break

9.
Races ={100:'Varnika',200:'Jugal', 400:'Kushal',800:'Minisha'}
def PUSH(Stk,N):
Stk.append(N)
def POP(Stk):
if Stk!=[]:
return Stk.pop()
else:
return None
stack1=[]
for i in Races:
if i>=200:
PUSH(stack1,Races[i])
while True:
if stack1!=[]:
print(POP(stack1),end=" ")
else:
break

10.
Product={"TV":10000, "MOBILE":4500, "PC":12500, "FURNITURE":5500}
stack=[]
def PRODPUSH(stack, P):
for k in Product:
if P[k]<6000:
stack.append(k)

PRODPUSH(stack, Product)
print(stack)
Case Based Questions – 5 Marks
1. (i). a colour.insert(len(colour),n)
(ii). a push(colour,c[i])
(iii).a colour==[]
(iv). b colour.pop()
(v). b pop(colour)

2. i) course_dict[course] = fee
ii) course_dict[key]
iii) append(key)
iv) len(STACK)
v) STACK.pop()

Unit II: Computer Networks

a. Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of

networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)

b. Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of

data communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media,
98
 protocols), measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data
transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet
switching)
Point wise notes/Key Points/ Summary

A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as printers

is called computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates
information sharing among them. Computers may connect to each other by either
wired or wireless media.
Network Applications
Computer systems and peripherals are connected to form a network. They provide
numerous advantages:
• Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices
• Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP
• Information sharing by using Web or Internet
• Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages
• IP phones
• Video conferences
• Parallel computing
• Instant messaging

ARPANET, in full Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, experimental

computer network that was the forerunner of the Internet. The Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Defense Department, funded the
development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the
late 1960s. Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded research
institutions over telephone lines.

NSFNET: A variety of regional research and education networks, supported in part

by NSF, were connected to the NSFNET backbone, thus extending the Internet’s reach
throughout the United States.

INTERNET
The Internet is a collection of computers connected by network cables or through
satellite links. Rather than connecting every computer on the Internet with every
other computer, individual computers in an organization are normally connected
in a local area network (LAN). One node on this local area network is physically
connected to the Internet. So, the Internet is a network of networks.

PROTOCOL

A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is

transmitted between different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows
connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences
in their internal processes, structure or design. Network protocols are the reason
you can easily communicate with people all over the world, and thus play a critical
role in modern digital communications.

An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local

network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the
format of data sent via the internet or local network.

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 Switching Techniques

Circuit switching is a switching method where an end-to-end path is created

between two stations within a network before starting the data transfer.

Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks.
These data chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.
Often, when a user sends a file across a network, it gets transferred in smaller
data packets, not in one piece.

One marks Questions

1) ARPANET stands for ____________________.
2) Give any two advantages of computer network.
3) Give any two disadvantages of computer network.
4) NFSNET stands for _____________________.
5) TCP / IP stands for _____________________.
6) Which one is not a part of data communication.
a. Sender d. Protocol
b. Receiver e. None of these
c. Message
7) ISP stands for________________________.
8) What is a protocol?
9) LAN stands for _______________________.
10) Telephone network is an example of __________.
a. Circuit Switching c. Message Switching
b. Packet Switching d. All of these
11) 1 kbps = ________ bps.
12) Modem stands for ______________.
13) Circuit switching requires a dedicated path. (True / False)
14) Packet switching is more efficient because the cost of the link is shared
by many users. (True / False)
15) Out of the following which is the fastest wired medium of
communication.
Infrared, Coaxial cable, Ethernet Cable, Microwave, Optical Fiber.
16) Out of the following which is the fastest wireless medium of
communication.
Infrared, Coaxial cable, Ethernet Cable, Microwave, Optical Fiber.
17) Name the protocol that is used to send emails.
18) Which communication medium is to be suggested for very effective
and fast communication in guided medium?

Two marks Questions

1) Define a network. What is its need?
2) What is a network? What are its goals and applications.
3) Write any two advantages and disadvantages of network.
4) Rearrange the following terms in increasing order of data transfer rates.
Gbps, Kbps, Mbps, Tbps, Bps, Kbps
5) What is a protocol? Name some commonly used protocols.
6) How many switching techniques are there? Explain any one with example.
7) Define baud, bps and Bps. How are these interlinked?
8) Why we used HTTP protocol.
9) Why packet switching is more efficient than circuit switching?
10) Rakshana, a class Xi student, has just started understanding the basics of internet and web
100
 technologies. She is a bit confused about the terms “World Wide Web” and “Internet”. Help her
to understand both the terms with the help of suitable example of each.
11) Define the following terms.
a. Baud
b. Communication Channel
12) Computer network is made from computers only, Justify the sentence.
13) Protocols are more important in the computer network because they help to control computer
network. Is it true or false? Give the proper reason for true or false.
Three marks Questions
1) Describe the role of ARPANET and NSFNET in evolution of network.
2) Differentiate the Analog and Digital modes of data transmission using real time applications.
3) List and explain the components of Data Communication.
4) Neha is confused in the working process of landline Telephone Network and Mobile Network.
Kindly help her to explain Circuit switching and Packet switching with proper examples.
5) Where we can used packet switching? Explain the packet switching with example.
6) What is TCP/IP? How FTP is different from HTTP?
7) Expand the below terms regarding protocol. (Any 6)
a. HTTP d. IMAP g. POP
b. PPP e. FTP h. IP
c. SMAP f. TCP/IP
8) Define the below terminology of networks.
a. Server
b. IP Address
c. Domain Name

Case Study 1
Kiran has started a business all over India and he wants to establish a network among its offices and
branches. Help him to choose various communication media as per requirement.
Head Office: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 10 Computers
Branch 1: Delhi, 50 Computers
Branch 2: Mumbai, 100 Computers
Branch 3: Kolkata, 100 Computers

