Moment of force/Torque turning —|Turninga wrench {r= F x (Perpendicular |1Nm = 10’ dyne em effect of force about Wrench/ distance of line of action} 1 kgfm = 9.8 Nm ‘axis of rotation (a vector qvantity)| {from axis of rotation) _|1 gf cm = 980 dyne cm (Moment of couple (pair of equal, |Turning a steering |z =F x Couple Arm —|same as t opposite and parallel forces acting | wheel erpendicular distance in the opposite direction) between 2 forces) Equilibrium: State of body (rest book Iying on table,|F,..,, = 0 lor motion) under action of two or revolution of Earth | ty. =0 more forces remains unchanged —_| around Sun Principle of Moments: Algebraic |A beam balance | W, x /, = W, x |, ‘sum of clockwise moments = ‘algebraic sum of anti-clockwise | moments Note: Anti-clockwise is considered las +ve, clockwise as —ve (Centre of Gravity: Point ona | C.G. of rod lies at | Ex = 0 (Algebraic sum rigid body at which entire weight | midpt. of its axis | of moments of weights assumed to act | of particles) iewey ivesy a NG «| there is displacement in direction of force applied (a scalar eon v and $ $ = displacement @ = angle between F ST Unie lae Concepts Example Formu! : = 7 rk: . s 7 19, Work: It is said to be done when Lifting a load W = Feos® x gravity vertically upwards Work done by force of gravity —_| Apple falling from a| W = FXS = mgh tree Work done against force of Ball thrown W=-mgh Power: Rate of doing work per unit time (scalar quantity) ¥ Energy consumed by bulb in & oneday -©). ime P=F x Velocity p = W _ Force xdisplacement 1 Watt (Id) is) = 10° ey t ti Energy: Capacity to do work When a striker hits Porbetted by virtue of ag \ 2 - Ke? [toutatorl etenal Im? Pemomentum (due to gravity) ergy U=iph c-w =Tk) + When work done by a body, | q corner coin, : ewe energy 7 increase energy is 1kWh = 36 x 10°) + Wher work done ona body, 4] transferred from 438 J ort} energy 4 decrease (scaler aty) | striker to com : eran cal TeV =16 x10") Potential Energy: Energy Water stored in Possessed by virtue of position or tankidam configuration fe Kin 7 | nate Cnergy: Energy A vehicle in motion Kaeding 2 ee |work Energy Theorem: work done = Increase in KE. aw of Conservation of Energy: Total energy in a system remains constant always & Ik U = constant Ball thrown vertically upwards Simple pendulum released from rest u= initial energyMACHINES : a =a ay It $I unit is newton. | Load: Opposing or resistive force L + Ideal machine, n= 1 (MA=V.R) + Actual machine, n <1 (M.A 1.= force multiplier | Bes It has no unit, [Velocity Ratio VR. up = Weboté. Ms | epends only on design ee Vel of LV, ae © VR #, d= displacement VR.<1=> Vel. multiplier Tt has no unit Input: Work done on machine Wout Wao EX de [Outpt Werk done by machine Wort Waipe L* d,, d= Displacement of load Efficiency q 0 of a lever: (a lever Prine oan er a lad fae fond Ar Arm = {fort Effort Arm | Moment of load about fulerum = c Lod {am i Moment of Effort about fulcrum Ma = (EA) gy f : nig 'S expression is known as law of lever | ingle fixed pulley 9 Ideal: MA.= VR =1 | | N= 100% ie, | Actual: MA.<1,VR «1 | L crear N < 100%, ie, here 1 - efficiency | deal, C= 1, T- tension lear MA a “2 ond, VR oD “1 Actual, Mh < . VR «2[Combination of Pulleys One fixed pulley with several movable pulleys Ty Several pulleys in block and tackle system: two sets of pulleys, upper set attached to a rigid support at the top is called block, lower set (movable) carrying load is called tackle, Ideal, M.A. « 2°,n is the number of movable pulleys ‘ond VR, = 2° n= 100% Aetual, MA <2", VR = 2° 11 < 100% L = nl, nis the total no. of pulleys in both the blocks and €=T, where L- support, T-tension, €-effort deal, MA.