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Problems Solving and Reasoning pt2

The document discusses problem-solving methods, including inductive and deductive reasoning, and provides examples for each. It also explains sequences, Venn diagrams, and systematic listing methods to analyze data and solve problems. Additionally, it introduces Polya's Problem-Solving Strategy, outlining a four-step approach to tackle problems.

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6 views

Problems Solving and Reasoning pt2

The document discusses problem-solving methods, including inductive and deductive reasoning, and provides examples for each. It also explains sequences, Venn diagrams, and systematic listing methods to analyze data and solve problems. Additionally, it introduces Polya's Problem-Solving Strategy, outlining a four-step approach to tackle problems.

Uploaded by

mesanasamantha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UE College of Arts and Sciences

A.1
B.9
C. BOTH ARE CORRECT
D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
VS
A problem is a question that motivates a person to search for
an answer.

Problem solving is finding solutions and not just answers to


problems.

SOLUTION = METHOD + ANSWER


1. Inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by
examining specific examples.

A conclusion based on inductive reasoning is called a conjecture. A conjecture


may or may not be correct.
Example: Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the
following lists:
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,…
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,…
c. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26,…
Example: Consider the following procedure: Choose a number. Multiply the
number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive
reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of
the resulting number and the size of the original number.
Example: Consider the following procedure: Choose a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.

Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size
of the resulting number and the size of the original number.
Note:
When you use inductive reasoning, you have no guarantee that your
conclusion is correct.
2. Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying
general assumptions, procedure or principles.
Example: Consider the following procedure: Choose a number. Multiply the
number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.

Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use deductive
reasoning to show that the following procedure produces a number that is
four times the original number.
Example: Consider the following procedure: Choose a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.

Complete the above procedure for several different numbers. Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure produces a number that is
four times the original number.
• A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. Each number in a sequence is
called a term of the sequence.
• One solution to find the next term of the sequence is by using the difference
table – a table which shows the differences between successive terms of
the sequence.
Example: Use a difference table to predict the next term in the sequence.

a.) 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, …


Example: Use a difference table to predict the next term in the sequence.
b.) 2, 7, 24, 59, 118, 207, …
Example: Use a difference table to predict the next term in the sequence.
c.) 1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, …
§ Venn diagrams are the principal way of showing sets diagrammatically.
§ The method consists primarily of entering the elements of a set into a circle or
circles.
X = number of elements that belong to set A only
Y = number of elements that belong to set B only
Z = number of elements that belong to set A and B both
W = number of elements that belong to none of the sets A or B T
otal number of elements = x + y + z + w
1.) There are a total of 150 freshmen students.
85 were enrolled in a Mathematics in the Modern World (MMW) class 70 were enrolled in a Purposive Communications (PC) class
50 were enrolled for both MMW and PC
a. How many signed up only for an MMW class only?
b. How many signed up only for a PC class only?
c. How many signed up for MMW or PC?
d. How many signed up neither for MMW nor PC?
2.) At a breakfast buffet, 93 people chose coffee and 47 people chose juice. 25 people chose both coffee and

juice. If each person chose at least one of these beverages, how many people visited the buffet?
3.) 100 students were interviewed.
28 took Spanish, 31 took Mandarin, 42 took Nihongo, 9 took Spanish & Mandarin, 10 took Spanish and
Nihongo, 6 took Mandarin and Nihongo, 4 took all three subjects.
a) How many students took none of the three subjects?
b) How many students took Spanish but not Mandarin or Nihongo?
c) How many students took Mandarin and Spanish but not Nihongo?
Example: Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different occupation
(editor, banker, chef, or dentist). From the following clues, determine the occupation of each neighbor.
1) Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist.

2) Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor.
3) The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.

4) The banker lives next door to Brian.


Example: Brianna, Ryan, Tyler, and Ashley were recently elected as the new class officers
(president, vice president, secretary, treasurer) of the sophomore class at Summit College.
From the following clues, determine which position each holds.
1. Ashley is younger than the president but older than the treasurer.
2. Brianna and the secretary are both the same age, and they are the youngest members of the group.
3. Tyler and the secretary are next-door neighbors.
Example: Each of the Little League teams in a small rural community is sponsored by a different local business. The
names of the teams are the Dodgers, the Pirates, the Tigers, and the Giants. The businesses that sponsor the teams
are the bank, the supermarket, the service station, and the drugstore. From the following clues, determine which
business sponsors each team.
1. The Tigers and the team sponsored by the service station have winning records this season.
2. The Pirates and the team sponsored by the bank are coached by parents of the players, whereas the Giants
and the team sponsored by the drugstore are coached by the director of the community center.
3. Jake is the pitcher for the team sponsored by the supermarket and coached by his father.
4. The game between the Tigers and the team sponsored by the drugstore
was rained out yesterday.
• It is used to list all possibilities of a sequence of events in a systematic way.

• It is also called the “listing method”.


POSSIBLE
OUTCOME
FIRST BORN SECOND BORN THIRD BORN

BOY BBB
BOY BBG
GIRL
BOY
BOY BGB
GIRL
GIRL BGG
BOY GBB
BOY
GIRL GIRL GBG
BOY
GIRL GGB
GIRL
GGG
Example 2. Your school cafeteria offers chicken or tuna sandwiches; chips or fruit; and milk, apple
juice, or orange juice. If you purchase one sandwich, one side item and one drink, how many different
lunches can you choose?

There are 12 possible lunches.

Sandwich(2) Side Item(2) Drink(3) Outcomes


apple juice chicken, chips, apple
chips orange juice chicken, chips, orange
milk chicken, chips, milk
chicken apple juice chicken, fruit, apple
fruit orange juice chicken, fruit, orange
milk chicken, fruit, milk
apple juice tuna, chips, apple
chips orange juice tuna, chips, orange
milk tuna, chips, milk
tuna apple juice tuna, fruit, apple
fruit orange juice tuna, fruit, orange
milk tuna, fruit, milk
Example 3. UAAP Men’s Basketball Championship is between
De La Salle Green Archers (DLSU) and UE Red Warriors UE. Determine the number of possible outcomes
of the game if a team must win two (2) out of three (3) games.

POSSIBLE
FIRST GAME SECOND GAME THIRD GAME OUTCOME

DLSU- DLSU

DLSU- UE - DLSU

DLSU- UE - UE

UE - DLSU- DLSU

UE – DLSU - UE

UE - UE
Polya’s Problem-Solving Strategy
• George Polya (1887-1985) was born in Hungary and moved to US in
1940.
• The basic problem solving strategy that he advocated consisted of the
following four steps:

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