1) Kiran wants high speed network in Branch 1, Delhi. Which cable he has to used to provide
maximum speed among computers. (1 Marks)
2) Kiran has low budget in Branch 2, Mumbai. Which cable he has to use to keep low cost network
establishment. (1 Marks)
3) Kiran does not know about guided or unguided media. Kindly help him to classify the below
media into Guided and Unguided media. (2 Marks)
a. Fiber Optic
b. Radio wave
c. Co-axial
d. Microwave
4) Kiran wants to connect Head office with all branches. Which communication media he has to
used to connect head office with all branches. (1 Marks)
Case Study 2
Jinesh is studying in one of the popular Hardware and Networking institute. He already learned
Network Topology, Types of Network and Communication media. He has just started to learn about
protocol. Kindly help him to learn protocols with below question answers.
1) Which protocol is used to send or receive emails? (1 Marks)
2) Which protocol is used to surf the web? (1 Marks)
3) Which protocol is used to surf the web securely? (1 Marks)
4) Which protocol is used to send or receive the files? (1 Marks)
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 5) Expand the POP protocol. (1 Marks)

Summary:
A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as
printers is called computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates
information sharing among them. Computers may connect to each other by either
wired or wireless media. To connect we require protocols, Switching technology,
communication media and structure of computer network. We can use computer
network in Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices, Information
sharing by using Web or Internet and Interaction with other users using dynamic web
page.

Answers :

One Marks questions:

1) Advanced Research Project Agency Network
2) Resource sharing, Reliability of data or any related it.
3) Cost of setup, Threat to Data Security or any related it.
4) National Science Federation Network
5) Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol
6) E. none of these 13) True
7) Internet Service Provider 14) True
8) 1 mark for correct definition 15) Optical Fiber
9) Local Area Network 16) Microwave
10) A. Circuit Switching 17) IMAP, POP
11) 1024 18) Optical Fiber
12) Modulator Demodulator

Case Study 1
1) Fiber Optic Cable
2) Co-axial cable or Twisted Pair Cable
3)
a. Guided Media
i. Fiber Optic
ii. Co-axial
b. Unguided Media
i. Radio Wave
ii. Micro Wave
4) Satellite Link
Case Study 2
1) IMAP, POP 4) FTP
2) HTTP 5) Post Office Protocol
3) HTTPS

TRANSMISSION MEDIA ( 1 Mark questions )

1. How many type of transmission media are there? List the types.
Ans: Two types: Wired and Wireless.
2. List wired media.
Ans: Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fibre Optics cable.
3. List Wireless Media.
Ans: Bluetooth, Infrared, Wi-Fi, Radio waves, Satellite Link.
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4. What is the maximum distance to which twisted pair cable can send data?
Ans: 100m
5. What is the maximum distance to which co-axial cable can send data?
Ans: 500m
6. The network type connected through Bluetooth is __________
Ans: PAN
7. Satellite link is the example of which type of network?
Ans: WAN
8. KVKV co. has established a network which spreads in Jaipur city. Which type of
network KVKV co. has established among LAN/MAN/WAN?
Ans: MAN.
9. ISRO (India) wants to establish a direct connection with NASA (US) and ESA
(Europe). Which connection media can be used?
Ans: Satellite link or Fibre optics.
10. Wired media is also known as,
Ans: Guided media, Physical media, Conducted media.
11. Which connector is used to plug the twisted pair cable with device?
Ans: RJ45 connector
12. What is bandwidth of cat-6 twisted pair cable?
Ans: 1 Gbps.

2 marks questions
1. Write two features of LAN
- Can spread in a room or small area.
- Established with twisted pair cable or wi-fi.
2. Write the two features of PAN.
- Established with USB cable, Bluetooth or infrared.
- Very small area upto few feet.
- Ad-hoc network. Devices can join and leave anytime.
- Less secure.
3. Write any two advantages of co-axial cable.
- High bandwidth.
- Can be used for upto 500 mtr distance.
4.What is RJ 45 connector?
• Used with twisted pair cable
• Full form is Registered Jack
• Plugin to network devices
• Primarily for LANs
5. Write features of Tree topology.
• No cycle
• Connection to all PCs
• Either direct or through other PCs
• Can say, it is a group of stars
• A fault breakdowns the network
6. Write features of Mesh topology.
• Connected in many to many concept.
• Fastest connection topology
• Very costly
• Lots of cable required
• Robust network
• High speed
7. What is peer to peer network?
• Only two devices
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 • Can have separate wires
• Easiest
• More secure than others
8. What is Ethernet Card?
• A hardware for connecting nodes
• Transmit data to network from computer
• Receive data from network to computer
• Can connect one cable or more
9. What is repeater?
• Repeater is a network device used to boost the signal.
• Used to boost the signals to send for long distance.
• Also known as signal booster.
• Its task is to amplify the signal.
10. Explain networking Hub.
• A Hub is a networking device that allows you to connect multiple PCs to a single
network.
• It is used to connect segments of a LAN.
• A hub stores various ports, so when a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to
various other ports.
• Hub works as a common connection point for devices in a network.

3 mark questions.

1. Write three disadvantages of co-axial cable.

- Less flexible.
- More expensive than twisted pair.
- Not compatible with modern cables.
- Difficult to install.

4. What is the structure of fibre optics cable?

Core − It is the innermost portion of an optical fiber through which light propagates.
It is cylindrical in shape and it made up of a flexible glass of high refractive index.
The diameter of the core of a single mode fiber is 8 – 10 μm while multimode fibers
are 50 μm in diameter. It is also called the optical waveguide since it is the main
channel through which light signals are transmitted.
Cladding − The core is surrounded by a glass cladding. The glass of cladding has a
lower refractive index than the core. This enables total internal reflection of light
waves in the core, and eventually propagation of light waves within the core.
Outer Coating or Jacket − The outer jacket is a thin plastic sheath or coating that is
opaque to light. It prevents light rays from outside to enter the optical fiber. Fibers
are typically bundles together, where each bundle is covered by a protective outer
sheath that prevents the fibers from physical damage.