= =n = &=+ (Force multiplier) SUR A Efficiency 1 = 100% Actual, = 1, and L+w = nl (w = weight of the lower block along with pulleys) w SMA = nw =MA REACTION OF LIGHT N E SURFACES As light travels from one medium to another: *y remains constant ¥¢ Tor | => AT or | - CL=> bends | Roy sgarde oral BS v ue Zi>Zt | XK Dancer] CT=>bendsaway = * Perse | from normal > + eee Zi< Zr | Q Tneident] , no deviation | é normally =4r=0 I Laws of Refraction eS Vv yey sind = “2-2 Ha} gq | H= absolute refractive index | sinr of a medium 1p, = Refractive index of medium 2 = speed of light in vacuumair w.rt medium 1 v= speed of light in medium oo [Refraction through various media} [Refraction through various media} various media jpg Im, Multiple images fied (if viewed obliquely) due to multiple reflections and refractions v ete Index :"}, p -— N — ow «& Apparent depth = Real depth Mu, Apparent depth “4 Real depth — Appa’ depthA ~LRectangular Glass slab {) TEER = v Emergent ray Is parallel to incident ray (but with A lateral displacement) 5 = angle of deviationd (perpendicular distance blw v. emergent ray and incident ray) com, [Light travelling from Denser to Rarer Medium Zag v eae — Ph, valve of i for which’ a L120" Total Internal Reflection: M Light get totally reflected sy, = sin f, back into denser medium with no partial refractionJ REFRACTION OF LIGHTA\ THROUGH A LENS > Concane iene eE (Diverging ler 3) [Refraction Through Lenses | > ytene Convex lens (> ~~ (Converging lens) 3 inciple axis (P) (Imaginary line Optical Centre (0) Princip! aay Feces asetehe| (centre point of lens) joining centres of cur 2 3 Principle Focus Centre of curvature (©) g Terms Lenses @] ~2.- N (Centre of sphere of glass) aes Power (P) Focal Length (0) @-4) % Real and virtual images Depending upon whether ays of light actually emanate or Qppear to. Q©Haonification (n= FeO m> 1 (Magnified Image) ™<1 (Ciminished mage) SS fe} Neo oh NY THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - CHAPTER:6 S Spectrum! . [pec] a= Electromagnetic wave {Wave capable of tranemitting Its energy through vacuum (cev e v Electromagnetic spectrum ae {Continvous 7 — in which . waves exist) Rome Gamma ha ‘Ultraviolet | a HR ar radiations (WW) = a ian Mrowaves [rosouoe| ey | Oo" “10m sa (@-a)0m| [eeoreaaeym [a0 De | a—109m | [Visible Lah (ier) | aoe Visible Light [Visible Light (VIB6YOR) | mene oe scattering of Light Dispersion (re-radiation of light in (Gplting of uhite light different directions) into light into VIBGYOR) Rayleigh’s Scattering’ (Geattering of light by v by molecules of air) Yee << where I is the intensity of scattered lightSOUND A form of mechanical £ waves that produces vai of hearing mre Terms related to Wave Motion <—— YW "x N Ze") \ Longitudinal waves in solid, liquid and gas, can propagate as transverse waves only in solid and on the surface of liquid aint Waves v Reflection of Sound Waves ANY nN “Ze = 2 wm a t Sound heard ¥. wy. after reflection | Pycade > P seats > Vag ‘= Speed of sound in air d = Distance b/w source and reflecting surface ¥ from distant object y t = Time after which echo is Sonar] Radar] heard & Sound Waves 24 + RR es & MBO {0 ¥. Damped Vibrations Za Sinole Pendulum ~. “ie en | | \+ length of pendulum Ug | = length of string T= radius of string d= density of material T= tension of string 9* ace" due to gravity = Forced Vibrations v bf Maeno” Vase Y 2g. Resonance in Air column= 4 wivayy | | Curent: Rate of flow of charge Ampere (A) nay 335 Potential: Electrical state of a | V, (potential at v,= wa Volt (V) conductor which determines the | * point A) direction of flow of charge when} | 986 2.conductors are connected Potential difference (P.d.): v Volt (V) Work done in moving a unit +ve I charge from one point to other Ohm's ta Voor V=IR Resistance: Obstruction offered, R R=pl ‘Ohm (2) to the flow of current A P = resistivity |= length of wire A = area of cross-section Conductance: A measure of G cebk Ohm or (Q)* how quickly eurrent can flow R within conductor ¢-o8 x3? U ow Condvetity o = 2 Resistors in series smmcamn sae R, ReaR +R +R +. Ohm (Q) Resistors in Parallel 3; R, Ohm (Q) Electromotive force of a cell € eM ever Volt (Vv) (em): Potential difference blw % terminals of cell when it is In V = voltage of the cell pen circuit T= current across the circuit = internal resistance of the cell tromotive force‘Terminal voltage of a cell: Pd. blw electrodes of cell when it isin closed circuit Internal Resistance of cell: resistance offered by electrolyte inside the battery Ohm (2) sie2X ousewoun Cancun AW 2 E [etna Energy mar Total work done by current. through @ conductor in a given time W = 10 = Vit = Pre a Y —s @ é SEK Sere eT Rate of ener ‘ v v consumptive’ Resistance of Filament (Q) = Joule’s Law of Heating | > -4 [Transmission Network p>pistribution Network cits 7 Boller Ga Main substation oiascieie Di sun Turbine 4o ~» Intermediate Substation “+ Live lire (D leutral Wire (N) > Earth Wire (E) | ~» City Substation ~ Generator oa Tree System «_ Wirin , 9 System |<— | Household Circuits tng Suvam 0 Lig Sten}KS Zn recrommcnlTirAy |Magnetic Effect of Current @ | | v —z vo Direction of Magnetic field (ce < Force due to Magnetic field : vo L Experiment v ¥, Straight Wire] [Circular Coil] { Cylindrical ( Lorentz Force} {Fleming's Left v [Coil/Solenoig F= IB <— Hand Rule Fe Monvete Cockle ye | T= Current 1 . 7 RightHand Maxwell's @ Electromagna | B = Strength of is used to find ThumbyRule Corkscrew Las Magnetic field thardneoten of hace Rule Eshaped Using |= Length of exerted on a current . 3 ng conductor iy L ae placed in nagnete field. 7 c e=e, sin 2nnt n=no. of ns bp AC Generator | > i=i, sin 2nnt per second ( = Production of current by moving a conductor in magnetic field) “ Ir Direction of Induced emflcurrent Magnitude of Induced emflcurrent fr v Vv Vv ce Fleming's Right Faraday’s Laws ti Hand Rule 7 Ty LC v TE-can be used to Ge — edb e= Induced EMF |S} eas teemieaie tes tatig, to 9 Neonat Saal conductor fields, currents, and emf Ee L pe Primary coil 7 move na moana g ], 8 Secondary eoit id.Es Total internal energy ma Joule 0) {te of a body m= mass 1 calorie = 42 J At = rise (or change) in temperature Ze c= Specific heat capacity Heat Capacity Heat required to raise c en Uk and IPC (or thermal temperature of a given at | capacity) mass by 1°C/1K Specific Heat Capacity | Heat required to raise c ce JkgK and temperature of unit mt aIkg.*C mass by 1°C/1K co“ m Calorimeter Instrument used for measuring heat gainedllost Principle of calorimetry | Based on law of me,(t, -t) = m,(t—t) (or Principle of Mixture)] conservation of energy |. t= final temperture ie, Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body Latent Heat (Melting, | Heat absorbed or a Q=ml Joule () freezing, vaporisation, | released during change L = Specific latent heat condensation, sublima-| of state without change| tion, solidfication) _| in temperature Specific Latent Heat | Latent heat required by} = L 1-2 kg unit mass to undergo ™ phase change_ IR 3 ix MODERN PRYSICS AQ ee re of Atom ae _ EER © Atomic Number (2) - no. of protons in nucleus Mass Number(A) - total number of neutron + prota main Protons SX Neutrons \ ©Atom > Tsotones atoms of different » elements with different A & Z but same A—Zeg. 2Na & ZMg Stable Isotopes nearly Unstable (or equal no. of protons radioactive Isotopes) and neutrons (no. of neutrons > no. of protons) ® [deiaciviy) Nucleus of an atom disintegrates and loses energy by emitting invisible ionising radiations v ys, Alpha Radiations (c) ; Se Feta Radiation (8) Gamma Radlatons (Y) ay Negatively charged Uncharged Ge) (Eectromage : Li wavesld