TOPIC: 3.
5 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING:
SAP-7 Gas properties are explained macroscopically using the relationships among pressure, volume, temperature,
moles, gas constant and molecularly by the motion of the gas.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
SAP-7.BA Explain the relationship between the motion of particles and the macroscopic properties of gases with:
a. The kinetic molecular theory (KMT).
b. A particulate model.
c. A graphical representation.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:
SAP-7.B.1 The kinetic molecular theory (KMT) relates the macroscopic properties of gases to motions of the particles in
the gas. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution describes the distribution of the kinetic energies of particles at a
given temperature.
SAP - 7.B.2 All the particles in a sample of matter are in continuous, random motion. The average kinetic energy of a
particle is related to its average velocity by the equation:
EQN: KE = ½ mv2
SAP - 7.B.3 The Kelvin temperature of a sample of matter is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles in
the sample.
SAP 7.B.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution provides a graphical representation of the energies/velocities of
particles at a given temperature.
EQUATION(S):
KE = ½ mv2
NOTES:
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is a simplified model that describes the nature of gases. It is a series of postulates
that are based on speculations about the behavior of each gas particle. Here are the postulates as they relate to an
IDEAL gas.
1) The size of a gas particle is so small compared with the distances between the particles that the volume of
the particles is negligible, that is to say, it is so small that the volume of the gas particles can be ignored.
2) Gas particles are in constant, random motions. They move in straight lines until they bump into each other
or the walls of the container. When the particles bump into the walls of the container this results in the
phenomenon that we call gas pressure.
3) The particles are assumed to have no attractive or repulsive forces between them, in other words, the effect
of IMF can be ignored for an ideal gas
4) The average kinetic energy of a sample of a gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas. (KE =
½ mv2 Kinetic Energy is equal to ½ x mass x velocity squared)
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Over the years, scientists have studied gases and noted how they act under different circumstances. There are
several gas laws that look at how one variable changes when another is varied. The table below summarizes some
of those gas laws.
Relationship between ___ and ____ Two Point Equation Mathematical Relationship
GAS LAW
Boyle s Law Pressure Volume P1V1 = P2V2 Inverse
Charles Law Volume Temperature V1/T1 = V2/T2 Direct
Gay-Lussac s Law Pressure Temperature P1/T1 = P2/T2 Direct
Avogadro s Hypothesis Volume Number of moles V1/n1 = V2/n2 Direct
By combining all of these, we can form the combined gas law: =
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION
A Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution shows the distribution of the kinetic energies of particles at a given
temperature.
As you look at the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution you can see that it skews to the left. The tail on the left is
longer. At the origin the speed is zero (as speed can t be less than ero .
https://deepai.org/machine-learning-glossary-and-terms/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch21/chemical.php
By increasing the temperature of a gas the distribution of the particle shifts to the right. Notice that not every
particle has the same energy; the temperature measures an average of the kinetic energy.
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most-probable-velocity
The temperature of the first gas is greater than the temperature of the second gas. The mass is the same, but the
velocity differs, this results in a difference in the kinetic energy.
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In this example the mass of the particles differs, but the velocity is the same, this also results in a difference in the
kinetic energy.
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The formula for calculating the kinetic energy is KE = ½ mv2,where m is for mass and v is for velocity. The mass is the
mass of the particles in kg, and the velocity is in meters/second. The kinetic energy is then calculated in joules.
Rate of effusion the ability to diffuse through a small hole is related to the si e of the particles Grahams Law
describes this relationship:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 2
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 2 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
We can see that as the particle size increases, the rate of effusion decreases.
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/grahams-law-6
I DO:
Given a sample of H2, HCl and Cl2 at the same temperature, place the particles in order of decreasing average
particle speed.
Fastest Slowest
H2, HCl, Cl2
All have same KE, largest mass therefore has the least Velocity.
WE DO:
Consider an equimolar mixture of gases, H2, N2 and F2, placed into container with a pinhole
opening. After some time has passed, place the gases in order of increasing amount remaining in
the container.
YOU DO:
1) A 1L vessel containing 1 mole of H2 at 200. K is shown below: (The lengths of the arrows correspond to
the speeds of the arrows)
Draw the following:
a) A 1L vessel containing b) A 1L vessel containing c) A 1L vessel containing d) A 1L vessel containing
2 moles of H2 at 200.K. 1 mole of Ne at 200. K. 1 mole of H2 at 100. K. 2 mole of H2 at 400. K.
q h
j g J
f j g
ft
I 4 a I
d
2) Equimolar samples of N2 and O2 are both at standard conditions (1 atm, 273K).
f g
a) Which sample has more kinetic energy? Why?
same Temp SameKE
They are the same
b) Which sample has higher average molecular speeds? Why?
Nz 28.091m01 j molar mass 9speed o NZ
02 3209 1m01 Kfesame KEImu
3) Place the following gases in order of increasing kinetic energy.
KALB
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4) A Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution is shown:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/temp-
kinetic-theory-ideal-gas-law/a/what-is-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution
On the following graphs, sketch the changes specified.
a) Gas is heated b) A gas with a higher c) Some gas was d) A hotter gas was
molar mass at the removed from the added to the original
same temperature. original vessel; gas and allowed to
temperature held reach equilibrium.
constant
Mex
a
5) Two gases are placed at either end of a tube at room temperature as shown; when they meet a
white/yellow precipitate will form. Where in the tube do you predict to see the precipitate?
HBr NH3
A 81991mi M 1791mA
smaller faster
6) A sample of nitrogen monoxide, NO, was placed in a sealed, rigid container at 200.K. The vessel was
heated to 400.K. What changes will occur and why? (Consider changes to volume, temperature,
pressure, moles, particle speeds)
orange E
f yE.tk dgnigionsaoywmoares
energy
or
i
F
I9 RateHBR
Rate WH G