5. How data are transmitted through fibre optics?

- The binary data is converted into light signals/pulses.
- The light pulses are passed into fibre optics core through LED.
- The light passes through class core of fibre optics and reaches at another end.
- The receiver at another end receives light pulses and converts them back to binary
data.
6. Write advantages and disadvantages of fibre optics.
• Advantages
• Free from EMI coz it has no electrical signals
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 • Secure
• High speed
• Very long distance
• Most efficient cable for computer networks
• Disadvantages
• Costly
• Fragile
• Complicated installation and maintenance.
7. Explain Infrared.
• A very short distance transmission.
• Used the Infrared Light using LED.
• Sends the IR light pulses(codes), which is received by IR receiver.
• Connection can be within 100 ft (30.5mtrs)
• 10 Mbps speed.
• Insensitive to radio-frequency interference
• Can be degraded by bright light.
8. Write short note about Bluetooth
• Ad-hoc network. Means established when required and with which devices is to
be connected with.
• Can connected limited number of devices.
• Devices ex: Mouse, keyboard, headsets, printers etc. uses Bluetooth to connect
wirelessly.
• It uses 2.4 GHz frequency.
• Max distance for proper connection is 10 mtrs.
• Transfer rate is 50 Mbps of Bluetooth 5.0
9. Write short note about Wi-Fi
• Wireless Fidelity
• High-speed, low-cost access to internet
• Distance 100 meters=328 ft
• Faster then Bluetooth
• Wi-Fi access points are deployed in Dept stores, railway stations, airports,
colleges, hotels etc.
• IEEE 802.11 standard stands for Wi-Fi.
10. Write features of radio waves, its advantages and disadvantages.
• Radio Waves
• Electromagnetic wave/sine waves
• Wavelength 0.5cm to 30000m
• Transmitter, Receiver
• License required to use
• Benefits
• Mobility
• Cheaper than cables
• Ease of communication over difficult terrain
• Land acquisition not required
• Disadvantages
• Insecure
• Susceptible to weather
11. Write short note about router.
• Connects two or more networks
• Router contains the processor and memory
• It can process the network data for filtering, validating
• It can store data for traffic management
• Router has on-board OS and firmware
105
 • It store the addresses of all connected nodes to it
• IT can manage flow of data and path of data
12. Write short note about switch.
• Switch is an electronic device
• Connects computers together
• It receive and forward data to particular node
• It uses hardware addresses (MAC)
• It has many LAN ports
• LAN cable can be attached to any port
• Its size can be few inches
• If Switch speed is 100Mbps or more, it is Ethernet switch
13. What is modem?
• Its task is Modulation, Demodulation of signals.
• Converts analog to digital and digital to analog signal
• Electronic device
• Used to transmit information over telephone line
• Types
• Internal
• External
14. Explain Bus topology
• Simplest
• All connected to main cable
• Co-axial cable
• Sent to all nodes, but receives only intended
• Advantages
• Easy to connect
• Less cable length
• New node addition is easy
• Less maintenance cost
• Disadvantages
• If main cable damages, whole network break down
• Terminators required
• Speed will be decreased by adding more nodes
• Multiple sharing not possible
• Difficult to find problem
15. Explain star topology
• Most common
• All are connected to central node. Central device can be,
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• UTP or STP cable – Unshielded/Shielded Twisted Pair can be used.
• More secure.
• More costly.
• Better speed than bustopology.
• A failure doesn’t affect whole network
16. Explain satellite link
• Uses Microwave signals.
• It works like relay system: Re-transmit the ground signals
• Satellite type is synchronous satellite
• Time saving&Fast implementation
• Broad coverage
• Prone to natural disasters like, flood, earthquake etc.
106
17. Benefits of Microwave network
• Benefits
• Cheaper than optical fiber
• Land acquisition not required
• Communication over difficult terrain
• Over ocean
18. Disadvantages of Microwave network
• Interference with out-of-phase signals
• Susceptible to weather
• Bandwidth allocation is limited
• Cost of design, implementation, maintenance is high
19. What is Personal Area Network?
• Personal area network is a very short distance network.
• It can be established between computer handheld devices, Camera, Keyboard,
Mouse, Cell phone etc.
• Proximity is up to 10 mtrs
• Connectivity
• Wired: USB
• Wireless: Bluetooth, IR
• Used for transferring files, photos, videos etc.

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
The OSI Reference Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was developed by
the International Standards Organisation (ISO) as a model for computer
communications architectures, various protocols were standardized by this model. the
Communication process is divided under this model within seven layers.

