LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/

5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB
Pump
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-dc-mini-submersible-water-pump/

Relay
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-10a-pcb-mount-relay-spdt/

Buy Now

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTUc5eaMeLs https://smartxprokits.in/automatic-irrigation-
system-kit-assembled-100-tested/
 Water Level Indicator

Abstract
Water Level Indicator circuit is presented here is based on the readily available moisture sensor,
comparator IC LM393 and relay. The moisture sensor is used as moisture detector while IC LM393
used as comparator. In the absence of water, no moisture is sensed. As a result moisture sensor
start conducting and turn ON the LED. However, when there is a moisture present the moisture
sensor detect moisture and LED stays off.

Buy Online “Water level indicator” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from below and get fastest
delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/water-level-indicator-kit-assembled-100-tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

https://youtu.be/AZ47vPnpZg8

Follow Us on Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/smartxprokits/igsh=MWd0YXVoMTF1b2FqdA%3D%3D
 Application of the Circuit
Most of the moisture sensor based circuits available in market use one or another kind of moisture detector
probe which increases the cost and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this moisture sensor based
circuit uses readily available moisture detector probe as moisture detector. The functioning of this Water Level
Indicator circuit is to detect the moisture and automatically activate the LED in absence of moisture. Water
pump is ON continuously indicating the absence of moisture till it detects moisture on moisture sensor.

Why this Particular Circuit

Moisture detector probe used here as a moisture detector. The variation in moisture wanted can be easily
done by introducing water. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by
DC supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON LED in absence of moisture. The moisture detector
probe is needed for this purpose. Moisture detector probe is a device that converts moisture to electric energy.
Here, Water Level Indicator circuit works as moisture detector while moisture detector probe working as
moisture sensor that turns ON LED. IC LM393 is used as comparator. Moisture detector probe output is
connected as input to comparator. Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled towards ground. Relay is used as a switch.
When relay is activated, normally closed contact becomes open and normally open contact becomes closed. In
normal condition, there is moisture and LED stays off. Now consider second scenario when there is no moisture,
the LED turns ON.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB and
components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

Testing the Kit

After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose manually water is induced. LED turns on in absence of water.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive
value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit in tank.

ICs Used Here

The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/
Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous

D4: – Moisture Sensor

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/

D2: – Green LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/

5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB
LED
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5mm-white-led/

Relay
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-10a-pcb-mount-relay-spdt/

Buy Now

https://youtu.be/AZ47vPnpZg8 https://smartxprokits.in/water-level-indicator-kit-
assembled-100-tested/
LED Lighting in Aquarium
Using LDR Sensor
Abstract
LED Lighting in Aquarium using LDR Sensor circuit is presented here is based on the readily
available LDR, comparator IC LM393 and relay. The LDR is used as the light intensity detector while
IC LM393 used as comparator. In the absence of light, no light falls on the photo sensor. As a result
photo sensor stop conducting and LED emergency light glows. However, when light falls on the
photo sensor photo sensor starts conducting and LED emergency light stays off.

LED Lighting in
Aquarium Using LDR
Sensor

Buy Online “LED Lighting in Aquarium using LDR Sensor” Ready Kit, 100% Tested from
below and get fastest delivery in India
https://smartxprokits.in/product/led-lighting-in-aquarium-using-ldr-sensor-ready-kit-assembled-100-
tested/

Complete working video can be seen from

https://youtu.be/cAoZ8gnSqEw

Follow Us on Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/smartxprokits/igsh=MWd0YXVoMTF1b2FqdA%3D%3D
 Application of the Circuit
Most of the LDR based circuits available in market use one or another kind of LDR which increases the cost
and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this LDR based circuit uses readily available LDR as light
detector. The functioning of this LED Lighting in Aquarium using LDR Sensor circuit is to detect interruption in
light and automatically activate the LED emergency light in absence of light. LED emergency light glows
continuously indicating the absence of light till light falls on the LDR.

Why this Particular Circuit

LDR used here as a light detector. The variation in intensity of light wanted can be easily done by interrupting
light using hand palm. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by DC
supply cable.

Explained Working of Circuit

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON LED emergency light in absence of light. The LDR is
needed for this purpose. LDR is photoelectric device as it converts light energy to electric energy. Here, LED
Lighting in Aquarium using LDR Sensor circuit works as light detector while LDR working as light sensor that
glows LED emergency light. IC LM393 is used as comparator. LDR output is connected as input to comparator.
Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled towards ground. Relay is used as a switch. When relay is activated, normally
closed contact becomes open and normally open contact becomes closed. In normal condition, light falls on
LDR and LED emergency light stays off. Now consider second scenario when light irrupts, the LED emergency
light glows in the absence of light.

How to Build
First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB and
components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.
Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact
value.
There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified
numerically on them.
Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to
where each of them has to be placed?
If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.
Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy
while troubleshooting.
Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.
Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give
due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.
Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and
sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

Testing the Kit

After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.
For testing purpose manually hold hand palm over LDR. LED glows in this case.
Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive
value of R2 variable resistor.
Install the unit at ceiling of room.

ICs Used Here

The only IC used here is LM393
It is dual differential comparator IC.
This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List
Semiconductors
U1 – LM393
https://smartxprokits.in/product/lm393/

Base – 8 pin
https://smartxprokits.in/product/8-pin-dip-ic-socket-base-adaptor/

Resistors(all ¼ watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-multiturn-potentiometer/

R3 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R4 – 1k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/1k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R5 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/

R6 – 10k Ohm
https://smartxprokits.in/product/10k-resistor-1-4-watt/
Capacitor C1 – 1uF
Miscellaneous

D4: – LDR
https://smartxprokits.in/product/843/

D1: – Red LED

https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-red-led/
D2: – Green LED
https://smartxprokits.in/product/3mm-green-led/

5 V USB Cable
https://smartxprokits.in/product/micro-usb-cable/

PCB
LED
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5mm-white-led/

Relay
https://smartxprokits.in/product/5v-10a-pcb-mount-relay-spdt/

Buy Now

https://youtu.be/cAoZ8gnSqEw https://smartxprokits.in/led-lighting-in-aquarium-
using-ldr-sensor-ready-kit-assembled-100-
tested/