• Physical layer –It is related with physical transmission , hubs , repeaters

works at this layer.
• Data link layer –Ensures flow control of bits , error detection , connection
between various network topologies devices . Bridges , switches work at this
layer , Ethernet is an example of a data link layer protocol.
• Network layer – It decide the routes of packets on internet using IP address
. Routers work at this layer.
• Transport layer –It ensures delivery of data with error free and duplicity.
• Session layer –Connection is established by this layer between end system of
applications so that communication can be done between them .
107
 • Presentation layer –It resolves data representation related issues of different
end systems ,it encodes the data in standard format , using encryption ,
compression .
• Application layer –The different parts of application specially on distributed
systems are managed by this layer.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
➢ It is an application level protocol.
➢ It provide communication between web browser and web server.
➢ It is client server protocol ie. request is sent by browser and hyperemedia
documents will be provided by server.
➢ It can work as generic protocol.
➢ It is used to deliver data (HTML files, image files, query results, etc.) on the
different websites.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
➢ It works on application layer of OSI model.
➢ It is used to transfer the files on internet.
➢ Making projects being on long distance is possible with transferring files using
this protocol.
➢ FTP ensures to use different conventions while naming files.
➢ It provides secure login method for effective transfer of files.
➢ It provides the different directory structure for different files.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
➢ It works on data link layer of OSI model.
➢ It establishes direct and dedicate connection between two devices .
➢ Example – Two routers direct communicate using PPP.
➢ Our home computer when connects to internet with ISP through modem then
there PPP protocol is used.
➢ For using PPP duplex mode is required for communicating devices , it also ensures
data integrity and security , failing which using acknowledge method it resends
the lost or damaged data .
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
➢ SMTP works on application layer of OSI model.
➢ It is used for email services .
➢ It is not concerned with message of email , it only uses the information contained
in email header .
➢ Outgoing emails are collected in queue .
➢ SMTP takes emails one by one from queue and send messages to destination as
per address mentioned in header of the mail .
➢ After sending the mail to destination it removes the messages from outgoing
queue , and same time it also removes the receiver’s address from mails
destination list.
➢ At receiving end SMTP receiver program sends the mails mail to their
corresponding mail boxes .

Transmission control protocol / Internet Protocol ( TCP / IP )

➢ TCP / IP works with 4 layers i.e. Network , Internet , Transport and Application.
➢ It uses client – server model of communication .
➢ TCP breaks the messages in packets .
➢ IP decides the destination addresses for packets .
➢ Packets are sent on internet they reach at destination by routing various
intermediate nodes and paths .
➢ Different packets of same message will travel through different paths depending
on traffic at particular path.
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 ➢ TCP is responsible for ordering the packets at receiving and destination.

Post office Protocol Version 3 (POP 3)

➢ It works on application layer of OSI model .
➢ It is used to transferring messages from email server to email client .
➢ It is used to access the remote serve email and receive and filters the email at
appropriate user folders.
➢ Messages are downloaded from mail server to hard disk using this protocol.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, the protocol over
which data is sent between your browser and the website that you are connected
to. The 'S' at the end of HTTPS stands for 'Secure'. It means all communications between
your browser and the website are encrypted.

Remote Access Protocol (Telnet)

This protocol helps a user (Telnet Client) to log in at a remote computer (Telnet Server) and function
as if he/she were connected directly to that computer. Telnet is the main internet protocol for
creating a connection with a remote machine. It allows you to connect to remote computers (called
remote hosts) over a TCP/IP network (such as the Internet). Once your telnet client establishes a
connection to the remote host, your client becomes a virtual terminal, allowing you to
communicate with the remote host from your computer with whatever privileges you may have
been granted to the specific application and data on that host computer.

VoIP
VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP and IP telephony) is a
group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia
sessions over Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and
broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications
services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than
via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). This method of making phone
calls is much cheaper than convectional way because the service of
Telecommunication Company is not used.

Wireless/Mobile Communication protocol

GSM: (Global System for Mobile communication): is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely
used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM) is a second generation (2G) standard for mobile
networks. The GSM standard has given birth to wireless services like General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GSM uses a variation of time division
multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used telephony technology.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): is a packet oriented mobile data service
on the 2G and 3G GSM communications. GPRS usage is typically charged based
on volume of data transferred.

WLL (Wireless Local Loop): Wireless local loop (WLL), is the use of a wireless communications link for
delivering telephone service (POTS) or Internet access (broadband) to telecommunications
109
 customers. This system is based on radio networks which provide services like telephone in
remote areas. Different types of wireless local loop include Broadband Wireless Access, Radio in
the Loop, Fixed Radio Access and Fixed Wireless Access. Microwave frequencies are used to
provide wireless broadband connection. The local loop can be referred as "last mile" of the
telecom network which resides between Central office (CO) and user's location.

Generations of Mobile technology:

➢ 1G technology was used in the first mobile phones. 1G used analog radio signals.
1G was introduced in 1980s
➢ 2G technology was introduced in 1992. 2G technology used a digital format and
introduced text messaging. 2G also introduced data services for mobiles, starting
with SMS.
➢ 3G technology has introduced more efficient ways of carrying data, making it
possible to have faster web- services, live chat, fast downloading, video
conferencing etc. over mobile phones. Today we are living in the world of 3G.
➢ 4G technology unlike previous generations of mobile technology, 4G mobile
technology will be used for internet access on computers also, and it will be totally
wireless. 4G will provide internet access, high quality streaming video and
"anytime, anywhere" voice and data transmission at a much faster speed than
3G. The "anytime, anywhere" feature of 4G is also referred to as "MAGIC" (Mobile
multimedia; Anytime/anywhere; Global mobility support; Integrated wireless
solution; Customized personal services).
5G technology - It can provide higher speed, lower latency and greater
capacity than 4G LTE networks. It is one of the fastest, most robust
technologies the world has ever seen.
In healthcare, 5G technology and Wi-Fi 6 connectivity will enable patients
to be monitored via connected devices that constantly deliver data on key
health indicators, such as heart rate and blood pressure. I

Introduction to Web Services

110
WWW (World Wide Web): WWW is a network of web servers. It can be defined as a hypertext
information retrieval system on the Internet. It is the universe of the information available on the
internet. All the web pages on WWW use HTTP for making hypertext jumps.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) XML (eXtensible Markup
➢ HTML is a markup language to create Language)
and design webcontent. ➢ XML is a markup language that is
➢ It is used to display the data in self- descriptive.
formattedmanner. ➢ It is used to carry, store or
➢ It has a variety of predefined tags exchange data.
and attributes for defining the layout ➢ It does not have predefined tags. It
and structure of the web document. is possible to define new tags in
➢ HTML is not casesensitive XML. It allows the programmer to
➢ A HTML document has the extension use customized tags.
.htmor ➢ XML is case sensitive.
.html. ➢ A HTML document has the
➢ HTML documents have a head extension .xml
andbody. ➢
<html> ➢ XML documents form a tree
<head>……………… structure.
</head> <root>
<body>……………… <child>
</body> <subchild>.....
</html> </subchild>
</child>
</root>

Domain Names: Every computer on the network has a unique numeric address assigned to it which is a
combination of four numbers from 0-255 separated by a dot. For example, 59.177.134.72 since it is
practically impossible for a person to remember the IP addresses. A system has been developed which
assigns domain names to web servers and maintains a database of these names and corresponding IP
addresses on DNS (Domain Name Service) server.
Examples of some domain names are cbse.nic.in, indianrailway.gov.in etc. A domain
name usually has more than one part for example, in the domain name
www.cbse.nic.in
➢ in is the primary domain name
➢ nic is the sub-domain of in
➢ cbse is the sub-domain of nic
➢ www indicates the server is on world wide web.

Top level domains are further divided into two categories:

Generic Domain Names: Country Specific Domain Names:
· com - commercial business .in - India
·edu - Educational institutions ·au - Australia
·gov - Government agencies ·ca - Canada
·mil - Military .ch - China
·net - Network organizations .nz - New Zealand
·org - Organizations (non-profit .pk - Pakistan
.jp - Japan
.us - United States of America

URL (Uniform resource locator): A URL is a formatted text string used to

identify a network resource on the Internet. Network resources can be plain Web

111
 pages, text documents, graphics, downloadable files, services or programs.
Every network resource on the web has a unique URL in the following format:
Protocol: // domain name /path / file name

The URL text string consists of three parts:

❖ Network Protocol: The network protocol identifies the protocol to be used to
access the network resource. These strings are short names followed by the
three characters ': //’. Some examples of protocols include http, gopher, ftp
and mailto.
❖ Domain name: It identifies the host/server that holds the resource. For
example: www. School.com is a domain name.
❖ Resource Location: It consists of the path or directory and the file name of
resource. For example in the URL :
http://www.school.com/syllabus/preprimary/nursery.htm the file
nursery.htm is stored in the sub directory preprimary, of the directory syllabus
on the server www.school.com
Website: Related web pages from a single web domain is termed as a website.
A website has multiple web pages providing information about a particular entity.
Web browser: Web browser is software program to navigate the web pages on
the internet. A browser interprets the coding language of the web page and
displays it in graphic form. Internet works on client -server model. A web browser
is a client which requests the information from the web server. The web server
sends the information back to the client. Some of the web browsers are: Netscape
Navigator, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox etc.
Web Server: A Web server is a computer or a group of computers that stores web pages on the
internet. It works on client/server model. It delivers the requested web page to web browser. Web
servers use special programs such as Apache or IIS to deliver web pages over the http protocol.

Each server has a unique IP address and domain name. In order to access a webpage, the user writes
the URL of the site on the address bar of the browser. The machine on which the browser is running
sends a request to the IP address of the machine running the web server for that page. Once the
web server receives that request, it sends the page content back to the IP address of the computer
asking for it. The web browser then translates that content into all of the text, pictures, links,
videos, etc. A single web server may support multiple websites or a single website may be hosted
on several linked servers.

Web hosting: Web hosting is the process of uploading/saving the web content
on a web server to make it available on WWW. In case an individual or a
company wants to make its website available on the internet, it should be
hosted on a web server.

Web page: Web page is an electronic document designed using HTML. It displays information in textual or
graphical form. It may also contain downloadable data files, audio files or video files. Traversal from one
webpage to another web page is possible through hyperlinks. A web page can be classified into two types:

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 Static web page: A web page which Dynamic web page: An interactive web
displays same kind of information page is a dynamic webpage. A dynamic
whenever a user visits it is known as web page uses scripting languages to
a static web page. A static web page display changing content on the web
generally has .htm or .html as page. Such a page generally has .php,
extension .asp or .jspas extension.

SUMMARY

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

➢ It is used to deliver data (HTML files, image files, query results, etc.) on the different
websites.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
➢ It is used to transfer the files on internet.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
➢ Our home computer when connects to internet with ISP through modem then there
PPP protocol is used.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
➢ SMTP takes emails one by one from queue and send messages to destination as per
address mentioned in header of the mail .
Transmission control protocol / Internet Protocol ( TCP / IP )
➢ TCP breaks the messages in packets .
➢ IP decides the destination addresses for packets .
Post office Protocol Version 3 (POP 3)
➢ It is used to transferring messages from email server to email client .
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
➢ The 'S' at the end of HTTPS stands for 'Secure'. It means all communications between your
browser and the website are encrypted.
Remote Access Protocol (Telnet) :
➢ This protocol helps a user (Telnet Client) to log in at a remote computer (Telnet Server) and function
as if he/she were connected directly to that computer.
VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol
➢ This is a group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and
multimedia sessions over Internet.
GSM: (Global System for Mobile communication)
➢ GSM) is a second generation (2G) standard for mobile networks. The GSM standard
has given birth to wireless services like General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
➢ This is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G GSM
communications. GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data
transferred.
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
Wireless local loop (WLL), is the use of a wireless communications link for delivering
telephone service (POTS) or Internet access (broadband) to telecommunications
customers.
Mobile Technologies
➢ 1G technology was used in the first mobile phones. 1G used analog radio
signals. 1G was introduced in 1980s
➢ 2G technology 2G also introduced data services for mobiles, starting with SMS.
➢ 3G technology has introduced more efficient ways of carrying data, making it
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 possible to have faster web- services, live chat, fast downloading, video
conferencing etc. over mobile phones. Today we are living in the world of 3G.
➢ 4G technology - 4G provides internet access, high quality streaming
video and "anytime, anywhere" voice and data transmission at a much faster
speed than 3G.
➢ 5G technology - It can provide higher speed, lower latency and greater
capacity than 4G LTE networks. It is one of the fastest, most robust technologies
the world has ever seen.

WWW (World Wide Web): WWW is a network of web servers.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
➢ HTML is a markup language to create and design web content.
➢ It is used to display the data in formatted manner.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
➢ XML is a markup language that is self- descriptive.
➢ It is used to carry, store or exchange data.
Domain Names: A system has been developed which assigns domain names to web servers and
maintains a database of these names and corresponding IP addresses on DNS (Domain Name
Service) server.
URL- Uniform resource locator
Examples – Website :www.rajkot.kvs.ac.in
• Web server :Apache HTTP Server , Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) ,
Sun Java System Web Server.
Web Browser : Google Chrome , Mozila Firefox , Internet Explore .
Definition :
Web Page : page of website .
Web Hosting :Web site hosting / Web hosting / and Webhosting is the business of
housing, serving, and maintaining files for one or more Web sites.

Question Bank
1 Mark Questions

Q1 Mr. Ramesh is not able to identify the Domain Name in the given URL. Identify and
write it for him.
Q2 Expand following –
(i) HTTPS
(ii) TDMA
Q3 Name any two most popularly used search engines.
Q4 Given below two addresses
(i) 59.177.134.72
(ii) http://www.ccc.nic.in/welcome.htm
Identify which one of the above is an IP address and which one is a URL?
Q5 Mr. Mahesh wants to prevent unauthorised access to/from his company’s local
area network. Write the name of system (software/hardware), which he should install.
Q6. Write any one disadvantages of VoIP.
Q7 Write the full form of following –
1. GSM 2. GPRS
Q8. What is Error-404?
Q9. Name an open source web browser.
Q 10. Name any two common web browser.
Q 11 What is a protocol? Which protocol is used to search information from Internet
using an Internet browser?

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 2 Mark Questions
Q1 Expand following –
(i) XML
(ii) GSM
Q2 What is an IP address , explain with example ?
Q3 Write a short note on WWW.
Q4 Ramesh is a class 12 computer science student.
He is confused between ‘web’ and ‘internet’. As a friend of Ramesh, explain her the
difference between web and internet.
Q5 Write short note on VoIP.
Q6 Write two advantages of VoIP.
Q7. Write a short note on web hosting.
Q8 Define browser.
Q9. What is DNS?
Q10 What is work of SMTP explain.
Q 11 What is work of TCP / IP explain .
Q12 What is Telnet expain . ?
Q 13 write full form of following –
(i) PPP
(ii) FTP
(iii) POP
(iv) WLL

3 Mark Questions
Q 1 Identify the domain name, protocol, sub-domain from the following domain.
https://www.csiplearninghub.com/class-11-ch-1/mcq
Q 2 . Suresh is running a business. He has studied till class 10. He wants to launch a
website for his business. He is confused between static and dynamic web page. As a
website developer, help him to understand the difference between static and dynamic
web page.
Q 3. Define the following terms :
1. Website
2. Webpage
3. Web server
Q4. Write the steps to host a website.
Q5 – Write note on 1G , 2G , 3G of mobile technologies.
Q6 – Write note on 4G , 5G of mobile technologies.
Q7 Write differences between HTML and XML ?
Q8 Explain working of SMTP ?
Q9 Explain working of TCP / IP ?
Q10 What do you mean by domain name explain with example .
Q 11 Explain PPP ( Point to Point) Protocol .

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Case 1: Web server is a special computer system running on HTTP through web
pages. The web page is a medium to carry data from one computer system to another.
The working of the webserver starts from the client or user. The client sends their
request through the web browser to the webserver. Web server takes this request,
processes it and then sends back processed data to the client. The server gathers all of
our web page information and sends it to the user, which we see on our computer
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 system in the form of a web page. When the client sends a request for processing to
the web server, a domain name and IP address are important to the webserver. The
domain name and IP address are used to identify the user on a large network.
1.
1. Web servers are:
1. IP addresses
2. Computer systems
3. Webpages of a site
4. A medium to carry data from one computer to another
2. What does the webserver need to send back information to the user?
1. Home address
2. Domain name
3. IP address
4. Both b and c
3. What is the full form of HTTP?
1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2. Hypertext Transfer Procedure
3. Hyperlink Transfer Protocol
4. Hyperlink Transfer Procedure
4. The _____ translates internet domain and host names to IP address
1. Domain name system
2. Routing information protocol
3. Google
4. Network time protocol
5. Computer that requests the resources or data from other computer is called as
____ computer
1. Server
2. Client
3. None of the above
4. a and b

6. DNS stands for:

1. Domain Name Security
2. Domain Number System
3. Document Name System
4. Domain Name System

Case 2: In 1989, Tim Berners Lee, a researcher, proposed the idea of World Wide
Web). Tim Berners Lee and his team are credited with inventing Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), HTML and the technology for a web server and a web browser. Using
hyperlinks embedded in hypertext the web developers were able to connect web
pages. They could design attractive webpages containing text, sound and graphics.
This change witnessed a massive expansion of the Internet in the 1990s.

1. What is a web browser?

1. A program that can display a webpage
2. A program used to view HTML documents
3. It enables a user to access the resources of internet
4. All of the above
2. Dynamic web page _____
a) is same every time whenever it displays
b) generates on demand by a program or a request from browser
c) both is same every time whenever it displays and generates on demand by a
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 program or a request from browser
d) is different always in a predefined order
3. URL stands for _______
a) unique reference label
b) uniform reference label
c) uniform resource locator
d) unique resource locator

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4. A web cookie is a small piece of data that is __________
a) sent from a website and stored in user’s web browser while a user is browsing a
website
b) sent from user and stored in the server while a user is browsing a website
c) sent from root server to all servers
d)1.
5. Google Chrome is an good –
1. Web server.
2. Web browser.
3. Web protocol.
4. Subset of website sent from the root server to other root servers

ANSWER KEY
1 Mark Questions

Q1 Mr. Ramesh is not able to identify the Domain Name in the given URL. Identify and
write it for him.
Ans1 Domain in http://www.cbsenic.in/aboutus.htm is “www.cbsenic.in”.
Q2 Expand following –
(iii) HTTPS
(iv) TDMA
Ans2
(i) Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
(ii) Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Q3 Name any two most popularly used search engines.
Ans3 Two most popular search engines are google and grotel.
(url:http://www.google.com and http://grotel.com)
Q4 Given below two addresses
(i) 59.177.134.72
(ii) http://www.ccc.nic.in/welcome.htm
Identify which one of the above is an IP address and which one is a URL?
Ans4 i) IP Address 59.177.134.72
(ii) URL http://www.ccc.nic.in/welcome.htm
Q5 Mr. Mahesh wants to prevent unauthorised access to/from his company’s local area
network. Write the name of system (software/hardware), which he should install.
Ans 5 He should install firewall system to prevent unauthorised access.

Q6. Write any one disadvantages of VoIP.

Ans6. The disadvantage of VoIP is that its call quality is dependent on
Internet connection speed. Slow Internet
connection will lead to poor quality voice calls.
Q7 Write the full form of following –
2. GSM
3. GPRS
Ans 7.
1. Global System for Mobile communication
2. General Packet RadioServices
3.
Q8. What is Error-404?
Ans8. If the server is not able to locate the page, it sends a page containing
the error message (Error 404 – page not found) to the client’s browser.
Q9. Name an open source web browser.
Ans 9. Mozilla Firefox is an open source web browser.

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Q 10. Name any two common web browser.
Ans 10 . Some of the commonly used web browsers are Google Chrome,
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc.
Q 11 What is a protocol? Which protocol is used to search information from Internet
using an Internet browser? .
Ans 11 . Protocol refers to the rules which are applicable for a network. These
protocols define the standardised format for data packets to be transmitted over the
network, techniques for detecting errors and correcting them etc.
The protocol used to search the information from Internet using browser is HyperText
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
2 Mark Questions

Q1 Expand following –
(iii) XML
(iv) GSM
Ans1 Answer:
(i) Xtensible Markup Language.
(ii) Global System for Mobile Communication.

Q2 What is an IP address?
Ans2. An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical unique address of a
device in a network. IP is a datagram-oriented connectionless protocol, therefore each
packet must contain a header with the source IP address, the destination IP address,
and other data in order to be delivered successfully.

Q3 Write a short note on WWW.

Ans3. The World Wide Web (WWW) or web in short, is an ocean of
information, stored in the form of trillions of interlinked web pages and web
resources. The resources on the web can be shared or accessed through the
Internet.

Q4 Ramesh is a class 12 computer science student.

He is confused between ‘web’ and ‘internet’. As a friend of Ramesh, explain her the
difference between web and internet.
Ans4. The Internet as we know is the huge global network of interconnected
computers, which may or may not
have any file or webpage to share with the world. The web on the other hand
is the interlinking of a collection of WebPages on these computers which are
accessible over the Internet.

Q5 Write short note on VoIP.

Ans5. Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, allows us to have voice call
(telephone service) over the Internet, i.e., the voice transmission over a
computer network rather than through the regular telephone network. It is
also known as Internet Telephony or Broadband Telephony.

Q6 Write two advantages of VoIP.

Ans6. Advantages of VoIP are :
1. These services are either free or very economical, so people use them to
save on cost. That is why these days even international calls are being
made using VoIP.
2. VoIP call(s) can be received and made using IP phones from any place
having Internet access.

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Q7. Write a short note on web hosting.
Ans 7. Web hosting is a service that allows us to put a website or a web page
onto the Internet, and make it a part of the World Wide Web. Once a website
is created, we need to connect it to the Internet so that users across the globe
can access.

Q8 Define browser.
Ans 8. A browser is a software application that helps us to view the web
page(s). In other words, it helps us to view the data or information that is
retrieved from various web servers on the Internet.

Q9. What is DNS?

Ans 9. The domain name system (DNS) is a service that does the mapping
between domain name and IP address. When the address of a website is
entered in a browser, the DNS finds out the IP address of the server
corresponding to the requested domain name and sends the request to that
server.

Q10 What is work of SMTP explain.

Ans 10. SMTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is an application that is used to send,
receive, and relay outgoing emails between senders and receivers. When an email is
sent, it's transferred over the internet from one server to another using SMTP. In
simple terms, an SMTP email is just an email sent using the SMTP server.

Q 11 What is work of TCP / IP explain .

Ans 11 . TCP breaks the message into packets and IP decides the destination address
for packets .

Q12 What is Telnet expain . ?

Ans 12 Telnet is a network protocol used to virtually access a computer and to provide
a two-way, collaborative and text-based communication channel between two
machines. It follows a user command Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) networking protocol for creating remote sessions.

Q 13 write full form of following –

(v) PPP
(vi) FTP
(vii) POP
(viii) WLL
Ans 13 (i) PPP – Point to Point Protocol.
(ii) FTP – File Transfer Protocol.
(iii) POP – Post office protocol.
WLL – Wireless in Local loop .

3 Mark Questions
Q 1 Identify the domain name, protocol, sub-domain from the following domain.
https://www.csiplearninghub.com/class-11-ch-1/mcq
Ans 1 . Domain name = www.csiplearninghub.com
Sub Domain Name = www
Protocol = https

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Q 2 . Suresh is running a business. He has studied till class 10. He wants to launch a
website for his business. He is confused between static and dynamic web page. As a
website developer, help him to understand the difference between static and dynamic
web page.

Ans 2. A static webpage is one whose content always remains static, i.e., does
not change for person to person. A dynamic web page is one in which the
content of the web page can be different for different users. They are more
complex and thus take more time to load than static web pages.

Q 3. Define the following terms :

4. Website
5. Webpage
6. Web server
Ans 3. Website : A website (usually referred to as a site in short) is a
collection of web pages related through hyperlinks, and saved on a web
server. A visitor navigates from one page to another by clicking on
hyperlinks.
Webpage : A web page (also referred to as a page) is a document on the
WWW that is viewed in a web browser. Basic structure of a web page is
created using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and CSS.
Web Server: A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a
website to clients such as a browser that request it. A web server can be
software or hardware.

Q4. Write the steps to host a website.

Ans 4. Steps to host a website are :
1. Select the web hosting service provider that will provide the web server
space.
2. Identify a domain name, which best suits our requirement.
3. Create logins with appropriate rights and note down IP address to
manage web space.
4. Upload the files in properly organised folders on the allocated space.
5. Get domain name mapped to the IP address of the web server.

Q5 – Write note on 1G , 2G , 3G of mobile technologies.

Ans 5 -
➢ 1G technology was used in the first mobile phones. 1G used analog radio
signals. 1G was introduced in 1980s
➢ 2G technology was introduced in 1992. 2G technology used a digital format
and introduced text messaging. 2G also introduced data services for mobiles,
starting withSMS.
➢ 3G technology has introduced more efficient ways of carrying data, making it
possible to have faster web- services, live chat, fast downloading, video
conferencing etc. over mobile phones. Today we are living in the world of3G.

Q6 – Write note on 4G , 5G of mobile technologies.

Ans6 : 4G technology unlike previous generations of mobile technology, 4G
mobile technology will be used for internet access on computers also, and it will
be totally wireless. 4G will provide internet access, high quality streaming video
and "anytime, anywhere" voice and data transmission at a much faster speed
than 3G. The "anytime, anywhere" feature of 4G is also referred to as "MAGIC"
(Mobile multimedia; Anytime/anywhere; Global mobility support; Integrated
wireless solution; Customized personal services).

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5G technology - It can provide higher speed, lower latency and greater capacity than
4G LTE networks. It is one of the fastest, most robust technologies the world has ever
seen.
In healthcare, 5G technology and Wi-Fi 6 connectivity will enable patients to be
monitored via connected devices that constantly deliver data on key health indicators,
such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Q7 Write differences between HTML and XML ?

Ans 7.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

➢ HTML is a markup language to create and design ➢ XML is a markup language that is self-
webcontent. descriptive.
➢ It is used to display the data in formattedmanner. ➢ It is used to carry, store or exchangedata.
➢ It has a variety of predefined tags and attributes for ➢ It does not have predefined tags. It is possible
defining the layout and structure of the web to define new tags in XML. It allows the
document. programmer to use customizedtags.
➢ HTML is not casesensitive ➢ XML is casesensitive.
➢ A HTML document has the extension .htmor ➢ A HTML document has the extension.xml
.html. ➢ XML documents form a treestructure.
➢ HTML documents have a head andbody. <root>
<html> <child>
<head>……………… <subchild>.....
</head> </subchild>
<body>……………… </child>
</body> </root>
</html>

Q8 Explain working of SMTP ?

Ans 8.Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
➢ SMTP works on application layer of OSI model.
➢ It is used for email services .
➢ It is not concerned with message of email , it only uses the information contained
in email header .
➢ Outgoing emails are collected in queue .
➢ SMTP takes emails one by one from queue and send messages to destination as
per address mentioned in header of the mail .
➢ After sending the mail to destination it removes the messages from outgoing
queue , and same time it also removes the receiver’s address from mails
destination list.
➢ At receiving end SMTP receiver program sends the mails mail to their
corresponding mail boxes .
Q9 Explain working of TCP / IP ?
Ans 9 Transmission control protocol / Internet Protocol ( TCP / IP )
➢ TCP / IP works with 4 layers ie .Network , Internet , Transport and Application .
➢ It uses client – server model of communication .
➢ TCP breaks the messages in packets .
➢ IP decides the destination addresses for packets .
➢ Packets are sent on internet they reach at destination by routing various
intermediate nodes and paths .
➢ Different packets of same message will travel through different paths depending
on traffic at particular path.
➢ TCP is responsible for ordering the packets at receiving and destination.

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 Q10 What do you mean by domain name explain with example .
Ans10 Domain Names: Every computer on the network has a unique numeric address
assigned to it which is a combination of four numbers from 0-255 separated by a dot.
For example, 59.177.134.72 since it is practically impossible for a person to remember
the IP addresses. A system has been developed which assigns domain names to web
servers and maintains a database of these names and corresponding IP addresses on
DNS (Domain Name Service) server.

Examples of some domain names are cbse.nic.in, indianrailway.gov.in etc. A

domain name usually has more than one part for example, in the domain name
www.cbse.nic.in
1. in is the primary domainname
2. nic is the sub-domain ofin
3. cbse is the sub-domain ofnic
4. www indicates the server is on world wideweb

Q 11 Explain PPP ( Point to Point) Protocol .

Ans 11
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
➢ It works on data link layer of OSI model.
➢ It establishes direct and dedicate connection between two devices .
➢ Example – Two routers direct communicate using PPP.
➢ Our home computer when connects to internet with ISP through modem then
there PPP protocol is used.
➢ For using PPP duplex mode is required for communicating devices , it also
ensures data integrity and security , failing which using acknowledge method it
resends the lost or damaged data .

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Case 1
Web servers are:
Ans. 2
What does the webserver need to send back information to the user?
Ans. 4
What is the full form of HTTP?
Ans. 1
The _____ translates internet domain and host names to IP address
Ans. 1
Computer that requests the resources or data from other computer is called as ____
computer
ans. 2
DNS stands for:
Ans. 4

Case 2 1. What is a web browser?

Ans. 4
2. Dynamic web page _____
ans. 2
3. URL stands for _______
ans. 3
4. A web cookie is a small piece of data that is __________
ans. 1

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